MC-NRLF 


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10( 


REPUBLICAN  CONGRESSIONAL 
COMMITTEE,   1906.    ^ 


OP^FICERS. 

Rep.  James  S.  Sherman,  New  Youk Chairman. 

Rep.  James  A.  Tawney,  Minnesota Vice-chairman. 

-Rep.  Henry  C.  Loudenslager,  New  Jersey Hecretary. 

Rep.  William   R.  M(^Kinley,  Illinois. Treasurer. 


EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE. 
Rep.  Charles  H.  Burke,  South  Dakota. 
Sen.  George  S.  Nixon,  Nevada. 
Rep.  Nicholas  Longworth,  Ohio. 
Rep.  Sydney  E.  Mudd,  Maryland, 
Rep.  James  R.  Mann,  Illinois. 
Rep.  James  H.  Davidson,  Wisconsin. 
Rep.  James  M.  Miller,  Kansas. 
Rep,  Richard  Bartholdt,  Missouri. 
Rep.  Herschel  M.  Hogg,  Colorado, 
Rep,  John  W.  Weeks,  Massachusetts. 
Rep.  H.  BtJRD  Cassel,  Pennsylvania, 


STATK.  name.  POSTOFFICE. 

California Rep.  James  C.   Needham Modesto. 

Colorado Rep,   Herschel  M.   Hogg Teluride. 

Connecticut Rep.  George  L.  Lilly Waterbury. 

Delaware Rep.  Hiram  R,  .Burton Lewes. 

Idaho Rep.  Burton  L.  French Moscow. 

Illinois Rep.  James   R.    Mann Chicago. 

Indiana Rep.  Charles   B.    Landis Delphi. 

Iowa Rep.  Albert  F.  Dawson Preston. 

Kansas Rep.  James  M.  Miller Council    Grovv 

Kentucky Rep.  Joseph  B.  Bennett Greenup. 

Maine Rop.  Edwin  C,  Burleigh Augusta. 

Maryland Rep.  Sidney  E.  Mudd Laplata. 

Massachusetts Rep.  John   W.    Weeks Newton. 

Michigan Rep.  Joseph  W.  Fordney Saginaw. 

Minnesota Rep.  James  A.  Tawney Winona. 

Missouri Rep.  Richard   Bartholdt St,    Louis. 

Montana Rep.  Joseph  M.  Dixon Missoula. 

Nebraska Rep.  John  J.  McCarthy Ponca. 

New   Hampshire Rep.  Cyrus   A,    Sulloway Manchester. 

New   Jersey Rep.  H.  C.  Loudenslager Paulsboro. 

New  York Rep.  James    S.    Sherman TJtica. 

Nevada Sen.  George  S.  Nixon Winnemucca. 

North   Carolina Rep.  E.   Spencer  Blackburn Wilkesboro. 

North   Dakota Rep.  Asle  J.  Gronna Lakota. 

Ohio Rep.  Nicholas  Longwort!i Cincinnati. 

Oregon Sen.  C.  W.  Fulton Astoria. 

Pennsylvania Rep.  H.   Burd  Casspl Marrletta. 

Rhode  Island Rep.  Adin  B.  Capron Stillwater. 

South   Dakota Rep.  Charles  H.  Burke Pierre. 

Tennessee Rep.  Nathan  W.   Hale Knoxville. 

Utah Rep.  Joseph  Howell Logan. 

Vermont Rep.  Kittridge  Haskins Brattleboro. 

Virginia Rep.  Campbell  Slemp Big  stone  Gap. 

Washington Rep.  Francis  W,   Cushinan Tacoma. 

West   Virginia Rep,  Blackburn   B.    Dovener Wheeling. 

Wisconsin Rep.  James   H.   Davidson ....  .Oshkosh. 

Wyoming Rep.  Frank   W.   Mondell New  Castle 


TERRITORY.  NAME.  POSTOFFICE, 

Hawaii Del.  J.  K.  KalanianaoJe Honolulu. 

New  Mexico Del.  William   H.   Andrews Santa   Fe. 

Oklahoma Del.   Bird  S.  McGuire.  . Guthrie, 


REPUBLICAN 
CAMPAIGN    TEXT-BOOK 

1906 


aesl^y^'^ncoiiNCiLy  UJ 


ISSUED  BY  THE 

REPUBLICAN  CONGRESSIONAL  COMMITTEE! 

1906 


*VWe  ask  that  tlieir  promises  and  ours  be  judged 
by  what  has  been  done  in  the  immediate  past.  We 
ask  that  sober  and  sensible  men  compare  the  work- 
ings of  the  present  tariff  law,  and  the  conditions 
which  obtain  under  it,  with  the  workings  of  the  pre- 
ceding tariff  law  of  1894  and  the  conditions  which 
that  tariff  of  1894  helped  to  bring  about." — Presi- 
dent Roosevelt's  Speech  of  Acceptance,  July  26, 1904. 


''Let  us  all  consider  the  history  and  declarations 
cf  the  great  parties,  and  thoughtfully  conclude  which 
is  the  more  likely  to  promote  the  general  interests  of 
our  people." — Benjamin  Harrison. 


' '  The  Republican  Party  was  dedicated  to  freedom. 
It  has  been  the  party  of  liberty  and  emancipation 
from  that  hour;  not  of  profession,  but  of  perform- 
ance."— William  McKinley. 


''No  session  of  Congress  has,  in  my  judgment,  for 
thirty  years  accomplished  so  much  that  is  valuable 
in  legislation  for  the  best  interests  of  all  the  people 
I  as  has  been  enacted  during  the  present  session.  I 
believe  that  this  will  be  the  verdict  of  history." — 
Speaker  Cannon  in  speech  of  thanks  at  close  of  ses- 
sion June  30, 1906. 


1 


Ml443J2i 


FOREWORD. 

A  Republican  campaign  text-book  does  not  aim  so  much  at 
an  argumentative  discussion  as  it  does  a  presentation  of  facts 
and  figures  for  reference  by  editors,  speakers  and  writers. 
The  members  of  a  progressive  and  healthful  political  organiza- 
tion, representing,  as  does  the  Republican  Party,  a  large  ma- 
jority of  our  85,000,000  people,  and  having  in  its  ranks  over 
8,000,000  voters,  may  have  slight  differences  of  opinion  owing 
to  geographical  and  industrial  conditions.  And  yet  on  the 
great  national  issues  of  the  day  the  Republican  Party  is  har- 
monious and  united  as  never  before.  All  of  its  representatives 
believe  in  equal  rights  and  equal  opportunity  to  all.  They 
believe  in  upholding  the  Constitution  and  the  Statutes.  They 
believe  in  maintaining  the  honor  and  integrity  of  the  nation. 
They  believe  in  protecting  our  labor  and  industries,  and  they 
are  satisfied  in  pointing  to  the  party's  record  of  effort  and 
achievement  in  the  past  in  both  legislation  and  administra- 
tion as  an  evidence  of  what  may  be  expected  of  it  in  the 
future  if  continued  in  control  of  the  government.  Republi- 
cans are  never  concerned  about  radicalism  or  conservatism. 
They  never  theorize  or  hypothesize.  They  are  content  with 
practical  and  progressive  ideas  and  the  maturing  of  those  ideas 
into  positive  performance.  To  chronicle  such  performances 
briefly  and  to  present  compactly  and  comprehensibly  the 
party  record  with  a  review  of  the  nation's  progress  and  the 
people's  prosperity  under  the  operation  of  Republican  laws  and 
execution,  is  the  object  of  this  work.  Every  statement  made 
and  all  figures  presented  are  official  or  authoritative.  Tho 
truth  is  the  highest  exemplification  of  Republican  doctrines 
and  policies  and  party  record  the  best  plea  that  can  be  mada 
for  continuation  in  power. 


Campaign  and  Issues  of  1906. 

On  the  6th  of  next  November  the  members  of  the  House  of 
Representatives  of  the  Sixtieth  Congress  will  be  elected.  Since 
the  termination  of  the  Fifty-third  Congress,  March  4,  1895,  the 
House  of  Representatives  has  been  Republican  and  there  is 
every  reason  to  expect  that  a  substantial  working  Republican 
majority  will  be  elected  next  November.  On  the  4th  of  next 
March  the  Republican  Party  will  have  been  in  complete  control 
of  the  government  for  ten  continuous  years,  and  during  those 
j^ears  we  have  made  a  greater  advance  as  a  nation  and  a  people 
than  was  ever  made  before  in  a  generation  and  in  many  respects 
greater  than  during  our  whole  previous  history.  There  cannot 
then  be  the  least  doubt  of  Republican  success  if  the  voters  study 
carefully  the  record  of  the  two  parties. 

There  will  be  thousands  and  hundreds  of  thousands  who  will 
vote  for  the  first  time  in  November,  who  were  mere  children 
when  the  Democrats  last  had  a  majority  in  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives, and  they  do  not  all  vividly  remember  the  awful 
times  and  conditions  brought  on  the  country  by  that  Congress. 
They  were  not  born  when  the  only  Democratic  President  since 
the  Civil  War  was  first  elected.  They  were  babes  in  arms  when 
Grover  Cleveland  sent  his  famous  or  infamous  Free  Trade  Mes- 
sage to  Congress,  and  when,  a  year  after,  the  iniquitous  Mills 
Bill  was  framed  and  passed  by  the  Democratic  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives of  the  Fiftieth  Congress,  But  fortunately  there  was 
then  a  Republican  Senate  to  prevent  the  enactment  of  a  Free 
Trade  law,  and  disaster  and  calamity  was  for  the  time  averted. 
But  in  1893  the  Democrats  had  the  Presidency  as  well  as  both 
Senate  and  House  of  Representatives,  and  the  work  of  that  single 
Fifty-third  Democratic  Congress  cost  the  industries  and  people 
of  the  country  many  billions  of  dollars  and  incalculable  suffering. 
These  facts  should  be  weighed  with  the  record  of  the  Republican 
Party  before  and  since,  and  especially  should  the  record  of  the 
present  Congress  be  studied,  for  though  its  work  is  not  yet 
finished,  more  has  already  been  done  in  one  session  than  by  any 
previous  Congress  since  the  War  of  the  Rebellion.  The  fiscal 
year  which  closed  June  30th,  and  the  calendar  year  so  far,  gave 
and  is  giving  us  new  records  in  every  phase  of  our  industrial 
life,  and  only  Democratic  success  can  prevent  in  any  way  its 
continuance. 

Never  before  in  the  history  of  nations  have  such  industrial 
conditions  or  such  material  welfare  existed  as  are  to-day  pos- 
sessed by  our  progressive  nation  and  our  prosperous  people.  For 
nearly  half  a  century,  year  after  year  and  decade  after  decade,  we 
have  advanced  by  amazing  strides  in  production  and  consump- 
tion, the  twin  indices  of  substantial  success.  The  unparalleled 
wealth  and  po\ver  and  credit  and  standard  of  living  which  have 
come  to  our  people  since  1861  have  been  under  and  largely  be- 
cause of  the  wisdom  and  the  courage  of  the  chosen  leaders  of 
the  Republican  Party.  Our  splendid  natural  advantages  and  our 
vast  resources  have  been  developed  by  patriotic,  judicious  and 
effective  legislation,  without  which  our  ore  might  have  lain  un- 
mined,  our  trees  unfelled,  our  farms  uncultivated,  and  our  fac- 

5 


C  •  r^MPUBIsiek^  feXAft>AiGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

torieg  itjijjijiit.  ^f^cJi-'-neirly  ft  glcinSrMion,  under  the  Republican 
Party,  wl'tli  dbb 'anil  flow, -bit*  ^*Wre  or  loss  constant  swelling 
of  the  tide  of  progress,  our  nation  grew  in  power  and  wealth, 
and  our  people  expanded  materially,  till  suddenly  In  1893  the 
Republican  Party  was  displaced  by  a  Democratic  President, 
Senate  and  House  of  Representatives.  The  change  lasted  but 
four  years,  yet  by  what  industrial  and  financial  havoc  was  it  ac- 
companied, what  distress,  and  ruin  came  with  the  anticipation 
and  realization  of  the  work  of  that  Fifty-third  Congress!  The 
people  were  quick  to  see  their  mistake,  and  at  the  first  oppor- 
tunity restored  the  Republican  Party  to  full  power,  and  no  party 
change  has  been  made  since  during  a  period  of  ten  years. 

During  these  ten  years  we  have  made  such  wonderful  progress 
and  have  attained  to  such  substantial  prosperity  as  to  make  us 
the  envy  of  the  whole  civilized  world,  and  our  shores  the  Mecca 
of  annual  millions  eager  to  share  our  opportunities  and  blessings. 
Year  after  year  during  this  last  Republican  decade  we  have  gone 
on  breaking  all  previous  records.  We  have  passed  other  nation^ 
at  first  singly,  and  then  other  nations  combined.  We  have  wel- 
comed all  who  have  come,  absorbed  them,  and  yet  to-day  we 
have  a  dearth  of  laborers  and  are  unable  to  produce  enough 
to  meet  the  demands  of  our  people  for  the  necessaries  and 
luxuries  of  life.  It  is  a  situation  unparalleled  in  the  annals  of 
nations.  Our  volume  of  employment,  our  rewards  of  labor,  our 
enjoyments  of  life  were  never  before  equaled,  and,  best  of  all, 
there  is  no  sign  of  abatement  or  signal  of  retreat.  There  is  pros- 
pect of  still  greater  and  grander  results  and  only  the  rankest 
pessimist  can  see  a  cloud  on  our  national  material  horizon. 

Republicans  have  a  right  to  claim  that  our  financial,  commer- 
cial and  industrial  advancement  is  due  to  the  laws  enacted  and 
executed  by  their  party  leaders.  The  party  came  into  power 
when  the  Government  and  the  people  were  practically  bankrupt 
and  without  credit.  A  disrupted  Union  was  restored,  the  vast 
expenses  of  war  provided,  specie  payments  resumed,  a  protective 
tariff  amended  from  time  to  time  and  the  development  of  the 
country  continued  till  the  Democratic  check  came  in  1893. 

Since  1897,  when  William  McKinley  was  inaugurated  and  the 
Fifty-fifth  Congress  began  its  work,  the  Gold  Standard  has  been 
adopted,  the  Dingley  Law  enacted  and  the  culmination  of  bene- 
ficial Republican  legislation  has  come  with  the  present  Congress 
and  its  splendid  work  of  legislating  for  the  people  and  their 
best  interests. 

Two  years  ago,  in  July,  1904,  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  the 
birth  of  the  Republican  Party  was  celebrated  at  Jackson,  Mich. 
On  June  21st,  at  Chicago,  had  been  held  the  thirteenth  national 
convention  of  the  party,  at  which  were  nominated  Roosevelt  and 
Fairbanks,  and  where  was  adopted  the  last  national  platform 
of  the  party,  which  will  be  found  on  other  pages. 

On  June  17th  to  20th  of  this  year,  1906,  the  National  Republican 
League  in  its  biennial  convention,  held  at  Philadelphia,  cele- 
brated the  Golden  Jubilee  or  fiftieth  anniversary  of  the  Republi- 
can Party  as  a  national  organization.  This  Golden  Jubilee  was 
held  in  Musical  Fund  Hall,  where  fifty  years  before  was  held 
the  first  National  Convention  of  the  party,  at  which  time  were 
nominated  for  its  candidates  for  President  and  Vice-President, 
Fremont  and  Dayton,  and  its  first  platform  adopted.  Although, 
after  a  spirited  campaign,  the  party  was  not  successful  in  elect- 
ing its  candidates,  it  polled  a  popular  vote  of  1,341,264,  and  its 


nEPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  7 

candidates  received  an  electoral  vote  of  114.  As  early  as  1855 
the  Republican  Party  had  a  large  representation  in  the  House 
of  Representatives,  and  so  strong  had  it  become  in  the  Thirty- 
fourth  Congress,  which  met  December,  1855,  that  N.  P.  Banks,  Jr., 
of  Massachusetts,  was  elected  Speaker.  In  the  Thirty-sixth  Con- 
gress, which  met  December  5,  1859,  there  was  a  large  Republican 
majority  in  the  House  of  Representatives,  and  William  Penning- 
ton of  New  Jersey  was  elected  Speaker.  In  1860,  the  Republican 
Party,  with  Abraham  Lincoln  as  its  standard-bearer,  was  vic- 
torious, and  when  inaugurated  on  March  4,  1861,  owing  to  with- 
drawals of  Southern  members  in  both  -Senate  and  House  of 
Representatives,  the  Republican  Party  was  in  full  control  of  the 
government.  For  only  two  years  since  that  time  has  the  Demo- 
cratic Party  been  in  full  control  of  the  Government,  and  its  only 
measure  of  any  importance  was  the  Wilson-Gorman  Tariff  of 
1894,  which  caused  such  widespread  business  disaster  and  general 
distress,  this  being  repealed  and  succeeded  by  the  Dingley  Law 
of  1897,  which  has  since  been  in  operation.  The  great  progress, 
therefore,  which  we  have  made  since  the  close  of  the  Civil  War 
has  been  under  the  legislation  and  administration  of  the  Repub- 
lican Party.  Not  only  has  it  been  under  the  Republican  Party, 
but  largely  it  has  been  due  to  its  measures.  Elsewhere  will  be 
found  more  in  detail  some  of  the  laws  enacted  by  the  party  and 
under  which  our  great  progress  and  prosperity  has  been  brought 
about. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  repeat  in  detail  the  history  of  the  party's 
laws  or  its  achievements.  We  may,  however,  briefly  allude  to  the 
most  important  phases  of  this  nearly  half  century  of  work:  the 
abolition  of  slavery,  the  restoration  of  the  Union,  the  resumption 
of  specie  payment,  the  extension  of  our  mail  service,  the  adop- 
tion of  the  gold  standard  and  always,  since  the  Morrill  Tariff  of 
1861,  the  protection  of  our  labor  and  industries.  We  have  in- 
creased in  wealth,  under  the  Republican  Party,  from  $7,000,000,000 
to  more  than  $100,000,000,000.  We  have  increased  our  railway 
mileage  from  30,000  to  220,000  miles.  Our  farm  property  has  in- 
creased in  value  from  $8,000,000,000  to  over  $25,000,000,000,  and 
the  annual  value  of  our  farm  products  from  $1,000,000,000  to 
$7,000,000,000. 

During  this  period,  while  the  Republican  Party  has  been  in 
power,  the  value  of  our  manufactures  has  increased  from  less 
than  $2,000,000,000  to  $18,000,000,000.  Our  total  exports  have 
increased  from  $333,000,000  to  nearly  $2,000,000,000.  In  1860,  we 
produced  about  800,000  tons  of  pig  iron,  while  in  1905  the  amount 
was  22,000,000  tons.  We  produced  no  steel  whatever  in  1860, 
while  in  1905  the  amount  exceeded  20,000,000  tons.  In  1860,  the 
amount  of  cotton  consumed  by  our  mills  was  less  than  1,000,000 
bales,  while  in  1905  the  amount  was  over  4,500,000  bales.  Our 
total  bank  clearings  in  1860  were  less  than  $20,000,000,000,  while 
at  present  they  exceed  $150,000,000,000.  The  693,000  depositors  in 
our  savings  banks  in  1860  had  deposits  of  less  than  $150,000,000, 
while  in  1905  the  7,700,000  depositors  had  deposits  of  over  $3,000,- 
000,000.  In  1860,  our  post-office  receipts  amounted  to  $8,500,000, 
and  had  increased  in  1905  to  $152,800,000.  Four  thousand  seven 
hundred  and  seventy-eight  patents  were  issued  in  1860,  while  in 
1905  the  number  had  increased  to  30,399.  In  1860,  the  amount  of 
liabilities  of  failures  was  $S0,000,00D,  while  in  1905,  with  more 
than  ten  times  the  amount  of  business  carried  on,  the  amount  of 
liabilities  ai-nminied  to  only  $102,000,000,    ^ucJi  comparisons  COllld 


8  REPUBLICAN   CA^IPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

be  conlinued  indefinitely,  and  will  be  found  more  in  detail  in  a 
table  presented  elsewhere,  but  before  leaving  the  subject  one 
comparison  should  be  made  and  particularly  emphasized  as  to 
the  progress  made  during  the  reign  of  the  Republican  Party 
since  1860. 

Because  of  the  various  financial  and  tariff  measures  of  that 
party  which  have  brought  about  competition  in  manufactures, 
we  have  built  up  a  home  market  in  this  country  of  such  mag- 
nitude that  for  several  years  we  have  given  full  employment  to 
labor  at  wages  about  .double  those  paid  when  the  Republican 
Party  came  into  power.  In  some  cases  these  wages  are  treble 
and  quadruple  what  they  were  in  1860.  in  other  cases,  perhaps 
only  25  per  cent,  and  50  per  cent,  more;  but  in  the  aggregate  and 
average  they  are  fully  double,  and  with  these  high  wages  we  find 
that  the  prices  of  most  manufactured  articles  have  been  reduced 
fully  50  per  cent,  or  have  been  made  twice  as  durable  and  ser- 
viceable as  in  1860.  This  full  employment  and  these  high  wages 
have  given  us  a  standard  of  living  among  our  people  not  equaled 
elsewhere  the  world  over.  Our  citizenship  has  been  exalted  far 
beyond  that  of  the  avierage  of  any  other  nation.  Our  consumption 
of  not  only  the  necessaries  but  comforts  and  luxuries  of  life  is 
far  in  excess  of  that  found  anywhere  else,  with  the  result  that 
American  manhood  and  American  homes  are  so  far  in  advance 
of  those  found  elsewhere  throughout  the  world  that  we  are  the 
envy  of  all  civilization,  and  more  than  a  million  foreigners  seek 
our  shores  annually  to  share  in  our  great  opportunities  and 
advantages. 

It  is  not  claimed  for  the  Republican  Party  that  all  the  benefi- 
cent results  of  the  past  forty-five  years  are  due  wholly  to  its 
wisdom  and  judgment  in  legislation  and  administration,  and  yet, 
with  all  our  vast  resources  and  our  splendid  natural  advantages, 
we  could  not  have  arrived  at  our  present  state  or  made  the 
progress  we  have  without  artificial  assistance.  The  sunshine  and 
rain  which  contribute  to  our  harvests  also  contribute  to  the 
harvests  abroad.  The  same  ore  and  coal  that  are  found  in  our 
mines,  and  the  forests  which  abound  throughout  our  country,  are 
found  to  a  greater  or  less  degree  abroad;  but  it  has  been  the 
principle  of  Protection  to  American  labor  and  American  industry 
which  has  given  uc  our  great  home  market,  which  has  given 
profitable  prices  as  the  result  of  industry  on  the  farm  anc  in  the 
factory,  and  which  has  made  our  progress  more  wonderful,  not 
only  than  has  ever  before  been  known  in  all  history,  but  has 
enabled  us,  year  after  year  and  decade  after  decade,  to  make 
great  advances  upon  all  our  own  previous  records.  Some  of  the 
principal  acts  of  legislation  of  the  Republican  Party  follow,  and 
they  can  be  supplemented  by  hundreds  of  less  important  acts 
which  have  contributed  to  the  welfare  of  the  nation  and  of  the 
people.  In  the  ensuing  campaign,  however,  voters  will  be  more 
apt  to  consider  the  recent  acts  of  the  party  rather  than  those 
of  preceding  decades.  We  shall,  therefore,  confine  ourselves 
largely  to  the  deeds  of  the  present  Congress,  and  shall  give  as 
fully  as  possible  both  completed  and  pending  legislation  so  that 
all  may  understand  fully  and  precisely  what  has  been  done  and 
is  liable  to  be  done  if  the  Republican  Party  is  continued  in 
power  in  all  branches  of  the  Government.  For  two  years  longer 
Theodore  Roosevelt  will  be  President,  and  will  have  with  him  a 
Republican  majority  in  the  United  States  Senate.  He  should 
also  have  a  Republican  majority  in  the  House  of  Representatives 


ir 

Tot  the  remai 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 


the  remainder  of  his  term  to  carry  out  such  recommendations 
as  will,  in  his  judgment,  be  for  the  best  good  of  all  the  people.  It 
is  believed  that  an  examination  of  the  record  of  the  Republican 
Party  through  its  whole  history,  and  particularly  during  the 
past  few  years,  will  prove  that  it  is  entitled  to  the  continued 
confidence  of  the  people  and  result  in  a  majority  in  the  Sixtieth 
Congress. 


REPUBLICAN  LEGISLATION. 

The  following  are  some  of  the  principal  acts  of  legislation  by 
the  Republican  Party: 

1.  The  Homestead  Law,  passed  by  a  Republican  Congress  and 
signed  by  Abraham  Lincoln. 

2.  The  acts  for  the  issuance  of  legal  tenders  and  national  bank 
notes,  which  gave  the  people  a  currency  of  equal  and  stable  value 
in  all  parts  of  the  country. 

3.  The  system  of  internal  revenue  taxation,  by  which  approxi- 
mately one-half  of  the  ordinary  expenses  of  the  Government  have 
been  visited  upon  malt  and  spirituous  liquors,  tobacco  and  cigars. 

4.  The  thirteenth  amendment  to  the  Constitution,  which  abol- 
ished slavery. 

5.  The  fourteenth  amendment,  which  created  citizenship  of 
the  United  States  as  distinguished  from  citizenship  of  the  several 
States,  and  provided  that  no  State  should  abridge  the  privileges 
or  immunities  of  citizens  of  the  United  States. 

6.  The  fifteenth  amendment,  which  established  equality  of  suf- 
frage. 

7.  The  Civil  Rights  Act,  which  extended  to  all  persons  the  equal 
protection  of  the  laws. 

8.  All  existing  laws  for  the  payment  of  pensions  to  veterans  of 
the  Civil  War  and  their  surviving  relatives. 

9.  The  liberal  legislation  respecting  mineral  lands,  wh:ch  built 
up  the  mining  industry,  added  enormously  to  the  wealth  of  the 
country  in  the  precious  and  semi-precious  metals,  and  made  it 
possible  to  resume  specie  payments. 

10.  The  resumption  of  specie  payments. 

11.  The  reduction  of  postage,  the  money-order  system,  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  Railway  Mail  Service,  free  delivery.  Rural 
free  delivery,  and  other  improvements  that  make  the  Post-Office 
Establishment  of  the  United  States  the  most  efficient  agency  of 
that  character  that  can  be  found  on  the  globe. 

12.  The  Life-Saving  Service. 

13.  The  artificial  propagation  and  distribution  of  fish. 

14.  The  distribution  of  seeds  and  other  measures  of  vast  im- 
portance in  the  promotion  of  agriculture. 

15.  The  endowment  of  public  schools,  agricultural  colleges,  etc., 
by  grants  of  land  from  the  public  domain. 

16.  The  Administrative  Customs  Act,  which  insures  justice 
and  equality  in  the  collection  of  duties. 

17.  The  International  Copyright  Law,  which  respects  the  rights 
of  authors  in  the  product  of  their  brains,  but  at  the  same  time 
protects  our  publishing  industry  by  requiring  that  books  shall 
be  printed  in  this  country  to  entitle  them  to  copyright. 

18.  The  establishment  of  the  Circuit  Court  of  Appeals,  to  re- 
lieve the  Supreme  Court  and  no  longer  require  litigants  to  suffer 
a  delay  of  three  or  four  years  in  securing  a  decision  on  appeal. 

19.  The  admission  of  the  States  of  Kansas,  Nebraska,  Nevada, 


10  ftE?U6LlCAM  CAMPAIGN  O'fiXT-BOOK. 

Colorado,  North  antl  South  Dakota,  Washington,  Montana,  Idaho 
and  Wyoming,  and  provision  for  Statehood  in  Oklahoma. 

20.  The  Anti-Trust  Act.  (This  was  drawn  by  Senators  Sher- 
man and  Edmunds,  and  introduced  by  the  former.  In  the  House 
its  passage  was  secured  by  William  McKinley  against  an  attempt 
to  have  it  sidetracked  in  behalf  of  a  bill  for  the  free  coinage  of 
silver,  which  received  the  vote  of  every  Democratic  member  with 
one  exception.  So  it  may  be  said  that  the  law  was  placed  upon 
the  statute  books  over  the  united  opposition  of  the  Democratic 
Party  as  represented  in  the  House.) 

21.  The  National  Bankruptcy  Acts  of  1867  and  1898,  which  re- 
lieved many  thousands  of  unfortunate  men  from  their  burdens  of 
debt  and  restored  them  to  commercial  or  industrial  activity. 

22.  The  establishment  of  the  Gold  Standard,  which  placed  our 
monetary  system  on  a  stable  basis  and  in  harmony  with  the 
great  nations  of  the  world. 

23.  Every  schedule  of  duties  on  imports  adopted  within  the 
past  fifty  years,  in  which  the  policy  of  protection  to  American 
labor  has  been  distinctly  recognized  and  efficiently  applied,  has 
been  the  product  of  a  Republican  Congress. 


THE  PARTY  WHICH  HAS  MET  EVE^Y  CRISIS. 

From  Leslie's  Wecklj/,  June  14,  1906. 

In  every  crisis  which  has  presented  itself  during  the  half-century 
of  its  existence  the  Republican  party  has  risen  promptly  and  grandly  to 
the  demands  of  the  occasion.  Now  that  radicalism  and  socialism  in  vari- 
ous shapes  are  making  a  powerful  appeal  for  popular  support,  a  resume 
of  the  Republican  Party's  achievements  in  protecting  vested  interests  of 
all  sorts  against  demagogic  assaults  is  timely. 

When  the  greenback  inflattonists  of  a  third  of  a  century  ago  de- 
manded that  all  government  and  private  debts  be  paid  in  depreciated  cur- 
rency, excej)t  in  the  cases  in  which  specie  was  expressly  named  in  the 
contract,  the  Republican  I'arty,  by  an  act  passed  against  the  solid  oppo- 
sition of  the  Democracy,  and  signed  by  President  Grant  on  January  14, 
187.5,  brought  all  the  country's  currency  up  to  the  gold  line.  And  the 
party  has  held  the  currency  up  to  that  level  ever  since,  despite  the 
assaults  which  have  been  made  by  radicalism  in  various  guises,  supported 
by  the  Democratic  I'arty.  The  resumption  act  of  1875,  by  warding  oft' 
greenback  inflation,  saved  billions  of  dollars  to  the  property  and  business 
interests  of  the  country. 

I'opulism  in  1800-92,  by  its  renewal  of  the  war  in  favor  of  unlimited 
national  currency  and  its  demand  for  the  issue  of  notes  against  the  de- 
posit of  agricultural  products,  attempted  to  resuscitate-  the  greenbackism 
of  two  decades  earlier,  plus  the  addition  of  a  few  new  fads  and  follies. 
The  Republican  Party  ultimately  overthrew  populism. 

The  war  against  pi'operty,  business,  and  financial  sanity  was  renewed 
in  another  form  in  1800,  when  the  Chicago  convention,  in  July,  with  its 
fifty-cent  silver-dollar  propaganda,  assailed  the  Republican  demand  at  the 
St.  Louis  convention  in  June  for  a  gold  dollar  worth  100  cents.  Again 
the  Republican  Party  was  triumphant.  By  the  Republican  victory  at  the 
polls  in  1806,  by  the  Republican  gold-standard  act  of  March  14,  1900, 
and  by  the  Republican  triumph  in  the  election  in  November  of  that  year, 
the  100-cent  dollar  was  written  in  the  statutes  so  firmly  and  so  decisively 
that  Alton  B.  Parker,  the  Democratic  candidate  in  1904,  declared  that 
Republican  legislation  had  protected  business  and  property  against  fur- 
ther danger  from  the  currency  dilutionists. 

Radicalism  took  a  peculiarly  menacing  shape  in  the  attacks  made  on 
the  propert.y-owners  and  the  business  interests  by  the  greenbackers,  the 
populists,  and  the  silveritcs.  The  success  of  the  silverite  crusade  of  1806 
would  have  cut  the  .$100.0!)0.00(),000  of  property  of  the  country  down  to 
$.50,000,000,000.  From  this  policy  of  wholesale  robbery  the  people  were 
saved  by  the  Republican  I'arty. 

A  new  and  particularly  dangerous  sort  of  radicalism  presents  itself 
to-day  in  the  Government  ownership  of  the  great  private  and  corporate 
interests  which  is  being  urged  by  elements  that  are  reasonably  sure  to 
be  powerful  enough  to  control  the  Democratic  party  as  firmly  in  1008  as 
the  silverite  fiftv-cent-doliar  champions  swayed  that  party  in  1806  and 
1900.     Against  this  policy  of  confiscation  the  Republicans  will  do  battle. 

The  Republican  party  headed  off  slavery  extension  into  the  Terri- 
tories, presei-yed  the  J..ion,  abolished  slavery,  put  the  eleven  Confederate 
States  safely  back  in  their  old  places  among  the  Commonwealths,  pro- 
tected property  against  assault  by  greenback,  populist,  and  silver  infla- 
tionists, made  the  United  States  the  wealthiest  country  on  the  globe, 
and  marked  up  United  States  credit  higher  than  that  of  any  other  nation 
on  the  world's  bourses.  .     -       ^. 

For  protection  against  spoliation  by  radical  and  socialistic  fanatics 
and  demagogues  in  1006  and  1008,  the  business  and  property  interests  of 
the  United  States  will  once  more  have  to  rely  on  the  Republican  Party. 


Fifty-Ninth   Congress. 

FIRST  SESSION,  DECEMBER  4,  1905,  TO  JUNE  30,  1906. 


President  Roosevelt's  Statement. 

"In  the  session  that  has  just  closed  the  Congress  has  done  more 
substantial  work  for  good  than  any  Congress  has  done  at  any 
session  since  I  became  familiar  "with  public  affairs.  The  legisla- 
tion has  been  along  the  lines  of  real  constructive  statesmanship 
of  the  most  practical  and  efficient  type,  and  bill  after  bill  has 
been  enacted  into  law  which  was  of  an  importance  so  great  that 
it  is  fair  to  say  that  the  enactment  of  any  one  of  them  alone 
would  have  made  the  session  memorable;  such,  for  instance,  as 
the  railroad  rate  bill,  the  meat  inspection  measure,  the  pure  food 
bill,  the  bill  for  free  alcohol  in  the  arts,  the  consular  reform  bill, 
Panama  Canal  legislation,  the  joint  Statehood  bill,  and  the 
naturalization  bill. 

"I  certainly  have  no  disposition  to  blink  at  what  there  is  of 
evil  in  our  social,  industrial  or  political  life  of  to-day,  but  it 
seems  to  me  that  the  men  of  genuine  patriotism  who  genuinely 
wish  well  to  their  country  have  the  right  to  feel  a  profound 
satisfaction  in  the  entire  course  of  this  Congress.  I  would  not 
be  afraid  to  compare  its  record  with  that  of  any  previous  Con- 
gress in  our  history,  not  alone  for  the  wisdom,  but  for  the  dis- 
interested high-mindedness  which  has  controlled  its  action.  It 
is  noteworthy  that  not  a  single  measure  which  the  closest  scrutiny 
could  warrant  us  in  calling  of  doubtful  propriety  has  been  en- 
acted; and,  on  the  other  hand,  no  influence  of  any  kind  has 
availed  to  prevent  the  enactment  of  the  laws  most  vitally  neces- 
sary to  the  nation  at  this  time." 

Speaker  Cannon's  Statement. 
"In  my  judgment,  the  work  done  and  the  legislation  enacted  in 
the  session  just  closed  exceeds  in  importance,  for  the  best  inter- 
ests of  all  the  people  of  the  Republic,  the  work  of  any  session 
during  my  thirty  years  of  public  life.  I  have  not  time  to  make 
a  complete  review  of  all  the  legislation.  Suffice  it  to'  say  that 
the  legislation  covering  appropriations  and  authorization  of  pub- 
lic expenditures  has  been  most  carefully  considered  and  wisely 
enacted.  The  legislation  commonly  referred  to  as  the  rate  legis- 
lation, the  pure  food  bill,  the  inspection  feature  of  the  agricul- 
tural bill,  are  all  measures  that  affect  the  interests  of  all  the 
people,  and  while  nothing  perfect  can  be  enacted,  I  am  satisfied 
that  the  operation  of  these  laws  will  demonstrate  their  wisdom. 
And  I  believe  if  nothing  else  had  been  accomplished  than  the  en- 
actment of  these  three  measures,  they  alone  would  be  sufficient 
to  make  the  first  session  of  the  Fifty-ninth  Congress  a  memorable 
one  in  the  history  of  the  Republic." 


11 


12  REPUBLICAN   CAxMPAICJN   TEXT-BOOK. 

SUMMARY  OF  IMPORTANT  LAWS  ENACTED. 

Fifty-ninth   CQngress,    First    Session,    December   4,    1905,    to 
June  30,  1906. 

The  achievements  of  the  Fifty-ninth  Congress  in  its  first  ses- 
sion, lasting  seven  months,  constitute  a  remarkable  record. 

To  the  people  this  session  must  have  clearly  demonstrated  the 
signal  advantage  to  the  nation  of  party  unity  in  the  executive 
and  both  legislative  branches  of  the  Government. 

Among  the  principal  laws  enacted  are  the  following: 

Railway  rates  to  be  fixed  by  enlarged  Interstate  Commerce 
Commission;  rebates  and  other  discriminations  penalized;  sleep- 
ing cars,  express  companies  and  pipe  lines  made  common  car- 
riers;   railway  passes  prohibited. 

Panama  Canal  to  have  85-foot  level,  with  locks;  Panama  Canal 
bonds  to  enjoy  same  privileges  as  all  other  United  States  bonds; 
Panama  Canal  supplies  to  be  domestic  products. 

Pure  Food:  Label  must  tell  the  truth,  especially  on  popular 
remedies. 

Meat  inspection,  "from  hoof  to  can,"  at  Government  expense. 

Free  alcohol,  denatured,  for  use  in  the  arts. 

Oklahoma  (including  Indian  Territory)  admitted  to  the  Union, 
and  Arizona  (with  New  Mexico)  if  they  agree  to  union. 

Consular  service  reorganized  on  merit  basis. 

Quarantine  against  yellow  fever  nationalized. 

Niagara  Falls  to  be  preserved. 

Alaska  allowed  a  Delegate  in  the  House.  Alaska  liquor  revenue 
devoted  to  schools  and  road  building.  Prohibition  of  aliens  fish- 
ing in  Alaskan  waters. 

Naturalization  safeguarded  and  made  more  difficult. 

Steamboat  inspection  made  more  rigid,  due  to  General  Slocum 
loss.  Motor  boats  operated  for  profit  required  to  have  federal 
licenses. 

The  Philippines:  Application  of  Coastwise  law  postponed  uiitil 
April  11,  1909.  Minor  tariff  modifications  made,  and  ratio  of 
gold  and  silver  in  insular  coinage  changed.  Batan  coal  mines 
to  belong  to  Government.  Tariff  duties  collected  before  1902  legal- 
ized.    Naval  vessel  for  Philippine  Naval  Militia. 

Gold  bullion  reserve  in  excess  of  $50,000,000  to  be  coined. 
National*  bank  liabilities  limited  to  30  per  cent,  of  capital. 

Employers'  Liability  Statute:  Negligent  common  carriers 
within  United  States  jurisdiction  liable  for  damages  to  employes. 

Federal  donations  to  State  Agricultural  Experiment  stations 
increased  so  that  within  ten  years  they  shall  each  receive 
$30,000  annually. 

President's  travelling  expenses  defrayed  to  the  extent  of 
$25,000  annually. 

American  representative  at  Constantinople  made  Ambassador, 
and  $150,000  appropriated  to  purchase  Legation  property. 

Production  of  pure  domestic  sweet  wines  encouraged  by  re- 
duced taxation. 

Immunity  of  witnesses  in  criminal  cases  limited  (Anti-"Immun- 
ity  Bath"). 

United  States  District  judge  and  court  officers  for  China,  and 
additional  judge  for  New  York,  Southern  District,  provided. 

Destruction  of  antiquities  on  United  States  -ands  forbidden 
and  the  President  authorized  to  acquire  lands  v/Lich  have  his- 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  13 

toric  value.  Mariposa  big  tree  grove  accepted  from.  California. 
National  park  established  in  Oklahoma  and  named  for  Orville 
Hitchcock  Piatt.  Battle  Mountain  sanitarium  reserve  in  South 
Dakota  established  for  disabled  soldiers. 

Trade-mark  law  amended. 

Militia  efficiency  to  be  promoted  by  aid  of  $2,000,000  annually. 

Final  disposition  of  affairs  of  the  five  civilized  tribes  of  Indians. 

Secretary  of  Interior  authorized  to  establish  town  sites  of  not 
more  than  160  acres  each  in  irrigated  areas. 

Unlawful  wearing  of  insignia  of  G.  A.  R.  and  other  soldier 
organizations  forbidden. 

Secretary  of  the  Navy  given  greater  discretion  in  suppressing 
hazing  at  Annapolis. 

Falsely  marked  articles  of  gold  or  silver  or  their  alloys  not 
to  be  imported,  exported  or  carried. 

Sponge  growing  in  American  waters  protected. 

San  Francisco  sufferers  aided;  $2,500,000  appropriated. 

Extending  period  for  continuous  shipment  of  cattle  to  thirty- 
six  hours. 

To   destroy  derelicts,   $250,000   steam  vessel   authorized. 

Numerous  lighthouses  and  beacons  authorized. 

Census  Office  directed  to  collect  and  publish  vital,  social  and 
other  statistics. 

Waste  in  public  printing  cut  down  one-third. 

For  District  of  Columbia,  a  Juvenile  Court,  compulsory  educa- 
tion, sale  of  poisons  restricted. 

Grave  of  Andrew  Jackson,  with  fifteen  acres  of  land,  made  a 
national  cemetery.     Marking  graves  of  Confederate  soldiers. 

Jamestown  Exposition,  1907,  given  aid. 

Monuments  Authorized:  King's  Mountain  battleground,  South 
Carolina,  $30,000;  landing  of  the  Pilgrims,  at  Provincetown, 
Mass.,  $40,000;  Princeton  battleground.  New  Jersey,  $30,000;  John- 
Paul  Jones,  in  Washington,  $50,000;  Commodore  John  Barry,  in 
Washington,  $50,000;  H.  W.  Longfellow,  in  Washington,  $4,000  for 
pedestal. 

Incorporations:  Carnegie  Foundation  for  the  Advancement  of 
Learning;  Archaeological  Institute  of  America,  and  Ohio  and 
Lake  Erie  Canal  Company. 

Thanks  of  Congress  extended  to  General  Horace  Porter  for 
recovering  body  of  John  Paul  Jones. 

Restrictions  on  Cabinet  Officers  to  prevent  deficiencies  of  ap- 
propriation. 

Sixty-nine  laws  enacted  authorizing  bridges  or  dams  across 
navigable  rivers. 

Forty-three  acts  for  the  government  of  the  District  of  Columbia. 

Three  hundred  and  twenty  public  acts  altogether. 

Three  thousand  six  hundred  and  ninety  Civil  War  pension  acts. 
Six  hundred  and  ninety-six  private  pension  acts. 

Bills  Introduced:    House,  20,475;   Senate,  6,551. 

Number  of  pages  of  Congressional  Record,  over  10,000 — a  new 
record. 

Measures  Left  Over  to  Next  Session. 

Santo  Domingo  Treaty. 

Isle  of  Pines  Treaty. 

Morocco  Treaty  to  be  voted  December  12. 

Immigration  restriction  (in  conference). 

Senator  Smoot's  right  to  seat. 

Publicity  of  campaign  affairs. 


14  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TKXT-IU)()K. 

Prohibiting  corporation  campaign  contributions. 

Shipping  Bill. 

To  make  Porto  Ricans  United  States  citizens. 

Reduction  of  tariff  on  products  of  Philippines. 

United  States  to  own  its  Embassies  and  Legations  abroad. 

To  build  Government  powder  factory. 

Appalachian  and  White  Mountain  forest  reserves. 

Copyright-  revision. 

Modification  of  Chinese  exclusion  law. 

Prescribing  punishments  on  high  seas. 

Codification  of  Revised  Statutes. 

Navy  to  have  biggest  battleship  afloat. 

Removal  of  customs  duty  on  works  of  arV. 

Swamp  reclamation  similar  to  irrigation  statute. 

Cable  to  Guantanamo  and  canal  zone. 

Anti-injunction  bill. 

Eight-hour  law. 

Army  and  Navy  Dental  Surgeon  Corps. 

Increase  of  Artillery  Corps. 

To  punish  improper  use  of  the  Stars  and  Stripes. 

Retirement  of  superannuated  federal  clerks. 

To  establish  postal  savings  banks  and  parcels  post. 

Limiting  working  hours  of  railway  employes. 


WHAT   CONGRESS  AND   THE   PRESIDENT   HAVE   DONE. 

It  is  a  record  of  great  achievement  which  the  first  session  of 
the  Fifty-ninth  Congress  leaves  behind  it.  We  may  question, 
indeed,  whether  there  has  been  a  Congress  session  since  the 
Civil  War  that  has  more  closely  held  the  public  attention  or  dealt 
aflftrmatively  with  so  many  matters  of  vital  public  interest.  Let 
us  catalog  the  more  important  enactments  of  the  session: 

The  power  of  the  Government  Commission  to  fix  maximum  rail- 
road rates  within  the  limits  of  reasonableness  has  been  restored 
in  the  interstate  commerce  law,  and  Government  control  of  rail- 
roads otherwise  greatly  extended. 

Federal  inspection  of  foods  at  the  sources  of  interstate  supply, 
with  restrictions  in  regard  to  adulterations,  has  been  enacted 
after  years  of  fruitless  agitation  in  Congress. 

The  meat-packing  industry  has  been  brought  under  far  closer 
federal  inspection  and  restriction. 

There  has  been  enacted,  also  after  years  of  fruitless  effort,  a 
provision  freeing  from  prohibitive  internal  revenue  taxes  alco- 
hol for  use  in  manufactures,  the  arts,  and  as  a  source  of  energy 
for  heating,  lighting  and  motor  purposes — a  provision  of  incal- 
culable importance  for  many  industries. 

Oklahoma  and  Indian  Territory  have  been  admitted  to  the 
Union  of  the  States,  and  a  conditional  admission  of  Arizona  and 
New  Mexico  provided. 

A  national  employers'  liability  act,  affecting  railroads  chiefly, 
has  been  passed,  modifying  radically  in  the  interests  of  employes 
the  loose  common-law  rules  regarding  the  same. 

Measures  have  also  been  passed  restricting  within  what  are 
deemed  constitutional  bounds  the  immunity  privilege  in  trust 
and  railroad  prosecutions;  permitting  national  banks  to  lend 
10  per  cent,  of  capital  and  surplus  to  a  single  borrower,  instead 
of  10  per  cent,  of  capital  alone,  the  loan  in  no  case  to  exceed 
30  per  cent,  of  capital;  and  providing  for  an  enlargement  in  the 
circulation  of  money  of  small  denominations. 

As  against  these  acts  of  commission  there  have  been  acts  of 
omission.  But  of  great  matters  before  Congress  what  was  left  un- 
done is  insignificant  compared  with  what  has  been  done, — i^pring- 
flelfl  Republican. 


iiEPUBLICAN   CAMPAIGN   TEXT- BOOK.  15 

SPEECH  OF  REPBESENTATIVE  CHABLES  E.  TOWNSEND, 
OF  MICHIGAN,  JUNE  26,  1906,  CONCERNING  WORK 
OF  FIFTY-NINTH  COlxGRESS. 

Mr.  Townsend  said:  Mr.  Chairman,  the  wise  business  man  at 
the  end  of  the  year  or  on  the  completion  of  an  enterprise  stops 
and  talies  account  of  stock  and  considers  results.  It  seems  to  me 
not  unwise  during  the  last  days  of  this  session  to  pause  a 
moment  and  review  the  records  of  what  has  been  done. 

This  I  believe  will  be  recorded  as  one  of  the  most  important 
sessions,  measured  by  real  benefit  to  all  of  the  people,  that  has 
ever  been  held  by  the  American  Congress.  It  has  not  only  en- 
acted wise  and  beneficial  legislation,  but  it  has  established  prin- 
ciples of  great  and  lasting  importance.     (Applause.) 

Republican  Credit. 

The  Government  has  been  Republican  in  all  of  its  branches. 
That  party  must  stand  and  answer  for  whatever  of  good  or  bad 
has  been  accomplished.  The  minority  in  Congress  may  claim 
credit  if  it  chooses  for  helping  or  hindering;  but  the  majority 
has  been  sufficient  to  accomplish  what  has  been  done,  and  every 
great  law  has  been  enacted  by  votes  enough  in  number  to  have 
carried  the  measure  had  every  Democrat  in  each  House  voted 
against  it. 

It  is  due  the  minority  to  say  it  has  demonstrated  unusual  and 
unexpected  statesmanship  and  patriotism  by  going  with  the  ma- 
jority and  making  some  of  the  votes  unanimous,  but  the  result 
would  have  been  the  same  had  it  seen  fit  to  do  otherwise. 

When  the  fifty-ninth  Congress  assembled  in  December,  1905, 
it  was  presented  with  some  of  the  most  important  problems  ever 
offered  to  the  National  Legislature. 

Panama  Canal. 

The  Panama  Canal,  the  largest  enterprise  in  the  world's  his- 
tory, had  been  determined  upon,  but  the  organization  of  the 
ways  and  means  for  its  construction  had  not  been  accomplished. 
This  stupendous  undertaking  had  no  precedent  in  history  upon 
which  the  Administration  could  rely  for  guidance.  The  great 
problems  of  sanitation,  labor,  and  type  of  canal  were  not  solved 
when  this  Congress  convened.  The  President  and  the  Fifty- 
ninth  Congress  have  solved  them  now,  and  the  canal  is  an  as- 
sured fact  and  already  under  construction.  The  expenses  to 
date  have  been  paid,  and  provisions  have  been  made  for  the 
ensuing  year.  The  money  will  be  expended  under  laws  insuring 
honesty  and  economy. 

Railroads. 

Responding  to  its  duty  to  promote  the  general  welfare,  the 
Congress  under  authority  of  the  commerce  clause  of  the  Con- 
stitution has  established  by  enactment  into  law  the  great  and 
all-important  principle  that  public  service  corporations  are  corpo- 
rations for  public  service,  and  while  sanely  and  wisely  recogniz- 
ing the  necessity  of  these  organizations  and  the  importance 
of  their  success,  it  has  served  notice  upon  greedy,  avaricious, 
and  unconscionable  corporate  wealth  and  power  that  this  is  to 
be  a  government  of  law  and  order,  administered  for  the  benefit 
of  all  the  people.     (Applause.) 

The  bill  will,  in  my  judgment,  secure  to  a  large  degree  equality 
and  justice  to  all. 

Do  not  understand  me  as  saying  that  the  measure  will  be  all 
that  some  of  its  advocates  desire  or  think.  But  so  great  and 
important  is  the  subject,  so  complex  in  its  nature,  and  so  great 
a  departure  in  many  respects  from  past  methods  that  it  is  best 
to  administer  the  law  as  enacted,  in  order  to  determine  what,  if 
any,  change  shall  be  made  hereafter. 

Conceded  evils  of  transportation  have  existed  for  many  years. 
Other  Congresses,  Democratic  and  Republican,  have  had  oppor- 
tunities to  deal  with  them.  Several  Congresses  have  passed 
laws  regulating  carriers,  all  of  which  were  beneficial,  but  none 
of  them  sufficient  to  meet  the  crying  needs  of  the  present.  It 
became  the  privilege  of  certain  Republicans  of  the  Fifty-eighth 
Congress  to  press  the  proposition  for  regulating  interstate  car- 


IG  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

riers  upon  the  Committee  of  Interstate  and  Foreign  Commerce 
until  that  committee  was  a  unit  for  it.  The  President  at  the 
l)eginning  of  the  third  session  of  the  Fifty-eighth  Congress,  ad- 
vocated the  legislation.  A  bill  was  prepared  and  passed  a  Re- 
publican House.  It  failed  of  consideration  by  the  Senate.  The 
Fifty-ninth  Congress,  overwhelmingly  Republican,  prepared 
through  its  committee  another  bill,  more  far-reaching  in  its  pro- 
visions than  its  predecessor,  and  this  has  become  to  all  intents 
the  law  of  the  land.     (Applause.) 

The  Sherman  anti-trust  law,  a  Republican 'measure,  has  been 
enforced  by  a  Republican  Executive  until  illegal  combinations 
are  in  great  fear  and  trembling,  while  some  of  their  constitu- 
ents are  either  on  the  road  to  the  penitentiary  or  hiding  from 
the  officers  of  justice.  Under  the  leadership  of  an  incorrupti- 
ble, fearless,  and  patriotic  Republican  President,  supported  by 
an  equally  patriotic  Republican  Congress,  a  campaign  has  been 
made  against  fraud  and  corruption  in  what  hitherto  has  been 
called  "high  places,"  which  has  given  hope  and  courage  to  hon- 
est men  and  placed  the  crown  of  honor  where  it  belongs,  upon 
the  brow  of  true  American  manhood.     (Applause.) 

Corruption  and  fraud  have  been  no  more  prevalent  during 
the  last  few  years  than  they  have  been  for  many  years  there- 
tofore. 

Higher  Standard. 

Indeed,  I  believe  that  they  have  been  less.  The  world  has 
been  growing  better  in  spite  of  all  the  yellow  fellows  to  the 
contrary.  (Applause.)  One  of  the  best  indications  of  improve- 
ment is  the  fact  that  the  criminal  is  no  longer  respectable, 
whether  he  steals  millions  or  dimes;  whether  he  corners  money 
or  directs  a  mob;  whether  he  sells  tainted  meats  or  gives  re- 
bates; whether  he  misappropriates  public  funds  or  filches  from 
the  individual;  whether  he  be  corrupt  Senator  or  defaulting 
clerk,  he  is  amenable  to  the  law  and  is  brought  to  justice  and 
branded  with  his  crime.  Never  in  all  United  States  history  was 
the  public  service  cleaner  or  of  a  higher  standard  than  now, 
and  this  largely  because  of  the  awakening  of  the  public  con- 
science to  the  full  realization  of  the  necessity  for  cleaner  public 
life.     (Applause.) 

This  Administration  has  not  only  been  featless  in  its  work 
and  high  in  its  ideals,  but  it  has  added  to  the  general  pros- 
perity of  the  people,  until  this  day  is  bigger  and  brighter  and 
more  glorious  in  prospect  than  any  other  in  the  world's  his- 
tory.    (Applause.) 

Free  Alcohol. 

The  work  of  the  present  is  only  limited  by  the  power  with 
which  to  do  it,  and  this  session  of  Congress  has  placed  within 
the  reach  of  enterprise  a  new  force.  It  has  handed  over  to  the 
farmer  and  the  small  manufacturer  'denatured  alcohol,  and  they 
can  use  it  to  perform  their  work.  I  am  not  intoxicated  with 
the  illusion  of  all  the  benefits  which  some  enthusiasts  claim 
for  this  new  force,  but  I  do  believe  it  will  unlock  the  jaws  of  the 
Standard  Oil  monopoly  and  relieve  industry  from  its  throttling 
grip.  Alcohol  sleeps  in  the  refuse  of  a  thousand  products,  which 
at  present  but  contaminates  the  air. 

The  farmer  and  manufacturer  may  now  awaken  the  giant, 
harness  it  to  their  machinery,  and  compel  it  to  serve  them. 
(Applause.) 

Immigration. 

But  these  are  not  all.  The  House  has  passed  bills  in  refer- 
ence to  immigration  and  naturalization.  Our  country  has  opened 
its  arms  in  welcome  to  the  worthy  of  all  nations,  but  into  them 
have  rushed  some  from  across  the  waters  who  never  can  be,  and 
never  expect  to  be,  true  citizens  of  the  United  States.  They 
become  the  willing  tools  of  designing  and  corrupt  politicians 
and  menace  the  high  standard  of  American  citizenship.  This  is 
a  country  for  which  hundreds  of  thousands  of  patriotic  citizens 
have  died.  It  should  be  kept  for  those  only,  of  whatever  race 
or  color,  who  are  willing  to-  become  wedded  to  it  so  long  as  life 
shall  last  and,  forsaking  all  others,  shall  live  and,  if  need  be, 
die  for  it.     (Applause.) 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT- BOOK.  17 

Naturalization. 

We  are  to  hav3  a  uniform  naturalization  law,  and  only  those 
shall  be  trusted  with  the  sacred  rights  of  citizenship  who  have 
proven  themselves  worthy  of  it.  The  wicked,  depraved,  and 
dependent,  "who  have  left  their  country  for  their  country's 
good,"  must  be  denied  an  entrance  to  a  land  already  burdened 
by  too  many  of  their  ilk. 

Pure     Food. 

For  years  fruitless  attempts  have  been  made  in  the  American 
Congress  to  curb  the  selfish  and  vicious  practices  of  manufac- 
turers and  venders  of  unwholesome  and  deleterious  foods  and 
drugs.  This  Congress  has  enacted  a  law  which  I  verily  believe 
will  contribute  more  to  health  and  happiness  than  any  other 
act  within  the  last  quarter  of  a  century.  The  nostrum  con- 
cocter  may  see  his  nefarious  business  vanish,  but  health  will 
increase,  and  the  people  will  be  stronger  in  body  and  purse. 

The  manufacturer  of  unwholesome  food  products  may  be 
denied  his  accustomed  dividend,  but  legitimate  business  will 
flourish  more  abundantly,  and  the  people  will  call  their  law- 
makers blessed. 

Oklahoma. 

A  new  star  has  been  added  to  Old  Glory  and  its  light  will 
shed  an  increased  luster  upon  the  Republic.  Oklahoma  has  per- 
haps waited  long,  but  her  admission  at  the  end  of  this  session 
has  not  delayed  her  entrance  into  the  sisterhood  of  States.  She 
could  not  have  taken  her  place  any  sooner  had  the  act  of  ad- 
mission passed  last  December.  She  will  assume  all  of  the  re- 
sponsibilities and  receive  all  of  the  blessings  of  statehood,  but 
she  is  well  prepared,  and  the  Sixtieth  Congress  will  warmly  wel- 
come her  Senators  and  Representatives,  for  they  will  be  wise  and 
patriotic  Americans,  eminently  fitted  to  aid  in  shaping  the 
destiny  of  our  common  country.     (Applause.) 

I  have  not  mentioned  all  that  has  been  done  by  this  Repub- 
lican Administration.  Time  forbids  that  I  should  do  so.  I 
cannot  tell  in  detail  all  of  the  acts  of  wisdom  and  economy 
which  have  characterized  the  proceedings  of  the  last  seven 
months.  I  am  profoundly  thankful  that  I  have  been  permitted 
to  perform  my  humble  part  in  that  splendid  work.  What  has 
been  written  has  been  written,  and  all  of  the  frantic  efforts  of 
men  hungry  for  place  and  power  to  belittle  or  appropriate  it 
will  come  to  naught. 

The  President. 

Theodore  Roosevelt,  President  of  the  United  States,  needs  no 
encomium  from  me.  He  has  already  written  his  name  high  upon 
that  illustrioi]s  roll  of  fame,  along  v;ith  those  of  Washington  and 
Lincoln.  Washington  established  the  Republic;  Lincoln  pre- 
served it;  Roosevelt  has  dedicated  it  aTiew  to  the  cause  of  justice 
and  equality.  (Applause.)  The  first  two  escaped  not  the  calumni- 
ator and  detractor.  No  man  who  has  been  strong  and  courageous 
for  the  right  ever  did,  but  the  people,  they  who  make  the  repub- 
lics, have  crowned  him  benefactor.  Some  there  have  been  who 
have  sought  to  belittle  our  great  President,  and  have  been  au- 
dacious enough  to  attack  him,  but  they  only  bear  scars,  and 
80,000,000  American  people  have  awarded  him  the  victory.  He 
at  times  may  have  been  impulsive,  but  the  impulse  was  born  of 
love  for  the  people;  he  has  been  strenuous,  but  the  exigencies 
of  the  times  have  demanded  it,  and  it  has  been  the  strenuosity 
of  public  service.  He  has  done  things,  and  who  is  there  so  reck- 
less as  to  rise  here  or  elsewhere  and  condemn  what  he  has  ac- 
complished?   "By  his  fruits  ye  shall  know  him." 

The  Speaker. 

I  cannot  close  without  paying  ray  humble  yet  sincere  tribute 
of  respect  and  esteem  to  that  distinguished  Republican  states- 
man and  patriot,  the  Speaker  of  this  House.  (Apnlause.)  He 
has  not  only  presided  with  impartial  ability  over  the  Congress, 
but  he  has  been  wise  in  counsel,  profound  in  statesmanship,  and 
is  devotedly  loved  by  every  Mem.ber  of  this  body.  Arduous  and 
sometimes  difficult  and  exacting  duties  have  not  disturbed  his 
mental  or  physical  powers,  and  he  stands  to-day  younger  than 


IS 


,1'  .\.\  (  AAirAKiA    ri-;;\  1  -  iiu(n\. 


ihe    youngest   jidiI  Miu-'si,    •■'I'li.     i.oi.i 

Roman  of  us  {lii."  ■  n.  ."i.  iw   !,,-^  mo  , 

iierior   in   the   u  ■    Nsiio   kuuw    linii.      'I'lnii    (ioil    may 

i  ulflll  the  prom  ;iiore  years  of  (ixalled  service  to  his 

V  ountry  is  the  ulnuhl  inuyvf  of  the  American  people  for  Joaeph 
G.  Cannon.     (Applause.) 

'J'lie  country,  listening  to  t'le  sweet  music  of  humming  spindles 
iid  I  evolving  wheels,  gazing  on  the  happy  and  contented  laces 
'  11. s  prosperous  people,  will  recall  that  all  of  its  prosperity  dm 
ing  the  last  forty  years  has  been  under  a  Republican  admin- 
istration, and  that  all  of  its  financial,  industrial,  and  commer- 
cial distress  and  suffering  have  been  under  a  Democratic  ad- 
ministration, and  with  these  memories  fresh  in  mind  it  will 
say  to  the  Republican  party,  "well  done,  good  and  faithful  ser- 
vant, continue  ye  in  power."     (Prolonged  applause.) 


BEPUBLICANS  EVADE  NO  ISSUES. 

Assuredly  it  is  unwise  to  change  the  policies  which  have 
worked  so  well  and  which  are  now  working  so  well.  Pros- 
perity has  come  at  home.  The  national  honor  and  interest 
have  been  upheld  abroad.  We  have  placed  the  finances  of  the 
nation  upon  a  sound  gold  basis.  We  have  done  this  with  the 
aid  of  many  who  were  formerly  our  opponents,  but  who  would 
neither  openly  support  nor  silently  acquiescs  in  the  heresy 
of  unsound  finance;  and  we  have  done  it  against  the  convinced, 
the  violent  opposition  of  the  mass  of  our  present  opponents 
who  still  refuse  to  recant  the  unsound  opinions  which  for  the 
moment  they  think  it  inexpedient  to  assert.  We  know  what 
we  mean  when  we  speak  of  an  honest  and  stcible  currency. 
We  mean  the  same  thing  from  year  to  year.  We  do  not  have 
to  avoid  a  definite  and  conclusive  committal  on  the  most  im- 
portant issue  which  has  recently  been  before  the  people,  and 
which  may  at  any  tiriie  in  the  near  future  ba  before  them 
again.  Upon  the  principles  which  underlie  this  issue  the  con- 
victions of  half  of  our  number  do  not  clash  with  those  of  the 
other  half.  So  long  as  the  Republican  Party  is  in  power  the 
gold  standard  is  settled,  not  as  a  matter  of  temporary  political 
expediency,  not  because  of  shifting  conditions  in  the  produc- 
tion of  gold  in  certain  mining  centers,  but  in  accordance  with 
what  we  regard  as  the  fundamental  principles  of  national 
morality  and  wisdom. — President  Boosevelt's  Speech  of  Ac- 
ceptance,  1904. 


As  far  as  your  interests  be,  in  the  direction  of  national  ques- 
tions, the  principles  have  not  changed,  and  you  stand  here 
to-day  just  exactly  where  you  stood  years  ago  in  this  State, 
when,  under  the  leadership  of  the  gallant  man  who  believed  in 
the  protective  policy  and  in  safe  money,  you  followed  him  to 
the  polls.  It  is  a  serious  thought  that  I  want  you  to  take 
home.  Republican  or  Democrat,  take  it  home  to-night  and 
think  it  over.  Compare  the  conditions  by  your  fireside  to-day 
w^ith  those  which  existed  under  the  Cleveland  administration, 
and  then  make  up  your  minds,  and  when  you  have  reached  a 
decision,  ''STAND  PAT."— Hon.  Marcus  A.  Hanna,  Chilli- 
cothe,  Sept.,  1903. 


There  is  left  on  the  statute  book  no  trace  of  any  Democratic 
legislation  during  this  whole  period  of  thirty-two  years  ex- 
cept the  repeal  of  the  laws  intended  to  secure  honest  elections. 
The  two  administrations  of  President  Cleveland  are  remem- 
bered by  the  business  men  and  the  laboring  men  of  the  coun- 
try only  as  terrible  nightmares.  Whatever  has  been  accom- 
plished in  this  period,  which  seems  to  me  the  most  brilliant 
period  in  legislative  history  of  any  country  in  the  world,  has 
been  accomplished  by  the  Republican  Party  over  Democratic 
opposition. — U.  S.  Senator  George  P.  Hoar. 


*'It  is  better  to  trust  those  who  are  tried,  than  those  who 
pretend." — John  A.  Logan,  1878. 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  19 

APPBOPBIATIONS    OF     FIRST      SESSION,    FIFTY-NINTH 
CONGRESS. 

Statement  of  Hon.  James  A.   Tawney,  of  Minnesota, 

Chairman  of  the  Appropriations  Committee  in  the  House  of 

Representatives, 

Saturday,  June  30,  1906. 

The  House  having  under  consideration  the  bill  (H.  R.  20511)  making 
appropriations  for  certain  public  buildings  authorized  by  the  act  ap- 
proved  June   30,   1906,   and  for  other  purposes — 

Mr.  Tawney  said: 

Mr.  Speaker:  With  the  passage  of  this  bill  the  first  session  of 
the  Fifty-ninth  Congress  will  practically  close.  Viewed  from 
any  legislative  standpoint,  whether  in  the  enactment  of  impor- 
tant, wise,  and  beneficial  laws,  or  the  careful  and  economical  ap- 
propriation of  public  funds  for  the  public  service,  or  in  the 
aggregate  number  of  public  and  private  acts,  it  surpasses  any 
preceding  session  of  Congress  since  the  adoption  of  the  Consti- 
tution. It  is  doubtful  if  ever  in  the  history  of  the  Republic  we 
have  had  a  session  of  Congress  that  responded  more  promptly, 
more  efficiently,  and  more  fully  to  the  legislative  needs  of  the 
people,  as  expressed  through  public  opinion,  than  the  first  ses- 
sion of  the  Fifty-ninth  Congress  has  done. 

Next  to  the  duty  of  enacting  laws  for  the  collection  of  gov- 
ernmental revenues,  there  is  no  duty  devolving  upon  Congress 
that  is  comparable  with  that  of  appropriating  and  distributing 
these  revenues  for  the  purpose  of  defraying  governmental  ex- 
penses. Therefore,  in  order  that  the  country  may  know  how 
faithfully  this  duty  has  been  performed,  it  has  long  since  been 
the  established  custom  at  the  end  of  each  session  to  review  the 
work  of  Congress  in  respect  to  appropriations,  and  also  to  com- 
pare the  same  with  the  appropriations  of  previous  years,  to- 
gether with  the  estimated  revenues  for  the  fiscal  year  for  which 
the  appropriations  are  made. 

Comparison  of  Appropriations. 

The  expenditures  of  the  Government  authorized  by  appropria- 
tions made  during  the  first  session  of  the  Fifty-ninth  Congress, 
include: 

Sums  carried  in  the  regular  annual  supply  bills,  $672,987,734.70; 

Permanent  appropriations  made  by  laws  enacted  by  previous 
Congresses  and  for  which  subsequent  Congresses  are  not  re- 
sponsible, except  in  so  far  as  acquiescence  in  their  existence 
creates  responsibility  therefor,  $140,076,320; 

Deficiencies,  which  cover  expenditures  for  the  current  and 
prior  fiscal  years,  on  account  of  inadequate  appropriations  by 
previous  Congresses,  or  made  necessary  by  unbusinesslike 
methods  of  administration,  $39,119,246.62;    and 

Miscellaneous  appropriations  in  special  acts  carrying  sums  of 
money  outside  of  amounts  in  the  regular  appropriation  acts, 
estimated  at  $28,000,000;  making  a  grand  total  of  $880,183,301.32. 

To  ascertain  the  amount  of  the  last-named  sum  appropriated 
for  the  conduct  of  the  Government  during  the  fiscal  year  begin- 
ning July  1,  1906,  to  be  met  out  of  the  revenues  collected  that 
year,  the  following  deductions  must  be  made: 

From  the  regular  annual  appropriations  the  sum  of  $25,456,415 
for  construction  of  the  Isthmian  Canal,  which  sum  will  be  paid 
from  or  reimbursed  to  the  general  Treasury  out  of  the  proceeds 
of  the  sale  of  bonds  authorized  by  the  original  canal  act  of 
1902,  to  be  issued  for  that  purpose. 

From  permanent  annual  appropriations  $57,000,000,  which  is 
the  sum  of  the  statutory  maximum  annual  requirements  of  the 
sinking  fund  payable  in  the  discretion  of  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  from  surplus  revenues,  and  the  further  sum  of  $22,000,- 
000  for  redemption  of  national-bank  notes  out  of  deposits  by 
banks  for  that  purpose;  in  all,  $79,000,000. 

From  deficiencies  all  amounts,  except  those  expressly  provid- 
ing for  service  of  the  Government  during  the  fiscal  year  1907, 
aggregating  about  $35,000,000. 

The  total  of  the  sums  mentioned,  amounting  to  $139,456,415, 
deducted  from  the  total  apparent  appropriations  leaves  an  aggre- 


20  REPUBUCAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

gate  sum  for  all  purposes,  including  the  postal  service  for  1907, 
of  $740,726,886.32. 

The  ordinary  revenues  of  the  Government  from  customs,  inter- 
nal revenue,  and  miscellaneous  sources  for  the  fiscal  year  1906 
amount  to  nearly  $595,000,000,  a  gain  of  more  than  $51,000,000 
over  ihe  like  revenues  for  1905. 

This  satisfactory  growth  of  our  revenues  for  the  year  just 
closed  over  the  revenues  of  the  preceding  year  is  not  only  indic- 
ative of  the  industrial  and  commercial  prosperity  of  the  nation, 
but  gives  assurance,  if  these  conditions  are  not  disturbed  by 
agitation  or  other  causes,  of  such  continued  increase  as  to  make 
it  practically  certain  we  will  have  a  total  of  not  less  than  $600,- 
000,000  of  ordinary  revenues  for  1907,  which  added  to  the  esti- 
mated postal  revenues  will  produce  a  grand  total  of  revenue  of 
$781,573,364,  or  a  surplus  of  $40,846,477.68  over  the  total  ex- 
penditures for  1907  authorized  by  the  appropriations  of  this 
session.  This  surplus  will  be  available,  in  the  discretion  of  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  for  application  to  the  sinking  fund, 
together  with  a  considerable  further  sum  that  will  arise  in  the 
nature  of  excess  of  appropriations  over  actual  expenditures. 
This  difference  between  total  appropriations  and  total  expendi- 
tures varies,  one  year  with  another,  in  sums  equal  to  not  less 
than  2  per  cent.,  and  in  some  years  to  as  much  as  5  per  cent,  of 
all  of  the  annual  appropriations. 

Regular  Annual  Appropriations. 

The  appropriations  for  the  regular  annual  expenses  of  the 
Government  are  made  in  twelve  separate  acts,  and  in  comparison 
with  the  appropriations  for  the  fiscal  year  1906  they  show  in- 
creases for  the  fiscal  year  1907  as  follows: 

The  Agricultural  bill  appropriates  $9,932,940,  being  an  in- 
crease of  $3,050,250  over  the  act  for  1906;  this  apparent  large 
excess  is  chiefly  on  account  of  the  requirements  for  inspection 
of  packing-house  products. 

The  Army  appropriation  act  carries  $71,817,165.08,  being  an 
increase  of  $1,420,533.44  over  1906.  The  Army  is  now  main- 
tained at  substantially  its  minimum  strength  under  the  law, 
and  the  moderate  increase  which  is  indicated  will  doubtless 
avert  deficiencies  that  otherwise  would  have  to  be  provided  for 
at  the  next  session. 

The  Diplomatic  and  Consular  appropriation  act  carries  $3,091,- 
094.17,  an  increase  of  $968,046.45.  During  the  present  session 
of  Congress  a  carefully  prepared  law  has  been  passed,  on  the 
recommendation  of  Secretary  of  State  Root,  radically  reorganiz- 
ing our  entire  consular  service  in  the  direction  of  applying  busi- 
ness methods  to  the  promotion  of  our  commercial  interests  with 
other  countries. 

The  District  of  Columbia  appropriation  act  appropriates  for 
1907  $10,138,692.16,  an  increase  of  $337,494.54  over  1906.  This 
act  provides  for  the  entire  governmental  expenses  of  the  Federal 
District  within  which  is  located  the  capital  city  of  Washington. 
The  expenses  covered  by  this  act  includes  what  in  the  States 
would  constitute  Federal,  State,  county,  and  municipal  expenses. 

The  legislative,  executive,  and  judicial  appropriation  act  car- 
ries for  1907  $29,741,019.30,  being  an  increase  of  $604,267.24 
over  1906.  This  act  carries  the  appropriation  for  the  entire  ex- 
penses of  Congress,  the  Executive  Departments  at  Washington, 
and  for  the  judiciary.  The  principal  increases  included  in  the 
total  apparent  excess  of  1907  over  1906  are  as  follows: 

For  expenses  of  collecting  internal  revenue,  $85,000;  for  skilled 
services  in  the  Supervising  Architect's  Ofnce,  previously  paid 
from  public  building  appropriations,  $72,460;  for  salaries,  office 
Of  Public  Health  and  Marine-Hospital  Service,  previously  paid 
from  permanent  appropriations,  $41,380;  for  salaries  of  clerical 
force  in  certain  bureaus  of  the  War  Department,  previously  paid 
from  general  appropriations,  $141,920;  for  temporary  force  for 
reproducing  records  for  the  land  ofl^ce  at  San  Francisco,  $60,000; 
and  additional  clerical  force  for  the  Patent  Office,  $66,480. 

The  Military  Academy  act  appropriates  for  1907  $1,664,707.67, 
an  increase  of  $990,994.29  over  the  appropriations  for  1906,  all 
of  which  sum  is  substantially  for  reconstruction  of  this  educa- 
tional institution. 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  21 

The  Naval  appropriation  act  carries  $102,071,651.27  for  the 
fiscal  year  1907,  and  shows  an  increase  of  $1,734,970.33.  This 
branch  of  the  military  side  of  our  Government  has  been  showing 
considerable  increase  year  by  year  since  the  work  of  rehabilitat- 
ing the  Navy  began  more  than  twenty  years  ago.  The  action  of 
Congress  at  this  session  with  reference  to  the  proposed  great 
battleship  indicates  that  the  maximum  has  at  least  been  reached, 
and  that  without  considerable  future  increase  in  actual  expenses 
the  country  may  feel  assured  we  have  a  Navy  equal  to  any  emer- 
gency and  sufficiently  powerful  to  maintain  the  prestige  of  the 
United  States  among  the  nations  of  the  world. 

The  Pension  appropriation  act  appropriates  $140,245,500,  an 
increase  of  $1,995,400  over  the  appropriations  carried  in  the 
pension  act  for  1906,  as  required  to  meet  the  obligations  of  the 
pension  laws  as  they  actually  exist. 

It  is  proper  in  this  connection  to  call  especial  attention  to 
the  fact  that  the  Pension  appropriation  act  enacts  into  per- 
manent law  the  following  provision: 

That  the  age  of  62  years  and  over  shall  be  considered  a  permanent 
specific  disability  within  the  meaning  of  the  pension  laws. 

The  effect  of  this  will  be  to  exempt  all  old  soldiers  from  the 
necessity  of  undergoing  the  expense  of  medical  examinations 
for  increase  of  pensions  on  account  of  increased  age 

The  Post-Office  appropriation  act  appropriates  for  1907  $191,- 
695,998.75,  an  increase  of  $10,673,905  over  1906.  The  postal  ser- 
vice represents  what  is  essentially  the  purely  business  side  of 
our  Government,  and  to  the  extent  that  the  country  is  pros- 
perous the  service  grows;  its  expenses  are  substantially  borne 
by  the  revenue  which  it  produces.  Of  the  total  increase  for  the 
postal  service,  $3,030,000  is  on  account  of  free  rural  delivery. 

The  Sundry  Civil  appropriation  act  carries  for  1907  $98,274,- 
574.32,  or  an  apparent  increase  of  $31,461,123.66  over  the  total 
sum  carried  by  the  act  for  1906.  The  Sundry  Civil  is  the  one  ap- 
propriation act  of  the  whole  list  with  which  it  is  not  possible  to 
make  an  intelligent  comparison,  because  of  the  fact  that  it  is 
made  the  vehicle  to  carry  all  expenses  of  the  Government  not 
directly  belonging  to  some  one  of  the  other  eleven  regular  appro- 
priation bills.  It  provides  for  the  things  that  arise  in  one  year 
and  are  consummated  and  disappear  from  our  national  expense 
account. 

For  instance,  of  the  total  apparent  increase  for  this  year  over 
the  last  fiscal  year,  $25,456,415.08  is  for  the  Panama  Canal,  an 
item  of  expense  that  has  never  before  appeared  in  any  Sundry 
Civil  appropriation  act.  The  act  for  1907  also  carries  for  con- 
tinuing work  on  rivers  and  harbors  throughout  the  country, 
authorized  by  the  River  and  Harbor  act  passed  at  the  last  session 
and  in  acts  passed  at  previous  sessions  of  Congress,  amounting 
to  $17,318,976.14,  or  an  increase  of  $6,774,844.14  over  the  appro- 
priations for  the  like  purposes  for  the  fiscal  year  1906,  the  two 
amounts  mentioned  more  than  offsetting  the  whole  apparent  ex- 
cess of  the  act  for  1907  over  1906,  notwithstanding  increases 
were  made  of  $289,185  for  the  National  Soldiers'  Home,  $75,000 
for  aid  to  State  Soldiers'  Homes,  and  $150,000  for  pay  and 
bounty  of  soldiers  of  the  Civil  War  and  the  war  with  Spain. 

For  printing  and  binding  for  all  of  the  Departments  of  the  Gov- 
ernment the  annual  appropriation  is  reduced  in  the  aggregate 
$90,000  for  the  fiscal  year  1907.  This  satisfactory  reduction 
in  a  most  important  branch  of  the  public  service  is  made  possi- 
ble because  of  legislation  passed  at  this  session  of  Congress  and 
improvements  and  reforms  in  administration  instituted  by  the 
present  incumbent  of  the  Government  Printing  Office. 

Sinking  Tund. 

The  amount  authorized  by  a  law  enacted  February  25,  1862, 
to  be  applied  annually  to  the  sinking  fund  out  of  customs  reve- 
nues is  1  per  cent,  of  the  entire  debt  of  the  United  States, 
together  with  a  further  sum  equal  to  the  interest  on  all  bonds 
belonging  to  the  sinking  fund,  and,  as  stated,  is  estimated  at 
$57,000,000  for  the  fiscal  year  1907. 

The  total  debt  of  the  United  States,  less  cash  in  the  Treasury, 
has  been   reduced   since   August   31,   1865,   when   it   reached    its 


-  REPUBUCAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

greatest  sura,  $2,756,431,571.43,  to  $981,954,692.84  on  the  1st  of 
June  of  this  year,  the  actual  reduction  being  $1,774,476,878.59,  or 
$106,855,947.61  in  excess  of  statutory  requirements  of  the  sinking 
fund,  the  excess  redemptions  having  been  made  under  a  law 
first  enacted  in  1881,  authorizing  the  purchase  or  redemplion  of 
bonds  in  addition  to  sinking-fund  requirements,  out  of  any 
surplus  money  in  the  Treasury. 

It  is  not  uninteresting  to  mention  here  that  the  total  reduc- 
tion of  the  public  debt  during  the  eight  years  of  Democratic 
Administration  of  Mr.  Cleveland  amounted  to  $341,448,449.20,  all 
of  vi'hich  was  during  his  first  term,  when  the  fiscal  policy  of 
the  Government  was  that  of  the  Republican  Party,  and  that 
additional  bonds  were  issued  during  the  last  four  years  of  that 
unhappy  period,  ostensibly  for  the  purpose  of  maintaining  the 
gold  standard,  but  in  fact  to  raise  money  with  which  to  meet 
the  current  expenses  of  the  Government,  amounting  to  $262,155,- 
956.77,  thus  making  a  net  reduction  of  only  $79,292,492.43  in  the 
national  debt  during  the  whole  period  of  eight  years  of  Demo- 
cratic Administration  since  the  close  of  the  Civil  War. 

In  contrast  with  this  record  it  is  shown  that  during  the  nine 
fiscal  years  (1897-1905)  of  administration  of  the  Government 
under  William  McKinley  and  Theodore  Roosevelt  the  national 
indebtedness  has  been  reduced  by  the  application  of  $241,325,- 
081.29  to  the  sinking  fund,  and,  in  addition,  $50,000,000  has  been 
paid  for  the  right  of  way  of  the  Panama  Canal,  $10,000,000  of  the 
original  appropriation  has  been  expended  toward  construction, 
and  $42,447,201.08  more  has  been  appropriated  at  this  session 
toward  that  greatest  of  all  public  works,  without  the  necessity 
of  issuing  the  bonds  authorized  by  law  to  raise  funds  for  its 
construction. 

Estimates  and  Appropriations. 

The  estimates  submitted  to  Congress  by  the  Executive  Depart- 
ments at  the  beginning  of  this  session  in  the  Book  of  Estimates 
for  1907  amounted  to  $804,296,415.47;  subsequently,  in  supple- 
mental estimates  for  the  fiscal  year  1907,  other  amounts  were 
recommended  aggregating  $30,000,000,  while  for  deficiency  esti- 
mates there  were  considered  sums  aggregating  not  less  than 
$46,500,000. 

Appropriations  made  during  this  session  for  which  no  cor- 
responding estimates  were  submitted,  and  which  were  made 
necessary  chiefly  by  legislation  enacted  during  the  session,  in- 
clude $10,250,000  carried  in  the  Statehood  act,  $1,000,000  for 
arming  and  equipping  the  militia,  $2,500,000  on  account  of  the 
earthquake  and  fire  at  San  Francisco,  $3,000,000  on  account  of 
meat  inspection,  $500,000  on  account  of  the  new  quarantine  law, 
$10,321,600  on  account  of  public  buildings,  and  other  less  con- 
spicuous sums,  aggregating  in  all  about  $31,000,000. 

Deducting  this  amount  from  the  total  appropriations  of  the 
session,  namely,  $880,083,301.32,  and  comparing  the  balance  of 
the  aggregate  appropriations  of  the  session  with  the  total  esti- 
mates, it  is  shown  that  Congress  has  appropriated  for  the  public 
service  nearly  $32,000,000  less  than  the  estimates  submitted  by 
the  Executive  Departments  for  the  public  service  for  the  fiscal 
year  1907. 

So  large  a  reduction  in  the  estimates  submitted  to  Congress 
indicates  either  extravagance  in  administration  or  careless  con- 
sideration of  the  requisitions  made  upon  Congress  for  appro- 
priations. The  latter  is  the  fault  most  likely  to  exist,  and  en- 
tails upon  the  committees  of  Congress  much,  if  not  the  greater 
part,  of  the  labor  they  have  to  perform  in  considering  and 
formulating  appropriation  bills,  in  order  that  they  may  deter- 
mine the  amounts  necessary  for  a  wise  and  proper  administra- 
tion of  government,  as  distinguished  from  those  which  are  based 
upon  extravagance  and  the  self-interest  of  subordinate  and  irre- 
sponsible officials  or  the  desire  of  others  to  magnify  and  enlarge 
the  importance  of  bureaus  and  divisions  over  which  they  preside. 

Deficiencies. 

The  Urgent  Deficiency  and  General   Deficiency  appropriation 

acts  passed  at  this  session  carry  in  the  aggregate  $39,119,246.62. 

From  this  amount,  however,  there  must  be  deducted  $16,990,786 

for  the  Isthmian  Canal,  wliich  sum,  though  carried  in  deficiency 


RfiPUBLlCAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT- BOOK.  23 

acts,  in  no  sense  belongs  in  the  category  of  deficiencies,  in  that 
it  is  not  an  annual  appropriation,  but  is  for  a  spv3cific  object  or 
public  work  without  reference  to  the  limitations  of  fiscal  years,, 
and  is  reimbursable  to  the  Treasury  out  of  proceeds  of  bonds 
authorized  to  be  sold  for  that  purpose.  Also  there  should  be  de- 
ducted sums  not  appropriated  for  indebtedness  incurred  for  1906, 
such  as  judgments  and  audited  accounts;  amounts  for  restora- 
tion of  public  buildings  in  San  Francisco  and  replacement  of 
military  stores  destroyed  in  that  city  by  earthquake  and  fire; 
$3,000,000  for  expenses  of  collecting  customs  during  the  fiscal 
year  1907  to  meet  an  insufficiency  in  the  permanent  annual  ap- 
propriations of  $5,500,000  made  for  this  object  in  an  act  passed 
in  1871,  when  our  total  customs  receipts  amounted  to  $206,000,000 
as  against  more  than  $300,000,000  collected  during  the  current 
fiscal  year  1906,  the  whole  aggregating  a  sum  indicating  that 
not  more  than  the  sum  of  $8,500,000  of  the  whole  $39,119,246.62 
was  for  actual  deficiencies  in  appropriations  for  conduct  of  the 
Government  during  1906.  And  in  this  sum  there  is  included  for 
payment  of  pensions  $3,500,000,  or  nearly  one-half  of  the  whole 
amount. 

Prior  to  the  Fifty-eighth  Congress  deficiencies  in  appropria- 
tions made  for  the  public  service  had  become  so  common  and 
had  increased  to  such  an  extent  that  that  Congress  deemed  it 
essential  to  enact  legislation  to  prevent  such  deficiencies.  There- 
tofore many  of  the  Executive  Departments  proceeded  on  the 
theory  that  they,  and  not  Congress,  should  fix  the  standard  of 
public  expenditure,  and  if  the  amount  appropriated  for  the  ser- 
vice under  their  jurisdiction  was  not  in  their  judgment  adequate, 
they  proceeded  to  expend  the  appropriation  upon  the  basis  of 
their  estimates  and  then  at  the  next  session  of  Congress  would 
submit  deficiency  estimates  which,  if  not  allowed,  would  necessi- 
tate the  suspension  of  the  service. 

It  was  this  practice  which  prompted  a  distinguished  Cabinet 
oflScer  during  this  session  to  state  before  the  Committee  on 
Appropriations  that  this  policy  was  the  policy  of  coercive  appro- 
priations and  should  be  stopped.  In  view  of  these  increasing 
deficiency  estimates  the  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Appro- 
priations, the  Hon,  James  A.  Hemenway,  now  serving  in  tha 
United  States  Senate,  reported  in  one  of  the  general  appropria- 
tion bills  at  the  last  session  of  the  Fifty-eighth  Congress  a  pro- 
vision requiring  the  heads  of  the  Departments  at  the  beginning 
of  each  fiscal  year  to  apportion  appropriations,  by  monthly  allot- 
ment, or  otherwise,  so  as  to  prevent  a  deficiency,  and  that  such 
apportionment  when  made  could  not  be  waived  except  by  the  head 
of  the  department.  The  waiver  was  required  to  be  in  writing, 
stating  the  reasons  therefor. 

At  the  beginning  of  this  session,  when  the  deficiency  estimates 
were  presented,  it  was  discovered  that  this  act  was  defective  in 
that  it  did  not  restrict  the  waiver  of  the  apportionment  beyond 
the  giving  of  a  reason.  This  enabled  the  head  of  the  Depart- 
ment to  waive  the  apportionment  for  any  reason,  and  proceed 
to  expend  the  appropriation  regardless  of  whether  such  expendi- 
ture would  create  a  deficiency  or  not.  In  some  instances  it  was 
stated  as  a  reason  for  waiving  the  apportionment  that  Corigress 
had  failed  to  appropriate  the  amount  estimated  by  the  Depart- 
ment to  be  necessary  for  a  specific  service,  and  the  amount  appro- 
priated for  the  entire  year  having  been  practically  all  expended 
at  the  end  of  the  third  qurrter.  Congress  was  obliged  to  appro- 
priate the  remaining  quarter  or  suspend  the  service. 

To  correct  this,  and  to  prevent  the  Departments  from  deter- 
mining how  much  should  be  expended  for  the  public  service  re- 
gardless of  the  a?iiount  appropriated,  the  first  appropriation  bill 
reported  at  this  session  of  Congress  amended  this  so-called  anti- 
deficiency  law  by  expressly  providing  that  the  apportionment, 
when  made,  shall  not  be  waived  except  upon  the  happening  of 
some  emergency  or  unusual  circumstance  which  could  not  be 
reasonably  anticipated  at  the  time  of  making  the  apportionment. 
While  the  law  as  it  was  enacted  by  the  Fifty-eighth  Congresn 
had  a  very  salutary. effect  in  preventing  deficiencies,  as  it  enabled 
this  Congress  to  reject  many  deficiencies  that  otherwise  might 
bave  been  appropriated  for,  nevertheless  it  is  believed  that  th's 
law  as  amended  at  this  session  will  practically  wipe  out  all  de- 


Zi  REPUBLICAN   CAMPAIUN   TKXT-lJOOK. 

ficiencies  in  annual  appropriations  that  must  be  apportioned,  ex- 
cept in  case  of  an  emergency  or  other  unusual  circumstance  whiCh 
could  not  be  anticipated  either  by  the  Department  or  by  Congress. 

The  penalties  which  are  imposed  by  this  law  on  account  of  the 
failure  to  comply  with  it  are  such  that  it  is  believed  that  those 
who  are  charged  with  the  responsibility  of  expending  appropria- 
tions will  so  administer  the  service  under  their  jurisdiction  as 
to  keep  their  expenditures  within  the  amounts  appropriated  for 
the  entire  year. 

There  have  been  reported  in  other  appropriation  bills  many 
legislative  provisions,  many  of  which  have  been  enacted  into 
law,  restrictive  in  their  character  and  imposing  limitations  upon 
departmental  officers  that  will  tend  to  improve  administrative 
methods  and  effect  economy  in  the  public  expenditures. 

One  provision  reported  in  the  legislative,  executive,  and  judi- 
cial appropriation  bill  is  worthy  of  special  mention.  It  is  the 
provision  enacted  to  put  a  stop  to  the  practice  of  the  several 
Executive  Departments  of  the  Government  competing  with  each 
other  for  clerical  services.  It  will  have  the  effect  also  of  pre- 
venting the  demoralization  which  now  happens  as  a  result  of 
clerks,  as  soon  as  they  are  appointed  in  one  Department,  seeking 
positions  in  another  Department  where  the  compensation  is 
greater  than  that  in  the  Department  in  which  they  are  employed. 
This  provision  prohibits  the  transfer  of  any  clerk  from  one  De- 
partment to  another  until  he  has  served  in  the  Department  from 
which  he  desires  to  be  transferred  at  least  three  years. 

Another,  and  still  more  important  provision,  as  viewed  by  the 
Committee  on  Appropriations,  is  the  one  which  is  now  a  law  as 
a  part  of  the  Sundry  Civil  appropriation  act,  requiring  the  heads 
of  each  Department  in  the  future  to  report  to  the  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury,  within  thirty  days  after  the  close  of  every  fiscal 
year,  a  statement  of  all  money  received  by  them  during  the 
previous  fiscal  year  for  or  on  account  of  the  public  service  or 
in  any  other  manner  in  the  discharge  of  their  official  duties, 
other  than  as  salaries  or  compensation,  which  was  not  paid  into 
the  general  Treasury  of  the  United  States,  together  with  a  de- 
tailed account  of  all  payments,  if  any  made  from  such  funds 
during  said  year. 

It  was  ascertained  by  the  Committee  on  Appropriations  in 
the  course  of  its  investigations  that  in  some  fiscal  years  many 
millions  of  dollars,  representing  proceeds  of  public  property  or 
money  derived  from  some  source  on  account  of  the  public  service, 
was  being  handled  by  Department  officials  without  any  account 
of  the  same  being  taken  as  a  part  of  the  receipts  or  expendi- 
tures of  the  Government.  The  fact  that  no  dishonesty  or  irregu- 
larity has  occurred  because  of  this  unbusinesslike  method  in 
the  public  service  did  not  argue,  in  the  opinion  of  the  committee, 
that  this  effective  precaution  should  not  be  taken  against  the 
possibility  of  breach  of  trust  encouraged,  or  at  least  not  guarded 
against,  by  the  law. 

While  the  expenditures  of  our  Government  are  constantly 
increasing,  and  while  the  appropriations  made  therefor  by  Con- 
gress are  in  the  aggregate  very  large,  yet  when  we  take  into 
consideration  the  marvelous  growth  of  the  country,  the  extent  to 
which  the  people  demand  that  the  Federal  Government  sTiall  per- 
form services  that  should  be  paid  by  the  States,  none  but  the 
unthinking  or  misguided  who  do  not  stop  to  consider  the  care 
with  which  the  estimates  for  appropriations  for  the  public  ser- 
vice are  scrutinized  by  the  several  committees  having  juris- 
diction of  appropriation  bills  can  find  any  reason  to  criticise 
appropriations  made  during  this  session  of  Congress. 

During  the  seven  months  of  this  session  the  Committee  on  Ap- 
propriations has  spent  practically  all  of  the  ti^:3fce  in  endeavoring 
to  ascertain  what  appropriations  can  be  elimiBated  without  det- 
riment to  the  public  service,  and  what  changes  in  administration 
should  be  made  to  reduce  expenditures.  The  hearings  on  the 
several  appropriation  bills  reported  from  the  general  Committee 
on  Appropriations  during  this  session  cover  nearly  4,000  printed 
pages,  and  comprise  three  large  volumes.  These  hearings  have 
been  more  extensive  during  this  session  than  in  any  previous 
Congress — all  for  the  purpose  of  avoiding  unnecessary  or  ex- 
travagant appropriations. 


REPUBLICAN   CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  25 

Notwithstanding  the  aggregate  amount  of  our  public  expendi- 
tures and  the  aggregate  amount  of  the  appropriations  therefor, 
the  per  capita  cost  of  Government  in  the  United  States,  including 
Federal  and  State,  is  less  than  that  in  any  European  country,  as 
shown  by  figures  derived  from  authentic  sources. 

The  following  table  gives  a  succinct' history  of  the  appropria- 
tion bills  for  the  session,  showing  the  estimates  submitted,  the 
bills  as  reported  and  passed  by  the  House,  as  reported  to  and 
passed  by  the  Senate,  and  as  finally  enacted,  together  with  the 
amounts  of  the  lav/s  for  the  previous  fiscal  year: 


A  TWO  BILLION  CONGRESS? 

From  New  York  Times  (Democratic),  June  30,  1906. 

Are  we  a  "two-billion-dollar  country?"  That  is  the  question 
suggested  by  the  dispatches  from  Washington  as  to  the  appropria- 
tions for  the  Fifty-ninth  Congress  and  the  recollection  of  the 
remark  of  the  late  Speaker  Reed  when  the  public  mind  was  ex- 
cited over  appropriations  of  half  that  amount.  The  answer  to 
The  question  is  that  we  have  not  really  reached  the  two-billion 
mark  by  a  very  considerable  margin,  but  that  the  growth  and  pros- 
perity of  the  country  do  pretty  fairly  correspond  to  the  actual 
increase  in  expenditure. 

The  figures  that  have  so  far  been  made  as  a  basis  for  the  cal- 
culation of  two  billions  for  the  two  sessions  of  the  present  Con- 
gress include  nearly  $200,000,000  for  each  year  for  the  Post  Office 
Department,  almost  the  whole  of  which  is  returned  to  the  Treas- 
ury. Making  this  deduction,  we  find  that  while  the  appropria- 
tions may  amount  to  some  $1,839,000,000,  the  expenditures  will  be 
less  than  $1,500,000,000.  Frankly,  we  do  not  ihink  that  such  a 
sum  is  out  of  proportion  to  the  general  condition  and  the  needs 
of  the  country.  It  is  co  siderably  less  than  $10  a  head  for  the 
population  each  year. 


AMERICA   BECOMES   FIRST. 

Goes  Ahead  of  Great  Britain  as  Leading  Export  Nation. 

The  calendar  year  1905  witnessed  wonderful  strides  in  the  com- 
mercial transactions  of  the  leading  nations.  Most  noteworthy 
was  the  revelation  that  the  United  States,  which,  in  1904,  ranked 
second  as  an  export  nation,  last  year  took  first  rank,  and  again 
stands,  as  in  1903,  with  the  record  of  selling  more  goods  than  any 
other  country  in  the  world.  The  total  imports  and  exports  of 
merchandise  of  the  principal  countries  from  which  they  are 
available,  with  comparative  figures  for  the  pr-'vious  year,  have 
been  tabulated  by  the  British  Board  of  Trade,  and  are  here  pre- 
sented.    These  figures  do  not  include  re-exports: 

, Imports ^      , Exports v 

Countries.  1904.  1905.  1904.  1905. 

Germany    $1,548,549,000  $1,637,577,000  $1,270,799,000  $1,359,077,000 

Belgium    520,170,000  561,643,000  403,725,000  425,600,000 

France     876,423,000  909,817,000  866,422,000  926,917,000 

Switzerland    234,740,000  256,752,000  171,559,000  186,460,000 

Spain    162,380,000  190,523,000  164,794,000  170,848,000 

Italy    372,526,000  404,576,000  310,916,000  332,358,000 

Austria-Hungary...  415,254,000  437,557,000  423,522,000  439,625,000 

Egypt     102,659,000  107,676,000  103,914,000  101,661,000 

United    States.*.....  1,050,259,000  1,195,470,000  1,445.462.000  1,621,581,000 

Japan    184,212,000  242,269,000  156,852,000  158,122,000 

British  India  309,811.000  323,836,000  510,934,000  499,546,000 

Canada    245,179,000  261,462,000  188,723,000  210,875,000 

United  Kingdom...  2,339,492,000  2,372,326,000  1,463,410,000  1,606,057,000 


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28  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

RAILBOAD  RATE  ACT. 

An  Act  To  amend  an  Act  entitled  "An  Aft  to  rogulato  com- 
merce," approved  February  fourth,  eighteen  hundred  and  eighty-seven,  and 
all  Acts  amendatory  thereof,  and  to  enlarge  the  powers  of  the  Interstate 
Commerce   Commission. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of 
the  United  states  of  America  in  Congress  assembled,  That  section 
one  of  an  Act  entitled  "An  Act  to  regulate  commerce,"  approved 
P'ebruary  fourth,  eighteen  hundred  and  eighty-seven,  be  amended 
so  as  to  read  as  follows: 

"Sec.  1.  That  the  provisions  of  this  Act  shall  apply  to  any 
corporation  or  any  person  or  persons  engaged  in  the  transporta- 
tion of  oil  or  other  commodity,  except  water  and  except  natural 
or  artificial  gas,  by  means  of  pipe  lines,  or  partly  by  pipe  lines 
and  partly  by  railroad,  or  partly  by  pipe  lines  and  partly  by 
water,  who  shall  be  considered  and  held  to  be  common  carriers 
within  the  meaning  and  purpose  of  this  Act,  and  to  any  common 
carrier  or  carriers  engaged  in  the  transportation  of  passengers 
or  property  wholly  by  railroad  (or  partly  by  railroad  and  partly 
by  water  when  both  are  used  under  a  common  control,  manage- 
ment, or  anangement  for  a  continuous  carriage  or  shipment), 
from  one  State  or  Territory  of  the  United  States,  or  the  District 
of  Columbia,  to  any  other  State  or  Territory  of  the  United  States, 
or  the  District  of  Columbia,  or  from  one  place  in  a  Territory  to 
another  place  in  the  same  Territory,  or  from  any  place  in  the 
United  States  to  an  adjacent  foreign  country,  or  from  any  place 
in  the  United  States  through  a  foreign  country  to  any  other  place 
in  the  United  States,  and  also  to  the  transportation  in  like  man- 
ner of  property  shipped  from  any  place  in  the  United  States  to 
a  foreign  country  and  carried  from  such  place  to  a  port  of  trans- 
shipment, or  shipped  from  a  foreign  country  to  any  place  in  the 
United  States  and  carried  to  such  place  from  a  port  of  entry 
either  in  the  United  States  or  an  adjacent  foreign  country:  Pro- 
vided, however,  That  the  provisions  of  this  Act  shall  not  apply 
to  the  transportation  of  passengers  or  property,  or  to  the  receiv- 
ing, delivering,  storage,  or  handling  of  property  wholly  within 
one  State  and  not  shipped  to  or  from  a  foreign  country  from  or 
to  any  State  or  Territory  as  aforesaid. 

"The  term  'common  carrier'  as  used  in  this  Act  shall  include 
express  companies  and  sleeping-car  companies.  The  term  'rail- 
road,' as  used  in  this  Act,  shall  include  all  bridges  and  ferries 
used  or  operated  in  connection  with  any  railroad,  and  also  all  the 
road  in  use  by  any  corporation  operating  a  railroad,  whether 
owned  or  operated  under  a  contract,  agreement,  or  lease,  and 
shall  also  include  all  switches,  spurs,  tracks,  and  terminal  fa- 
cilities of  every  kind  used  or  necessary  in  the  transportation  of 
the  persons  or  property  designated  herein,  and  also  all  freight 
depots,  yards,  and  grounds  used  or  necessary  in  the  transpor- 
tation or  delivery  of  any  of  said  property;  and  the  term  'trans- 
portation' shall  include  cars  and  other  vehicles  and  all  instru- 
mentalities and  facilities  of  shipment  or  carriage,  irrespective  of 
ownership  or  of  any  contract,  express  or  implied,  for  the  use 
thereof  and  all  services  in  connection  with  the  receipt,  delivery, 
elevation,  and  transfer  in  transit,  ventilation,  refrigeration  or 
icing,  storage,  and  handling  of  property  transported;  and  it 
shall  be  the  duty  of  every  carrier  subject  to  the  provisions  of 
this  Act  to  provide  and  furnish  such  transportation  upon  reason- 
able request  therefor,  and  to  establish  through  routes  and  just 
and  reasonable  rate^  applicable  thereto. 

"All  charges  made  for  any  service  rendered  or  to  be  rendered 
in  the  transportation  of  passengers  or  property  as  aforesaid,  or 
in  connection  therewith,  shall  be  just  and  reasonable;  and  every 
unjust  and  unreasonable  charge  for  such  service  or  any  part 
thereof  is  prohibited  and  declared  to  be  unlawful. 

"No  common  carrier  subject  to  the  provisions  of  this  Act, 
shall,  after  January  first,  nineteen  hundred  and  seven,  directly 
or  indirectly,  issue  or  give  any  interstate  free  ticket,  free  pass, 
or  free  transportation  for  passengers,  except  to  its  employees  and 
their  families,  its  officers,  agents,  surgeons,  physicians,  and  at- 
torneys at  law;  to  ministers  of  religion,  traveling  secretaries  of 
railroad  Young  Men's  Christian  Associations,  inmates  of  hospi- 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  29 

tals  and  charitable  and  eleemosynary  institutions,  and  persons 
exclusively  engaged  in  charitable  and  eleemosynary  work;  to 
indigent,  destitute  and  homeless  persons,  and  to  such  persons 
when  transported  by  charitable  societies  or  hospitals,  and  the 
necessary  agents  employed  in  such  transportation;  to  inmates 
of  the  National  Homes  or  -State  Homes  for  Disabled  Volunteer 
Soldiers,  and  of  Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Homes,  including  those 
about  to  enter  and  those  returning  home  after  discharge  and 
boards  of  managers  of  such  Homes;  to  necessary  caretakers  of 
live  stock,  poultry,  and  fruit;  to  employees  on  sleeping  cars, 
express  cars,  and  to  linemen  of  telegraph  and  telephone  com- 
panies; to  Railway  Mail  Service  employees,  post-office  inspectors, 
customs  inspectors  and  immigration  inspectors;  to  newsboys  on 
trains,  baggage  agents,  witnesses  attending  any  legal  investiga- 
tion in  which  the  common  carrier  is  interested,  persons  injured 
in  wrecks  and  physicians  and  nurses  attending  such  persons: 
Provided,  That  this  provision  shall  not  be  construed  to  prohibit 
the  interchange  of  passes  for  the  officers,  agents,  and  employees 
of  common  carriers,  and  their  families;  nor  to  prohibit  any  com- 
mon carrier  from  carrying  passengers  free  with  the  object  of 
providing  relief  in  cases  of  general  epidemic,  pestilence,  or  other 
calamitous  visitation.  Any  common  carrier  violating  this  pro- 
vision shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor  and  for  each 
offense,  on  conviction,  shall  pay  to  the  United  States  a  penalty 
of  not  less  than  one  hundred  dollars  nor  more  than  two  thou- 
sand dollars,  and  any  person,  other  than  the  persons  excepted 
in  this  provision,  who  uses  any  such  interstate  free  ticket,  free 
pass,  or  free  transportation,  shall  be  subject  to  a  like  penalty. 
Jurisdiction  of  offenses  under  this  provision  shall  be  the  same 
as  that  provided  for  offenses  in  an  Act  entitled  'An  Act  to  further 
regulate  commerce  with  foreign  nations  and  among  the  States,' 
approved  February  nineteenth,  nineteen  hundred  and  three,  and 
any  amendment  thereof. 

"From  and  after  May  first,  nineteen  hundred  and  eight,  it  shall 
be  unlawful  for  any  railroad  company  to  transport  from  any 
State,  Territory,  or  the  District  of  Columbia,  to  any  other  State, 
Territory,  or  the  District  of  Columbia,  or  to  any  foreign  country, 
any  article  or  commodity,  other  than  timber  and  the  manufac- 
tured products  thereof,  manufactured,  mined,  or  produced  by  it, 
or  under  its  authority,  or  which  it  may  own  in  whole,  or  in 
part,  or  in  which  it  may  have  any  interest  direct  or  indirect 
except  such  articles  or  commodities  as  may  be  necessary  and  in- 
tended for  its  use  in  the  conduct  of  its  business  as  a  common 
carrier. 

"Any  common  carrier  subject  to  the  provisions  of  this  Act, 
upon  application  of  any  lateral,  branch  line  of  railroad,  or  of  any 
shipper  tendering  interstate  traffic  for  transportation,  shall  con- 
struct, maintain,  and  operate  ijpon  reasonable  terms  a  switch 
connection  with  any  such  lateral,  branch  line  of  railroad,  or 
private  side  track  which  may  be  constructed  to  connect  with 
its  railroad,  where  such  connection  is  reasonably  practicable  and 
can  be  put  in  with  safety  and  will  furnish  sufficient  business  to 
justify  the  construction  and  maintenance  of  the  same;  and  shall 
furnish  cars  for  the  movement  of  such  traffic  to  the  best  of  its 
ability  without  discrimination  in  favor  of  or  against  any  such 
shipper.  If  any  common  carrier  shall  fail  to  install  and  operate 
any  such  switch  or  connection  as  aforesaid,  on  application  there- 
for in  writing  by  any  shipper,  such  shipper  may  make  complaint 
to  the  Commission,  as  provided  in  section  thirteen  of  this  Act, 
and  the  Commission  shall  hear  and  investigate  the  same  and 
shall  determine  as  to  the  safety  and  practicability  thereof  and  jus- 
tification and  reasonable  compensation  therefor  and  the  Com- 
mission may  make  an  order,  as  provided  in  section  fifteen  of  this 
Act,  directing  the  common  carrier  to  comply  with  the  provisions 
of  this  section  in  accordance  with  such  order,  and  such  order 
shall  be  enforced  as  hereinafter  provided  for  the  enforcement 
of  all  other  orders  by  the  Commission,  other  than  orders  for  the 
payment  of  money." 

Sec.  2.  That  section  six  of  said  Act,  as  amended  March  second, 
eighteen  hundred  and  eighty-nine,  be  amended  so  as  to  read  as 
follows: 

"Sec.  6.  That  every  common  carrier  subject  to  the  provisions 


so  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT- BOOK. 

of  this  Act  shall  file  with  the  Commission  created  bj'  this  A 
and  print  and  keep  open  to  public  inspection  schedules  shov*  ii,  , 
all  the  rates,  fares  and  charges  for  transportation  between  d li- 
ferent points  on  its  own  route  and  between  points  on  its  own 
route  and  points  on  the  route  of  any  carrier  by  railroad,  by  i^pe 
line,  or  by  water  when  a  through  route  and  joint  rate  have  be(^n 
established.  If  no  joint  rate  over  the  through  route  has  been 
established,  the  several  carriers  in  such  through  route  shall  file, 
print  and  keep  open  to  public  inspection  as  aforesaid,  the  sepa- 
rately established  rates,  fares  and  charges  applied  to  the  through 
transportation.  The  schedules  printed  as  aforesaid  by  any  such 
common  carrier  shall  plainly  state  the  places  between  which 
property  and  passengers  will  be  carried,  and  shall  contain  the 
classification  of  freight  in  force,  and  shall  also  state  separately 
all  terminal  charges,  storage  charges,  icing  charges,  and  all  other 
charges  which  the  Commission  may  require,  all  privileges  or  facil- 
ities granted  or  allowed  and  any  rules  or  regulations  which  in 
anywise  change,  affect,  or  determine  any  part  or  the  aggregate 
of  such  aforesaid  rates,  fares  and  charges,  or  the  value  of  the 
service  rendered  to  the  passenger,  shipper,  or  consignee.  Such 
schedules  shall  be  plainly  printed  in  large  type,  and  copies  for 
the  use  of  the  public  shall  be  kept  posted  in  two  public  and  con- 
spicuous places  in  every  depot,  station,  or  office,  of  such  carrier 
w^iere  passengers  or  freight,  respectively,  are  received  for  trans- 
portation, in  such  form  that  they  shall  be  accessible  to  the  public 
and  can  be  conveniently  inspected.  The  provisions  of  this  sec- 
tion shall  apply  to  all  traffic,  transportation,  and  facilities  defined 
in  this  Act. 

"Any  common  carrier  subject  to  the  provisions  of  this  Act 
receiving  freight  in  the  United  States  to  be  carried  through  a  for- 
eign country  to  any  place  in  the  United  States  shall  also  in  like 
manner  print  and  keep  open  to  public  inspection,  at  every  depot 
or  office  where  such  freight  is  received  for  shipment,  schedules 
showing  the  through  rates  established  and  charged  by  such  com- 
mon carrier  to  all  points  in  the  United  States  beyond  the  foreign 
country  to  which  it  accepts  freight  for  shipment;  and  any  freight 
shipped  from  the  United  States  through  a  foreign  country  into 
the  United  States  the  through  route  on  which  shall  have  been 
made  public,  as  required  by  this  Act,  shall,  before  it  is  admitted 
into  the  United  States  from  said  foreign  country,  be  subject  to 
customs  duties  as  if  said  freight  were  of  foreign  production. 

"No  change  shall  be  made  in  the  rates,  fares,  and  charges  or 
joint  rates,  fares,  and  charges  which  have  been  filed  and  pub- 
lished by  any  common  carrier  in  compliance  with  the  require- 
ments of  this  section,  except  after  thirty  days'  notice  to  the  Com- 
mission and  to  the  public  published  as  aforesaid,  which  shall 
plainly  state  the  changes  proposed  to  be  made  in  the  schedule 
then  in  force  and  the  time  when  the  changed  rates,  fares,  or 
charges  will  go  into  effect;  and  the  proposed  changes  shall  be 
shown  by  printing  new  schedules,  or  shall  be  plainly  indicated 
upon  the  schedules  in  force  at  the  time  and  kept  open  to  public 
inspection:  Provided,  That  the  Commission  may,  in  its  discre- 
tion and  for  the  good  cause  shown,  allow  changes  upon  less  than 
the  notice  herein  specified,  or  modify  the  requirements  of  tiiis 
section  in  respect  to  publishing,  posting,  and  filing  of  tariffs, 
either  in  particular  instances  or  by  general  order  applicable  to 
special  or  peculiar  circumstances  or  conditions. 

"The  names  of  the  several  carriers  which  are  parties  to  any 
joint  tariff  shall  be  specified  therein,  and  each  of  the  parties 
thereto,  other  than  the  one  fiiing  the  same,  shall  file  with  the 
Commission  such  evidence  of  concurrence  therein  or  acceptance 
thereof  as  may  be  required  or  approved  by  the  Commission,  and 
where  such  evidence  of  concurreice  or  acceptance  is  filed  it  shall 
not  be  necessary  for  the  carriers  filing  the  same  to  also  file  copies 
of  the  tariffs  in  which  they  are  >amed  as  parties. 

"Every  common  carrier  subject  U  this  Act  shall  also  file  with 
said  Commission  copies  of  all  contrtcts,  agreements,  or  arrange- 
ments with  other  common  carriers  ii.  relation  to  any  traffic  af- 
fected by  the  provisions  of  this  Act  to  which  it  may  be  a 
party. 

"The  Commission  may  determine  and  prescribe  the  form  in 
Which  the  schedules  required  by  this  section  to  be  kept  open  to 


^  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  31 

public  inspection  shall  be  prepared  and  arranged  and  may  change 
the  form  from  time  to  time  as  shall  be  found  expedient. 

"No  carrier,  unless  otherwise  provided  by  this  Act,  shall  en- 
gage or  participate  in  the  transportation  of  passengers  or  prop- 
erty, as  defined  in  this  Act,  unless  the  rates,  fares,  and  charges 
upon  which  the  same  are  transported  by  said  carrier  have  been 
filed  and  published  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  this 
Act;  nor  shall  any  carrier  charge  or  demand  or  collect  or  receive 
a  greater  or  less  or  different  compensation  for  such  transporta- 
tion of  passengers  or  property,  or  for  any  service  in  connection 
therewith,  between  the  points  named  in  such  tariffs  than  the 
rates,  fares,  and  charges  which  are  specified  in  the  tariff  filed 
and  in  effect  at  the  time;  nor  shall  any  carrier  refund  or  remit 
in  any  manner  or  by  any  device  any  portion  of  the  rates,  fares, 
and  charges  so  specified,  nor  extend  to  any  shipper  or  person  any 
privileges  or  facilities  in  the  transportation  of  passengers  or 
property,  except  such  as  are  specified  in  such  tariffs:  Provided, 
That  wherever  the  word  'carrier'  occurs  in  this  Act  it  shall  be 
held  to  mean  'common  carrier.' 

"That  in  time  of  war  or  threatened  war  preference  and  prece- 
dence shall,  upon  the  demand  of  the  President  of  the  United 
States,  be  given,  over  all  other  traffic,  to  the  transportation  of 
troops  and  material  of  war,  and  carriers  shall  adopt  every  means 
within  their  control  to  facilitate  and  expedite  the  military  traffic." 

That  section  one  of  the  Act  entitled  "An  act  to  further  regulate 
commerce  with  foreign  nations  and  among  the  States,"  approved 
February  nineteenth,  nineteen  hundred  and  three,  be  amended 
so  as  to  read  as  follows: 

"That  anything  done  or  omitted  to  be  done  by  a  corporation 
common  carrier,  subject  to  the  Act  to  regulate  commerce  and  the 
Acts  amendatory  thereof,  which,  if  done  or  omitted  to  be  done  by 
any  director  or  officer  thereof,  or  any  receiver,  trustee,  lessee, 
agent,  or  person  acting  for  or  employed  by  such  corporation, 
would  constitute  a  misdemeanor  unaer  said  Acts  or  under  this 
Act,  shall  also  be  held  to  be  a  misdemeanor  committed  by  such 
corporation,  and  upon  conviction  thereof  it  shall  be'  subject  to 
like  penalties  as  are  prescribed  in  said  Acts  or  by  this  Act  with 
reference  to  such  persons,,  except  as  such  penalties  are  herein 
changed.  The  willful  failure  upon  the  part  of  any  carrier  subject 
to  said  Acts  to  file  and  publish  the  tariffs  or  rates  and  charges 
as  required  by  said  Acts,  or  strictly  to  observe  such  tariffs  until 
changed  according  to  law,  shall  be  a  misdemeanor,  and  upon  con- 
viction thereof  the  corporation  offending  shall  be  subject  to  a 
fine  of  not  less  than  one  thousand  dollars  nor  more  than  twenty 
thousand  dollars  for  each  offense;  and  it  shall  be  unlawful  for 
any  person,  persons,  or  corporation  to  offer,  grant,  or  give,  or  to 
solicit,  accept,  or  receive  any  rebate,  concession,  or  discrimination 
in  respect  to  the  transportation  of  any  property  in  interstate 
or  foreign  commerce  by  any  common  carrier  subject  to  said  Act 
to  regulate  commerce  and  the  Acts  amendatory  thereof  whereby 
any  such  property  shall  by  any  device  whatever  be  transporred 
at  a  less  rate  than  that  named  in  t-ie  tariffs  published  and  filed 
by  such  carrier,  as  is  required  by  said  Act  to  regulate  commerce 
and  the  Acts  amendatory  thereof,  or  whereby  any  other  advantage 
is  given  or  discrimination  is  practiced.  Every  person  or  corpora- 
tion, whether  carrier  or  shipper,  who  shall,  knowingly,  offer, 
grant,  or  give,  or  solicit,  accept,  or  receive  any  such  rebates,  con- 
cession, or  discrimination  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misde- 
meanor, and  on  conviction  thereof  shall  be  punished  by  a  fine  of 
not  less  than  one  thousand  dollars  nor  more  than  twenty 
thousand  dollars.  Provided,  That  any  person,  or  any  officer  or 
director  of  any  corporation  subject  to  the  provisions  of  this  Act, 
or  the  Act  to  regulate  commerce  and  the  Acts  amendatory  there- 
of, or  any  receiver,  trustee,  lessee,  agent,  or  person  acting  for  or 
employed  by  any  such  corporation,  who  shall  be  convicted  as 
aforesaid,  shall,  in  addition  to  the  fine  herein  provided  for,  be 
liable  to  imprisonment  in  the  penitentiary  for  a  term  of  not  ex- 
ceeding two  years,  or  both  siich  fine  and  imprisonment,  in  the 
discretion  of  the  court.  Ev-ery  violation  of  this  section  shall  be 
prosecuted  in  any  court  of  the  United  States  having  jurisdiction 
of  crimes  within  the  disti^ict  in  which  such  violation  was  com- 
mittec^  or  through  whicV  the  transportation  may  have  been  con- 

/ 


82  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

ducted;  and  whenever  the  offense  Is  begun  in  one  jurisdiction 
and  completed  in  another  it  may  be  dealt  with,  inquired  of,  tried* 
determined,  and  punished  in  either  jurisdiction  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  if  the  ofCense  had  been  actually  and  wholly  committed 
therein. 

"In  construing  and  enforcing  the  provisions  of  this  section,  the 
act,  omission,  or  failure  of  any  officer,  agent,  or  other  person  act- 
ing for  or  employed  by  any  common  carrier,  or  shipper,  acting 
within  the  scope  of  his  employment,  shall  in  every  case  be  also 
deemed  to  be  the  act,  omission,  or  failure  of  such  carrier  or  ship- 
per, as  well  as  that  of  the  person.  Whenever  any  carrier  lilea 
with  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission  or  publishes  a  particu- 
lar rate  under  the  provisions  of  the  Act  to  regulate  commerce  or 
Acts  amendatory  thereof,  or  participates  in  any  rates  so  filed  or 
published,  that  rate  as  against  such  carrier,  its  officers  or  agents, 
in  any  prosecution  begun  under  this  Act  shall  be  conclusively 
deemed  to  be  the  legal  rate,  and  any  departure  from  such  rate,  or 
any  offer  to  depart  therefrom,  shall  be  deemed  to  be  an  ofCense 
under  this  section  of  this  Act. 

"Any  person,  corporation,  or  company  who  shall  deliver  prop- 
erty for  interstate  transportation  to  any  common  carrier,  subject 
to  the  provisions  of  this  Act,  or  for  whom  as  consignor  or  con- 
signee, any  such  carrier  shall  transport  property  from  one  State, 
Territory,  or  the  District  of  Columbia  to  any  other  State,  Terri- 
tory, or  the  District  of  Columbia  or  foreign  country,  who  shall 
knowingly  by  employee,  agent,  officer,  or  otherwise,  directly  or 
indirectly,  by  or  through  any  means  or  device  whatsoever,  re- 
ceive or  accept  from  such  common  carrier  any  sum  of  money  or 
any  other  valuable  consideration  as  a  rebate  or  offset  against  the 
regular  charges  for  transportation  of  such  property,  as  fixed  by 
the  schedules  of  rate  provided  for  in  this  Act,  shall  in  addi- 
tion to  any  penalty  provided  by  this  Act  forfeit  to  the  United 
States  a  sura  of  money  three  times  the  amount  of  money  so  re- 
ceived or  accepted  and  three  times  the  value  of  any  other  con- 
sideration feo  received  or  accepted,  to  be  ascertained  by  the  trial 
court;  and  the  Attorney-General  of  the  United  States  is  author- 
ized and  directed,  whenever'  he  has  reasonable  grounds  to  be- 
lieve that  any  such  person,  corporation,  or  company  has  know- 
ingly received  or  accepted  from  any  such  common  carrier  any 
sum  of  money  or  other  valuable  consideration  as  a  rebate  or  off- 
set as  aforesaid,  to  institute  in  any  court  of  the  United  States  of 
competent  jurisdiction,  a  civil  action  to  collect  the  said  sum  or 
sums  so  forfeited  as  aforesaid;  and  in  the  trial  of  said  action  all 
such  rebates  or  other  considerations  so  received  or  accepted  for  a 
period  of  six  years  prior  to  the  commencement  of  the  action,  may 
be  included  therein,  and  the  amount  recovered  shall  be  three 
times  the  total  amount  of  money,  or  three  times  the  total  value 
of  such  consideration,  so  received  or  accepted,  or  both,  as  the 
case  may   be." 

Sec.  3.  That  section  fourteen  of  said  Act,  as  amended  March 
second,  eighteen  hundred  and  eighty-nine,  be  amended  so  as  to 
read  as  follows: 

"Sec.  14.  That  whenever  an  investigation  shall  be  made  by 
said  Commission,  it  shall  be  its  duty  to  make  a  report  in  writ- 
ing in  respect  thereto,  which  shall  state  the  conclusions  of  the 
Commission,  together  with  its  decision,  order  or  requirement  in 
the  premises;  and  in  case  damages  are  awarded  such  report  shall 
include  the  findings  of  fact  on  which  the  award  is  made. 

"All  reports  of  investigations  made  by  the  Commission  shall  be 
entered  of  record,  and  a  copy  thereof  shall  be  furnished  to  the 
party  who  may  have  complained,  and  to  any  common  carrier  that 
may  have  been  complained  of. 

"The  Commission  may  provide  for  the  publication  of  its  re- 
ports and  decisions  in  such  form  and  manner  as  may  be  best 
adapted  for  public  information  and  use,  and  such  authorized  pub- 
lications shall  be  competent  evidence  of  the  reports  and  decisions 
of  the  Commission  therein  contained  in  all  courts  of  the  United 
States  and  of  the  several  States  \\ithout  any  further  proof  or 
authenticity  thereof.  The  CommisMon  may  also  cause  to  be 
printed  for  early  distribution  its  anni.al  reports." 

Sec.  4.  That  section  fifteen  of  said  Act  be  amended  so  as  to 
read  as  follows: 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  33 

"Sec.  15.  That  the  Commission  is  authorized  and  empowered, 
and  it  shall  be  its  auty,  whenever,  alter  lull  hearing  upon  a  com- 
plaint made  as  provided  in  secUon  thirteen  of  this  Act,  or  upon 
complaint  of  any  common  carrier,  it  snail  be  of  the  opinion  that 
any  of  the  rates,  or  charges  whatsoever,  demanded,  charged,  or 
collected  by  any  common  carrier  or  carriers,  subject  to  the  pro- 
visions of  this  Act,  lor  the  transporlalion  of  persons  or  property 
as  defined  in  the  first  section  of  this  Act,  or  that  any  regulations 
or  practices  whatsoever  of  such  carrier  or  carriers  affecting  such 
rates,  are  unjust  and  unreasonable,  or  unjustly  discriminatory,  or 
unduly  preferential  or  prejudicial,  or  otherwise  in  violation  of  any 
of  the  provisions  of  this  x\ct,  to  determine  and  prescribe  what 
will  be  the  just  and  reasonable  rate  or  rates,  charge  or  charges, 
to  be  thereafter  observed  in  such  case  as  the  maximum  to  be 
charged;  and  what  regulation  or  practice  in  respect  to  such 
transportation  is  just,  fair,  and  reasonable  to  be  thereafter  fol- 
lowed; and  to  make  an  order  that  the  carrier  shall  cease  and 
desist  from  such  violation,  to  the  extent  to  which  the  Commission 
find  the  same  to  exist,  and  shall  not  thereafter  publish,  demand, 
or  collect  any  rate  or  charge  for  such  transportation  in  excess  of 
the  maximum  rate  or  charge  so  prescribed.  All  shall  conform  to 
the  regulation  or  practice  so  prescribed.  All  orders  of  the 
Commission,  except  orders  for  the  payment  of  money,  shall  take 
effect  within  such  reasonable  tim-ei,  not  less  than  thirty  days,  .and 
shall  continue  in  force  tor  such  'period  of  +>me,  not  exceeding 
two  years,  as  shall  be  prescribed  in  the  order  of  the  Commission 
unless  the  same  shall  be  suspended  or  m^odifled  or  set  aside  by  the 
Commission  or  be  suspended  or  set  aside  by  a  court  of  competent 
jurisdiction,  \Vhenever  the  carrier  or  carriers,  in  obedience  to 
such  order  of  the  Commission  or  otherwise,  in  respect  to  joint 
rates,  fares,  or  charges,  shall  fail  to  agree  among  themselves  upon 
the  apportionment  or  division  thereof,  the  Commission  may  after 
hearing  make  a  supplemental  order  prescribing  the  just  and  rea- 
sonable proportion  of  such  joint  rate  to  be  received  by  each  car- 
rier party  thereto,  which  order  shall  take  effect  as  a  part  of  the 
original  order. 

"The  Commission  may  also,  after  hearing  on  a  complaint,  estab- 
lish through  routes  and  joint  rates  as  the  maximum  to  be  charged 
and  prescribe  the  division  of  such  rates  as  hereinbefore  provided, 
and  the  terms  and  conditions  under  which  such  through  routes 
shall  be  operated,  when  that  may  be  necessary  to  give  effect  to 
any  provision  of  this  Act,  and  the  carriers  complained  of  have  re- 
fused or  neglected  to  voluntarily  establish  such  through  routes 
and  joint  rates,  provided  no  reasonable  or  satisfactory  through 
route  exists,  and  this  provision  shall  apply  when  one  of  the  con- 
necting carriers  is  a  water  line. 

"If  the  owner  of  property  transported  under  this  Act  directly 
or  indirectly  renders  any  service  connected  with  such  transporta- 
tion, or  furnishes  any  instrumentality  used  therein,  the  charge 
and  allowance  therefor  shall  be  no  more  than  is  just  and  reason- 
able, and  the  Commission  may,  after  a  hearing  on  a  complaint, 
determine  what  is  a  reasonable  charge  as  the  maximum  to  be  paid 
by  the  carrier  or  carriers  for  the  service  so  rendered  or  for  the 
use  of  the  instrumentality  so  furnished,  and  fix  the  same  by  ap- 
propriate order,  which  order  shall  have  the  same  force  and  effect 
and  be  enforced  in  like  manner  as  the  orders  above  provided  for 
in  this  section. 

"The  foregoing  enumeration  of  powers  shall  not  exclude  any 
power  which  the  Commission  would  otherwise  have  in  the  making 
of  an  order  under  the  provisions  of  this  Act." 

Sec.  5.  That  section  sixteen  of  said  Act,  as  amended  March 
second,  eighteen  hundred  and  eighty-nine,  be  amended  so  as  to 
read  as  follows: 

"Sec.  16.  That,  if  after  hearing  on  a  complaint  made  as  pro- 
vided in  section  thirteen  of  this  Act,  the  Commission  shall  de- 
termine that  any  party  complainant  is  entitled  to  an  award  of 
damages  under  the  provisions  of  this  Act  for  a  violation  thereof, 
the  Commission  shall  make  an  order  directing  the  carrier  to  pay 
to  the  complainant  the  sum  to  v/hich  he  is  entitled  on  or  before 
a  day  nam.ed. 

"If  a  carrier  does  not  comply  with  an  order  for  the  payment  of 
money  withiii  the  time  limit  in  such  order,  the  complainant,  or, 


34  REPUBUCAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

any  person  for  whose  benefit  such  order  was  made,  may  file  in  the 
circuit  court  of  the  United  States  for  the  district  in  which  he 
resides  or  in  which  is  located  the  principal  operating  office  of  the 
carrier,  or  through  which  the  road  of  the  carrier  runs,  a  petition 
setting  forth  briefly  the  causes  for  which  he  claims  damages,  and 
the  order  of  the  Commission  in  the  premises.  Such  suit  shall 
proceed  in  all  respect  like  other  civil  suit  damages,  except  that 
on  the  trial  of  such  suit  the  findings  and  order  of  the  Commis- 
sion shall  be  prima  tacie  evidence  of  the  facts  therein  stated,  and 
except  that  the  petitioner  shall  not  be  liable  for  costs  in  the  cir- 
cuit court  nor  for  costs  at  any  subsequent  stage  of  the  proceed- 
ings unless  they  accrue  upon  his  appeal.  If  the  petitioner  shall 
finally  prevail  he  shall  be  allowed  a  reasonable  attorney's  fee,  to 
be  taxed  and  collected  as  a  part  of  the  costs  of  the  suit.  All  com- 
plaints for  the  recovery  of  damages  shall  be  filed  with  the  Comv 
mission  within  two  years  from  the  time  the  cause  of  action  ac- 
crues, and  not  after,  and  a  petition  for  the  enforcement  of  an  or- 
der for  the  payment  of  money  shall  be  filed  in  the  circuit  court 
within  one  year  from  the  date  of  the  order,  and  not  after:  Pro- 
vided, That  claims  accrued  prior  to  the  passage  of  this  Act  may 
be  presented  within  one  year. 

"In  such  suits  all  parties  in  whose  favor  the  Commission  may 
have  made  an  award  for  damages  by  a  single  order  may  be  joined 
as  plaintiffs,  and  all  the  carriers  parties  to  such  order  awarding 
such  damages  may  be  joined  as  defendants,  and  such  suit  may 
be  maintained  by  such  joint  plaintitfs  and  against  such  joint  de- 
fendants in  any  district  where  any  one  of  such  joint  plaintiffs 
could  maintain  such  suit  against  any  one  of  such  joint  defend- 
ants; and  service  of  process  against  any  one  of  such  defendants 
as  may  not  be  found  in  the  district  where  the  suit  is  brought  may 
be  made  in  any  district  where  such  defendant  carrier  has  its 
principal  operating  ot&ce.  In  case  of  such  joint  suit  the  recovery, 
if  any,  may  be  by  judgment  in  favor  of  any  one  of  such  plaintiffs, 
against  the  defendant  found  to  be  liable  to  such  plaintiff. 

"Every  order  of  the  Commission  shall  be  forthwith  served  by 
mailing  to  any  one  or"  the  principal  officers  or  agents  of  the  car- 
rier at  his  usual  place  of  business  a  copy  thereof;  and  the  registry 
mail  receipt  shall  be  prima  facie  evidence  of  the  receipt  of  such 
order  by  the  carrier  in  due  course  of  mail. 

"The  Commission  shall  be  authorized  to  suspend  or  modify  its 
orders  upon  such  notice  and  in  such  manner  as  it  shall  deem 
proper. 

"It  shall  be  the  duty  of  every  common  carrier,  its  agents  and 
employees,  to  observe  and  comply  with  such  orders  so  long  as  the 
same  shall  remain  in  effect. 

"Any  carrier,  any  officer,  representative,  or  agent  of  a  carrier, 
or  any  receiver,  trustee,  lessee,  or  agent  of  either  of  them,  who 
knowingly  fails  or  neglects  to  obey  any  order  made  under  the  pro- 
visions of  section  fifteen  of  this  Act,  shall  forfeit  to  the  United 
States  the  sum  of  five  thousand  dollars  for  each  offense.  Every 
distinct  violation  shall  be  a  separate  offense,  and  in  case  of  a 
continuing  violation  each  day  shall  be  deemed  a  separate  offense. 

"The  forfeiture  provided  for  in  this  Act  shall  be  payable  into 
the  Treasury  of  the  United  States,  and  shall  be  recoverable  in  a 
civil  suit  in  the  name  of  the  United  States,  brought  in  the  district 
where  the  carrier  has  its  princ^'pal  operating  office,  or  in  any  dis- 
trict through  which  the  road  of  the  carrier  runs. 

"It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  various  district  attorneys,  under  the 
direction  of  the  Attorney-General  of  the  United  States,  to  prose- 
cute for  the  recovery  of  forfeitures.  The  costs  and  expenses  of 
such  prosecution  shall  be  paid  out  of  the  appropriation  for  the 
expenses  of  the  courts  of  the  United  States.  The  CommiFsion 
may,  with  the  consent  of  the  Attorney-General,  employ  special 
counsel  in  any  proceeding  under  this  Act,  paying  the  expenses  of 
such  employment  out  of  its  own  appropriation. 

"If  any  carrier  fails  or  neglects  to  obey  any  order  of  the  Com- 
mission, other  than  for  the  payment  of  money,  while  the  same  is 
in  effect,  any  party  injured  thereby,  or  the  Commission  in  its  own 
name,  may  apply  to  the  circuit  court  in  the  district  where  such 
carrier  has  its  principal  operating  office,  or  in  which  the  viola- 
tion or  disobedience  of  such  order  shall  happen,  for  an  enforce- 
ment of  such  order,    Such  application  shall  be  b^  petition,  which 


ftEl^UBLlOAlSf  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  35 

^£ate  the  substance  of  the  order  and  the  respect  in  which 
the  carrier  has  failed  of  obedience,  and  shall  be  served  upon  the 
carrier  in  such  manner  as  the  court  may  direct,  and  the  court 
shall  prosecute  such  inquiries  and  make  such  investigations, 
through  such  means  as  it  shall  deem  needful  in  the  ascertainment 
of  the  facts  at  issue  or  which  may  arise  upon  the  hearing  of  such 
petition.  If,  upon  such  hearing  as  tue  court  may  determine  to  be 
necessary,  it  appears  that  the  order  was  regularly  made  and  duly 
served,  and  that  the  carrier  is  in  disobedience  of  the  same,  the 
court  shall  enforce  obedience  to  such  order  by  a  writ  of  injunc- 
tion, or  other  proper  process,  mandatory  or  otherwise,  to  restrain 
such  carrier,  its  officers,  agents,  or  representatives,  from  further 
disobedience  of  such  order,  or  to  enjoin  upon  it,  or  th«m,  obedi- 
ence to  the  same;  and  in  the  enforcement  of  such  process  the 
court  shall  have  those  powers  ordinarily  exercised  by  it  in  com- 
pelling obedience  to  its  writs  of  injunction  and  mandamus. 

"From  any  action  upon  such  petition  an  appeal  shall  lie  by 
either  party  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  and  in 
such  court  the  case  shall  have  priority  in  hearing  and  determina- 
tion over  all  other  causes  except  criminal  causes,  but  such  appeal 
shall  not  vacate  or  suspend  the  order  appealed  from. 

"The  venue  of  suits  brought  in  any  of  the  circuit  courts  of  the 
United  States  against  the  Commission  to  enjoin,  set  aside,  annul, 
or  suspend  any  order  or  requirement  of  the  Commission  shall  be 
in  the  district  where  the  carrier  against  whom  such  order  or  re- 
quirement may  have  been  made  has  its  principal  operating  office, 
and  may  be  brought  at  any  time  after  such  order  is  promulgated. 
And  if  the  order  of  requirement  has  been  made  against  two  or 
more  carriers  then  in  the  district  where  any  one  of  said  carriers 
has  its  principal  operating  office,  and.  if  the  carrier  has  its  prin- 
cipal operating  office  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  then  the  venue 
shall  be  in  the  district  where  said  carrier  has  its  principal  office; 
and  jurisdiction  to  hear  and  determine  such  suits  is  hereby 
vested  in  such  courts.  The  provisions  of  'An  Act  to  expedite  the 
hearing  and  determination  of  suits  in  equity,  and  so  forth,'  ap- 
proved February  eleventh,  nineteen  hundred  and  three,  shall  be, 
and  are  hereby,  made  applicable  to  all  such  suits,  including  the 
hearing  on  an  application  for  a  preliminary  injunction,  and  are 
also  made  applicable  to  any  proceeding  in  equity  to  enforce  any 
order  or  requirement  of  the  Commission,  or  any  of  the  provisions 
of  the  Act  to  regulate  commerce  approved  February  fourth, 
eighteen  hundred  and  eighty-seven,  and  all  Acts  amendatory 
thereof  or  supplementary  thereto.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  At- 
torney-General in  every  such  case  to  file  the  certificate  provided 
for  in  said  expediting  Act  of  February  eleventh,  nineteen  hun- 
dred and  three,  as  necessary  to  the  application  of  the  provisions 
thereof,  and  upon  appeal  as  therein  authorized  to  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States,  the  case  shall  have  in  such  court 
priority  in  hearing  and  determination  over  all  other  causes  ex- 
cept criminal  causes:  Provided,  That  no  injunction,  interlocutory 
order  or  decree  suspending  or  restraining  the  enforcement  of  an 
order  of  the  Commission  shall  be  granted  except  on  hearing  after 
not  less  than  five  days'  notice  to  the  Commission.  An  appeal  may 
be  taken  from  any  interlocutory  order  or  decree  granting  or  con- 
tinuing an  injunction  in  any  suit,  but  shall  lie  only  to  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  the  United  States:  Provided  further,  That  the 
appeal  must  be  taken  within  thirty  days  from  the  entry  of  such 
order  or  decree  and  it  shall  take  precedence  in  the  appellate  court 
over  all  otker  causes,  except  causes  of  like  character  and  crim- 
inal causes. 

"The  copies  of  schedules  and  tariff  of  rates,  fares,  and  charges, 
and  of  all  contracts,  agreements,  or  arrangements  between  com- 
mon carriers  filed  with  the  Commission  as  herein  provided,  and 
the  statistics,  tables  and  figures  contained  in  the  annual  reports 
of  carriers  made  to  the  Commission,  as  required  by  the  provi- 
sions of  this  Act,  shall  be  preserved  as  public  record  in  the  cus- 
tody of  the  secretary  of  the  Commission,  and  shall  be  received 
as  prima  facie  evidence  of  what  they  purport  to  be  for  the  pur- 
pose of  investigations  by  the  Commission  and  in  all  judicial  pro- 
ceedings; and  copies  of  or  extracts  from  any  of  said  schedules, 
tariffs,  contracts,  agreements,  arrangements,  or  reports  made  pub- 
lic  records  as.  aforesaid,   certified   by   the   secretary  under   its 


no  REPUBLICAN  CAMl'AI(i\   'illX  r-lU)OK. 

seiil  shall  bo  received  in  evidence  witli  like  effect  as  the  origi- 
luils." 

Sec.  6.    That  a  new  sedii.ii  in'  ;;  ,\c(   imniodiatcly 

uftei*  section  sixteen,  to   be   numutiwa   ..^   .c^.Lion   sixteen  a,   as 
follows: 

"Sec.  16a.  That  after  a  decision,  order,  or  requirement  has  been 
made  by  the  Commission  in  any  proceeding  any  party  thereto 
may  at  any  time  make  application  for  rehearing  of  the  same,  or 
any  matter  determined  therein,  and  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the 
Commission  in  its  discretion  to  grant  such  a  rehearing  if  suffi- 
cient reason  therefor'be  made  to  appear.  Applications  for  rehear- 
ing shall  be  governed  by  such  general  rules  as  the  Commission 
may  establish.  No  such  application  shall  excuse  any  carrier  from 
complying  with  or  obeying  any  decision,  order,  or  requirement 
of  the  Commission,  or  operate  in  any  manner  to  stay  or  postpone 
the  enforcement  thereof,  without  the  special  order  of  the  Commis- 
sion. In  case  a  rehearing  is  granted  the  proceedings  thereupon 
shall  conform  as  nearly  as  may  be  to  the  proceedings  in  an  orig- 
inal hearing,  except  as  the  Commission  may  otherwise  direct; 
and  if,  in  its  judgment,  after  such  rehearing  and  the  considera- 
tion of  all  facts,  including  those  arising  since  the  former  hearing, 
it  shall  appear  that  the  original  decision,  order,  or  requirement 
is  in  any  respect  unjust  or  unwarranted,  the  Commission  may 
reverse,  change,  or  modify  the  same  accordingly.  Any  decision, 
order,  or  requirement  made  after  such  rehearing,  reversing, 
changing,  or  modifying  the  original  determination  shall  be  sub- 
ject to  the  same  provisions  as  an  ong.nal  order." 

Sec.  7.  That  section  twenty  of  said  Act  be  amended  so  as  to 
read  as  follows: 

"Sec.  20.  That  the  Commission  is  hereby  authorized  to  require 
annual  reports  from  all  common  carriers  subject  to  the  provi- 
sions of  this  Act,  and  from  the  owners  of  all  railroads  engaged 
in  interstate  commerce  as  defined  in  this  Act,  to  prescribe  the" 
manner  in  which  such  reports  shall  be  made,  and  to  require  from 
such  carriers  specific  answers  to  all  questions  upon  which  the 
Commission  may  need  information.  Such  annual  reports  shall 
show  in  detail  the  amount  of  capital  stock  issued,  the  amounts 
paid  therefor  and  the  manner  of  payment  for  the  same;  the  divi- 
dends paid,  the  surplus  fund,  if  any,  and  the  number  of  stock- 
holders; the  funded  and  floating  debts  and  the  interest  paid  there- 
on; the  cost  and  value  of  the  carrier's  property,  franchises,  and 
equipments;  the  number  of  employees  and  the  salaries  paid  each 
class;  the  accidents  to  passengers,  employees,  and  other  persons, 
and  causes  thereof;  the  amounts  expended  for  improvements  each 
year,  how  expenses,  and  the  character  of  such  improvements;  the 
earnings  and  receipts  from  each  branch  of  business  and  from  all 
sources;  the  operating  and  other  expenses;  the  balances  of  profit 
and  loss;  and  a  complete  exhibit  of  the  financal  operations  of  the 
carrier  each  year,  including  an  annual  balance  sheet.  Such  re- 
ports shall  also  contain  such  information  in  relation  to  rates 
or  regulations  concerning  fares  or  freights,  or  agreements,  ar- 
rangements, or  contracts  affecting  the  same,  as  the  Commission 
may  require;  and  the  Commission  may,  in  its  discretion,  for  the 
purpose  of  enabling  it  the  better  to  carry  out  the  purposes  of  this 
Act,  prescribe  a  period  of  time  within  v/bich  all  common  carriers 
subject  to  the  provisions  of  this  Act  shall  have,  as  near  as  may 
be,  a  uniform  system  of  accounts,  and  the  manner  in  which  such 
accounts  shall  be  kept. 

"Said  detailed  reports  shall  contain  all  the  required  statistics 
for  the  period  of  twelve  months  ending  on  the  thirtieth  day  of 
June  in  each  year,  and  shall  be  made  out  under  oath  and  filed 
with  the  Commission,  at  its  ofiice  in  Washington,  on  or  before 
the  thirtieth  day  of  September  then  next  following,  unless  addi- 
tional time  be  granted  in  any  case  by  the  Commission;  and  if  any 
carrier,  person,  or  corporation  subject  to  the  provisions  of  this 
Act  shall  fail  to  make  and  file  said  annual  reports  within  the 
time  above  specified,  or  within  the  time  extended  by  the  Commis- 
sion for  making  and  filing  the  same,  or  shall  fail  to  make  specific 
answer  to  any  question  authorized  by  the  provisions  of  this  sec- 
tion within  thirty  days  from  the  time  it  is  lawfully  required  to 
do  so,  such  parties  shall  forfeit  to  the  United  States  the  sum  of 
one  hundred  dollar  for  each  and  every  day  it  shall  continue  to 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  37 

e  in  default  with  respect  thereto.  The  Commission  sliall  also 
ave  authority  to  require  said  carriers  to  file  monthly  reports  of 
arnings  and  expenses  or  special  reports  within  a  specified  period, 
nd  if  any  such  carrier  shall  fail  to  file  such  reports  within  the 
ime  fixed  by  the  Commission  it  shall  be  subject  to  the  forfeitures 
1st  above  provided. 

"Said  forfeitures  shall  be  recovered  in  the  manner  provded  for 
he  recovery  of  forfeitures  under  the  provisions  of  this  Act. 

"The  oath  required  by  this  section  may  be  taken  before  any 
»erson  authorized  to  administer  an  oath  by  the  laws  of  the  State 
a  which  the  same  is  taken. 

"The  Commission  may,  in  its  discretion,  prescribe  the  forms 
)f  any  and  all  accounts,  records,  and  memoranda  to  be  kept  by 
jarriers  subject  to  the  provisions  of  this  Act,  including  the  ac- 
;ounts,  records,  and  memoranda  of  the  movement  of  traffic  as  well 
IS  the  receipts  and  expenditures  of  moneys.  The  Commission 
shall  at  all  times  have  access  to  all  accounts,  records,  and  memo- 
randa kept  I  "  carriers  subject  to  this  Act,  and  it  shall  be  unlaw- 
ful for  such  carriers  to  keep  any  other  accounts,  records,  or 
cnemoranda  than  those  prescribed  or  approved  by  the  Commis- 
sion, and  it  may  employ  special  agents  or  examiners,  who  shall 
bave  authority  under  the  order  of  the  Commission  to  inspect  and 
examine  any  and  all  accounts,  records,  and  memoranda  kept  by 
such  carriers.  This  provision  shall  apply  to  receivers  of  carriers 
and  operating  trustees. 

Tn  case  of  failure  or  refusal  on  the  part  of  any  such  carriers, 
receiver,  or  trustee  to  keep  such  accounts,  records,  and  mem- 
oranda on  the  books  and  in  the  manner  prescribed  by  the  Com- 
mission, or  to  submit  such  accounts,  record,  and  memoranda  as 
are  kept  to  the  inspection  of  the  Commission  or  any  of  its  au- 
thorized agents  or  examiners,  such  carrier,  receiver,  or  trustee 
;shall  forfeit  to  the  United  States  the  sum  of  five  hundred  dollars 
for  each  such  offense  and  for  each  and  every  day  of  the  con- 
tinuance of  such  offense,  such  forfeitures  to  be  recoverable  in  the 
same  manner  as  other  forfeitures  provided  for  in  this  Act. 

"Any  person  who  shall  willfully  make  any  false  entry  in  the 
accounts  of  any  book  of  accounts  or  in  any  record  or  memoranda 
kept  by  a  carrier,  or  who  shall  wilfully  destroy,  muiilate,  alter,  or 
by  any  other  means  or  device  falsify  the  record  of  any  such  ac- 
count, record,  or  memoranda,  or  who  shall  wilfully  neglect  or  fail 
to  make  full,  true,  and  correct  entries  in  such  accounts,  records, 
or  memoranda  of  all  facts  and  transactions  appertaining  to  the  car- 
rier's business,  or  shall  keep  any  other  accounts,  record,  or  mem- 
oranda than  those  precribed  or  approved  by  the  Com^mision,  shall 
be  deemed  guilty  of  a.  misdemeanor  and  shall  be  subject,  upon 
conviction  in  any  court  of  the  United  States  of  competent  juris- 
diction, to  a  fine  of  not  less  than  one  thousand  dollars  nor  more 
than  five  thousand  dollars,  or  imprisonment  for  a  term  not  less 
than  one  year  nor  more  than  three  years,  or  both  such  fine  and 
imprisonment. 

"Any  examiner  who  divulges  any  fact  or  information  which 
may  come  to  his  knowledge  during  the  course  of  such  examina- 
tion, except  in  so  far  as  he  may  be  directed  by  the  Commission, 
or  by  a  court  or  judge  thereof,  shall  be  subject,  upon  conviction 
in  any  court  of  the  United  States  of  competent  jurisdiction,  to  a 
fine  of  not  more  than  five  thousand  dollars  or  imprisonment  for 
a  term  not  exceeding  two  years,  or  both. 

"That  the  circuit  and  district  courts  of  the  United  States  shall 
have  jurisdiction,  upon  the  application  ol  the  Attorney-General 
of  the  United  States  at  the  request  of  the  Commission,  alleging 
a  failure  to  comply  with  or  a  violation  of  any  of  the  provisions 
of  said  Act  to  regulate  commerce  or  of  any  Act  supplementary 
thereto  or  am.endatory  thereof  -by  any  common  carrier,  to  issue 
a  writ  or  writs  of  mandamus  commanding  such  common  carrier 
to  comply  with  the  provisions  of  said  A.cts,  or  any  of  them. 

"And  to  carry  and  give  effect  to  the  provisions  of  said  Acts,  or 
any  of  them,  the  Commission  is  hereby  authorized  to  employ 
special  agents  or  examiners  who  shall  have  power  to  administer 
oaths,  examine  witnesses,  and  receive  evidence. 

"That  any  common  carrier,  railroad,  or  transportation  company 
receiving  property  for  transportation  from  a  point  in  one  State 
to  a  point  in  another  State  shall  issue  a  receipt  or  bill  of  lading 


38  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

therefor  and  shall  be  liable  to  tne  lawful  holder  thereof  for  any  i 
loss,  damage,  or  injury  to  such  property  caused  by  it  or  by  any  i 
common  carrier,  railroad,  or  transportation  company  to  which 
such  property  may  be  delivered  or  over  whose  line  or  lines  such 
property  may  pass,  and  no  contract,  receipt,  rule,  or  regulation 
shall  exempt  such  common  carrier,  railroad,  or  transportation 
(  ompany  from  the  liabilty  hereby  imposed.  Provided,  That  noth-  : 
lug  in  this  section  shall  deprive  any  holder  of  such  receipt  or  bill  l 
of  lading  of  any  remedy  or  right  of  action  which  he  has  under 
existing  law. 

"That  the  common  carrier,  railroad,  or  transportation  com-  | 
pany  issuiiig  such  receipt  or  bill  of  lading  shall  be  entitled  to 
recover  from  the  common  carrier,  railroad,  or  transportation  I 
company,  on  whose  line  the  loss,  damage,  or  injury  shall  have 
been  sustained  the  amount  of  such  loss,  damage,  or  injury  as  it  ^ 
may  be  required  to  pay  to  the  owners  of  such  property,  as  may! 
be  evidenced  by  any  receipt,  judgment,  or  transcript  thereof." 

Sec.  8.  That  a  new  section  be  added  to  said  Act  at  the  end 
thereof,  to  be  numbered  as  section  twenty-four,  as  follows: 

"Sec.  24.  That  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission  is  hereby 
enlarged  so  as  to  consist  of  seven  members  with  terms  of  seven 
years,  and  each  shall  receive  ten  thousand  dollars  compensation 
annually.  The  qualifications  of  the  Commissioners  and  the  man- 
ner of  the  payment  of  their  salaries  shall  be  as  already  provided 
by  law.  Such  enlargement  of  the  Commission  shall  be  accom- 
plished through  appointment  by  the  President,  by  and  with  the 
advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate,  of  two  additional  Interstate 
Commerce  Commissioners,  one  for  a  term  expiring  December 
thirty-first,  nineteen  hundred  and  eleven,  one  for  a  term  expiring 
December  thirty-first,  nineteen  hundred  and  twelve.  The  terras 
of  the  present  Commissioners,  or  of  any  successor  appointed  to  fill 
a  vacancy  caused  by  the  death  or  resignation  of  any  of  the  present 
Commissioners,  shall  expire  as  heretofore  provided  by  law.  Their 
successors  and  the  successors  of  the  additional  Commissioners 
herein  provided  for  shall  be  appointed  for  the  full  term  of  seven 
years,  except  that  any  person  appointed  to  fill  a  vacancy  shall 
be  appointed  only  for  the  unexpired  term  of  the  Commissioner 
whom  he  shall  succeed.  Not  more  than  four  Commissioners  shall 
be  appointed  from  the  same  political  party." 

Sec.  9.  That  all  existing  laws  relating  to  the  attendance  of  wit- 
nesses and  the  production  of  evidence  and  the  compelling  of  tes- 
timony under  the  Act  to  regulate  commerce  and  all  Acts  amend- 
atory thereof  shall  apply  to  any  and  au  proceedings  and  hear- 
ings under  this  Act. 

Sec.  10.  That  all  laws  and  parts  of  laws  in  conflict  v/ith  the 
provisions  of  this  Act  are  Lereby  repealed,  but  the  amendments 
herein  provided  for  shall  not  affect  causes  now  pending  in  courts 
of  the  United  States,  but  such  causes  shall  be  prosecuted  to  a 
conclusion  in  the  manner  heretofore  provided  by  law. 

Sec.  11.  That  this  Act  shall  take  effect  and,l3e  in  force  from 
and  after  its  passage. 

Approved,  June  29,  1906. 

Pure  Food  Act. 

An  Act  For  preventing  the  manufacture,  sale,  or  transportation  of  adul- 
terated or  misbranded  or  poisonous  or  deleterious  foods,  drugs,  medicines, 
and  liquors,  and  for  regulating  traffic  therein,   and  for  other  purposes. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the 
United  States  of  America  in  Congress  assembled,  That  it  shall 
be  unlawful  for  any  person  to  manufacture  within  any  Territory 
or  the  District  of  Columoia  any  article  of  food  or  drug  which  is 
adulterated  or  misbranded,  within  the  meaning  of  this  Act;  and 
any  person  who  shall  violate  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  section 
shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  for  each  offense  shall,  upon 
conviction  thereof,  be  fined  not  to  exceed  five  hundred  dollars  or 
shall  be  sentenced  to  one  year's  imprisonment,  or  both  such  fine 
and  imprisonment,  in  the  discretion  of  the  court,  and  for  each 
subsequent  offense  and  conviction  thereof  shall  be  fined  not  less 
than  one  thousand  dollars  or  sentenced  to  one  year's  imprison- 
ment, or  both  such  fine  and  imprisonment,  in  the  discretion  of  the 
court. 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT- BOOK.  39 

Sec.  2.  That  the  introduction  into  any  State  or  Territory  or 
'  the  District  of  Columbia  from  any  other  btate  or  Territory  or  the 
District  of  Columbia,  or  from  any  foreign  country,  or  shipment 
to  any  foreign  country  of  any  article  of  food  or  drugs  which  is 
adulterated  or  misbranded,  within  the  meaning  of  this  Act,  is 
hereby  prohibited;  and  any  person  who  shall  ship  or  deliver 'for 
shipment  from  any  State  or  Territory  or  the  District- of  Columbia, 
to  any  other  State  or  Territory  or  the  District  of  Columbia  from 
any  other  State  or  Territory  or  the  District  of  Columba,  or  foreign 
country,  and  having  so  received,  shall  deliver,  in  original  un- 
broken packages,  for  pay  or  otherwise,  or  offer  to  deliver  to  any 
person,  any  such  article  so  adulterated  or  misbranded  within  the 
meaning  of  this  Act,  or  any  person  who  shall  sell  or  offer  for 
sale  in  the  District  of  Columbia  or  the  Territories  of  the  United 
States  any  such  adulterated  or  misbranded  foods  or  drugs,  or  ex- 
port or  offer  to  export  the  same  to  any  foreign  coun^.ry,  shall  be 
guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  for  such  offense  be  fined  not  ex- 
ceeding two  hundred  dollars  for  the  first  offense,  and  upon  con- 
viction for  each  subsequent  offense  not  exceeding  three  hundred 
dollars  or  be  imprisoned  not  exceeding  one  year,  or  both,  in  the 
discretion  of  the  court.  Provided,  That  no  article  shall  be  deemed 
misbranded  or  adulterated  within  the  provisions  of  this  Act 
when  intended  for  export  to  any  foreign  country  and  prepared 
or  packed  according  to  the  specifications  or  directions  of  the 
foreign  purchaser  when  no  substance  is  used  in  the  preparation 
or  packing  thereof  in  conflict  with  the  laws  of  the  foreign  country 
to  which  said  article  is  intended  to  be  shipped ;  but  if  said  article 
shall  be  in  fact  sold  or  offered  for  sale  for  domestic  use  or  con- 
sumption, then  this  proviso  shall  not  exempt  said  article  from  the 
operation  of  any  of  the  other  provisions  of  this  Act. 

Sec.  3.  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  the  Secretary  of 
Agriculture,  and  the  Secretary  of  Commerce  and  Labor  shall 
make  uniform  rules  and  regulations  for  carrying  out  the  provis- 
ions of  this  Act,  including  the  collection  and  examination  of 
specimens  of  food  and  drugs  manufactured  or  offered  for  sale 
in  the  District  of  Columbia,  or  in  any  Territory  of  the  United 
States,  or  which  shall  be  offered  for  sale  in  unbroken  packages 
in  any  State  other  than  that  in  which  they  shall  have  been  respec- 
tively manufactured  or  produced,  or  which  shall  be  received 
from  any  foreign  country,  or  intended  for  shipment  to  any  foreign 
country,  or  which  may  be  submitted  for  examination  by  the  chief 
health,  food,  or  drug  officer  of  any  State,  Territory,  or  tho  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia,  or  at  any  domestic  or  foreign  port  through 
which  such  product  is  offered  for  interstate  commerce,  or  for  ex- 
port or  import  between  the  United  States  and  any  foreign  port  or 
country. 

Sec.  4.  That  the  examinations  of  specimens  of  foods  and  drugs 
shall  be  maae  in  the  Bureau  of  Chemistry  of  the  Department  of 
Agriculture,  or  under  the  direction  and  supervision  of  such  Bu- 
reau, for  the  purpose  of  determining  from  such  examinations 
w^hether  such  articles  are  adulterated  or  misbranded  within  the 
meaning  of  this  Act;  and  if  it  shall  appear  from  any  such  exami- 
nation that  any  such  specimens  is  adulterated  or  misbranded 
within  the  meaning  of  this  Act,  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  shall 
cause  notice  thereof  to  be  given  to  the  party  from  w^hom  such 
sample  was  obtained.  Any  party  so  notified  shall  be  given  an 
opportunity  to  ba  heard,  under  such  rules  and  regulations  as  may 
be  prescribed  as  aforesaid,  and  if  it  appears  that  any  of  the  pro- 
visions of  this  Act  have  been  violated  by  such  party,  then  the 
Secretary  of  Agriculture  shall  at  once  certify  the  facts  to  the 
proper  United  States  District  Attorney,  with  a  copy  of  the  results 
of  the  analysis  or  the  examination  of  such  article  duly  authenti- 
cated by  the  analyst  or  officer  making  such  examination,  under  the 
oath  of  such  officer.  After  judgment  of  the  court,  notice  shall 
be  given  by  publication  in  such  manner  as  may  be  prescribed  by 
the  rules  and  regulations  aforesaid. 

Sec.  5.  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  each  district  attorney  to 
whom  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  shall  report  any  violation  of 
this  Act,  or  to  whom  any  health  or  food  or  drug  olficer  or  agent 
of  any  State,. Territory,  or  the  District  of  Columbia  shall  present 
satisfactory  evidence  of  any  such  violation,  to  cause  appropriate 
proceedings  to  be  comnienced  and  prosecuted  in  the  proper  courts 


40  REPUBUCAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BCOK. 

of  tho  United  States,  without  delay,  for  the  enforcement  of  the 
penalties  as  in  such  case  herein  provided. 

Sec.  6.  That  the  term  "drug,"  as  used  in  this  Act,  shall  include 
all  medicines  and  preparations  recognized  in  the  United  States 
PliarmacopcKia  or  National  Formulary  for  internal  or  external 
use,  and  any  substance  or  mixture  of  substances  intended  to  be 
used  for  the  cure,  mitigation,  or  prevention  of  disease  of  either 
man  or  other  animals.  The  term  "food,"  as  used  herein,  shall 
include  all  articles  used  for  food,  drink,  confectionery,  or  condi- 
ment by  man  or  other  animals,  whether  simple,  mixed,  or  com- 
pound. 

Sec.  7.  That  for  the  purposes  of  this  Act  an  article  shall  be 
deemed  to  be  adulterated: 

In  case  of  drugs: 

First.  If,  when  a  drug  is  sold  under  or  by  a  name  recognized 
in  the  United  States  Pharmacopceia  or  National  Formulary,  it 
differs  from  the  standard  of  strength,  quality,  or  purity,  as  deter- 
mined by  the  test  laid  down  in  the  United  States  Pharmacopoeia 
or  National  It'ormulary  official  at  the  time  of  investigation: 
Provided,  That  no  drug  defined  in  the  United  States  Pharma- 
copoeia or  National  Formulary  shall  be  deemed  to  be  adulterated 
under  this  provision  ir  the  standard  of  strength,  quality,  or  purity 
be  plainly  stated  upon  the  bottle,  box,  or  other  container  thereof 
although  the  standard  may  differ  from  that  determined  by  the 
test  laid  down  in  the  United  States  Pharacopoeia  or  National 
Formulary. 

Second.  If  this  strengh  or  purity  fall  below  the  professed 
standard  or  quality  under  which  it  is  sold. 

In  the   case   of   confectionery: 

If  it  contain  terra  alba,  barytes,  talc,  chrome  yellow,  or  other 
mineral  substance  or  poisonous  color  or  flavor,  or  other  ingredient 
deleterious  or  detrimental  to  health,  or  any  vinous,  malt  or  spirit- 
uous liquor  or  compound  or  narcotic  drug. 

In  the  case  of  food: 

First.  If  any  substance  has  been  mixed  and  packed  with  it  so 
as  to  reduce  or  lower  or  injuriously  affect  its  quality  or  strength. 

Second.  If  any  substance  has  been  substituted  wholly  or  in 
part  for  the  article. 

Third.  If  any  valuable  constituent  of  the  article  has  been 
wholly  or  in  part  extracted. 

Fourth.  If  it  be  mixed,  colored,  powdered,  coated,  or  stained 
in  a  manner  whereby  damage  or  inferiority  is  concealed. 

Fifth,  If  it  contain  any  added  poisonous  or  other  added  dele- 
terious ingredient  which  may  render  such  article  injurious  to 
health:  Provided,  That  when  in  the  preparation  of  food  products 
for  shipment  they  are  preserved  by  any  external  application  ap- 
plied in  such  manner  that  the  preservative  is  necessarily  removed 
mechanically,  or  by  maceration  in  water,  or  otherwise,  and  direc- 
tions for  the  removal  of  said  preservative  shall  be  printed  on  the 
covering  of  the  package,  the  provisions  of  thia  Act  shall  be  con- 
strued as  applying  only  v/hen  said  products  are  ready  for  con- 
sumption. 

Sixth.  If  it  consists  in  whole  or  in  part  of  a  filthy,  decom- 
posed, or  putrid  animal  or  vegetable  substance,  or  any  portion  of 
an  animal  unfit  for  food,  whether  manufactured  or  not,  or  if  it  is 
the  product  of  a  diseased  animal,  or  one  that  has  died  otherwise 
than  by  slaughter. 

Sec.  8.  That  the  term  "misbranded,"  as  used  herein,  shall 
apply  to  all  drugs,  or  articles  of  food,  or  articles  which  enter  into 
the  composition  of  food,  the  package  or  label  of  which  shall  bear 
any  statement,  design,  or  device  regarding  such  article,  or  the 
ingredients  or  substances  contained  therein  which  shall  be  false 
or  misleading  in  any  particular,  and  to  any  food  or  drug  product; 
which  is  falsely  branded  as  to  the  State,  Territory,  or  country | 
in  which  it  is  manufactured  or  produced. 

That  for  the  purposes  of  this  Act,  an  article  shall  also  be 
deemed  to  be  misbranded: 

In  case  of  drugs: 

First.  If  it  be  an  imitation  of  or  offered  for  sale  under  the 
name  of  another  article. 

Second.  If  the  contents  of  the  package  as  originally  put  up 
shall  have  been  removed,  in  whole  or  in  part,  and  other  contents 


REiPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  41 

shall  have  been  placed  in  such  package,  or  if  the  package  fail  to 
bear  a  statement  on  the  label  of  the  quaniity  or  proportion  of  any 
alcohol,  morphine,  opium,  cocaine,  heroin,  alpha  or  beta  eucaine, 
chloroform,  cannabis  indica,  chloral  hydrate,  or  acetanilide,  or 
any  derivative  or  preparation  of  any  such  substances  contained 
therein. 

In  the  case  of  food : 

First.  If  it  be  an  imitation  of  or  offered  for  sale  under  the 
distinctive  name  of  another  article. 

Second.  If  it  be  labeled  or  branded  so  as  to  deceive  or  mislead 
the  purchaser,  or  purport  to  be  a  foreign  product  when  not  so,  or 
if  the  contents  of  the  package  as  originally  put  up  shall  have  been 
removed  in  v/hole  or  in  part  and  other  contents  shall  have  been 
placed  in  such  package,  or  if  it  fail  to  bear  a  statement  on  the 
label  of  the  quantity  or  proportion  of  any  morphine,  opium,  co- 
caine, heroin,  alpha  or  beta  eucaine,  chloroform,  cannabis  indica, 
chloral  hydrate,  or  acetanilide,  or  any  derivative  or  preparation 
of  any  such  substances  contained  therein. 

Third.  If  in  package  form,  and  the  coptents  are  stated  in 
terms  of  weight  or  measure,  they  are  not  plainly  and  correctly 
stated  on  the  outside  of  the  package. 

Fourth.  If  the  package  containing  it  or  its  label  shall  bear 
any  statement,  design,  or  device  regarding  the  ingredients  or  the 
substances  contained  therein,  which  statement,  design,  or  device 
shall  be  false  or  misleading  in  any  i^articular:  Provided,  That 
an  article  of  food  which  does  not  contain  any  added  poisonous 
or  deleterious  ingredients  shall  not  be  deemed  to  be  adulterated 
or  misbranded  in  the  following  cases: 

First.  In  the  case  of  mixtures  or  compounds  which  may  be 
now  or  from  time  to  time  hereafter  known  as  articles  of  food, 
under  their  own  distinctive  names,  and  not  an  imitation  of  or  of- 
fered for  sale  under  the  distinctive  name  of  another  article,  if 
the  name  be  accompanied  on  the  same  label  or  brand  with  a  state- 
ment of  the  place  where  said  article  has  been  manufactured  or 
produced. 

Second.  In  the  case  of  articles  labeled,  branded,  or  tagged  so 
as  to  plainly  indicate  tnat  they  are  compounds,  imitations,  or 
blends,  and  the  word  "compound,"  "imitation,"  or  "blend,"  as 
the  case  may  be,  is  plainly  stated  on  the  package  in  which  it  is 
offered  for  sale:,  Provided,  That  the  term  blend  as  used  herein 
shall  be  construed  to  mean  a  mixture  of  like  substances,  not  ex- 
\  eluding  harmless  coloring  or  flavoring  ingredients  used  for  the 
purpose  of  coloring  and  flavoring  only:  And  provided,  further. 
That  nothing  in  this  Act  shall  be  construed  as  requiring  or  com- 
pelling proprietors  or  manufacturers  of  proprietary  foods  v/hich 
contain  no  unwholesome  added  ingredients  to  disclose  their  trade 
formulas,  except  in  so  far  as  the  provisions  of  this  Act  may 
require  to  secure  freedom  from  adulteration  or  misbranding. 

Sec.  9.  That  no  dealer  shall  be  prosecuted  under  the  provisions 
of  this  Act  when  he  can  establish  a  guaranty  signed  by  the 
wholesaler,  jobber,  manufacturer,  or  other  party  residing  in  the 
United  States,  from  whom  he  purchases  such  articles,  to  the 
effect  that  the  same  is  not  adulterated  or  misbranded  within  the 
meaning  of  this  Act,  designating  it.  Said  guaranty,  to  afford  pro- 
tection, shall  contain  the  name  and  address  of  the  party  or  par- 
ties making  the  sale  of  such  articles  to  such  dealer,  and  in  such 
case  said  party  or  parties  shall  be  amenable  to  the  prosecutions, 
fines,  and  other  penalties  which  would  attach,  in  due  course,  to 
the  dealer  under  the  provisions  of  this  Act. 

Sec.  10.  That  any  article  of  food,  drug,  or  liquor  that  is  adul- 
terated or  misbranded  within  the  meaning  of  this  Act,  -and  is 
being  transported  from  one  State,  Territory,  District,  or  insular 
possession  to  another  for  sale,  or,  having  been  transported,  re- 
mains unloaded,  unsold,  or  in  original  unbroken  packages,  or  if 
it  be  sold  or  offered  for  sale  in  the  District  of  Columbia  or  the 
Territories,  or  insular  possessions  of  the  United  States,  or  if 
it  be  imported  from  a  foreign  country  for  sale,  or  if  it  is 
,  intended  for  export  to  a  foreign  country,  shall  be  liable  to  be  pro- 
ceeded against  in  any  district  court  of  the  United  States  within 
the  district  where  the  same  is  found,  and  seized  for  confiscation 
by  a  process  of  Jibel  for  condemnation.  And  if  such  article  is 
condemned  as  being  adulterated  or  misbranded,  or  of  a  poisonous 


42  REPUBLICAN    ( '.\  M  I'A  lex    TlOX  F-HOOK. 

or  (lok'tiTious  character,  \silhiii  the  iiu'aniui;  <>!'  lliis  Art,  the 
a  me  shall  be  disposed  of  by  destructiou  or  sale,  as  the  said 
(Durt  may  direct,  and  the  proceeds  thereof,  if  sold,  less  the  legal 
cost  and  charges,  shall  be  paid  into  the  Treasury  of  the  United 
States,  but  such  goods  shall  not  be  sold  in  any  jurisdiction  con- 
trary to  the  provisions  of  this  Act  or  the  laws  of  that  jurisdiction: 
Provided,  however,  That  upon  the  payment  of  the  costs  of  such 
libel  proceedings  and  the  execution  and  delivery  of  a  good  and  suf- 
ficient bond  to  the  effect  that  such  articles  shall  not  be  sold  or 
otherwise  disposed  of  contrary  to  the  provisions  of  this  Act, 
or  the  laws  of  any  State,  Territory,  District,  or  insular  possession, 
the  court  may  by  order  direct  that  such  articles  be  delivered  to 
the  owner  thereof.  The  proceedings  of  such  libel  cases  shall 
conform,  as  near  as  may  be,  to  the  proceedings  in  admiralty, 
except  that  either  party  may  demand  trial  by  jury  of  any  issue 
of  fact  joined  in  any  such  case,  and  all  such  proceedings  shall  be 
at  the  suit  of  and  in  the  name  of  the  United  States. 

Sec.  11.  Ihe  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall  deliver  to  the 
Secretary  of  Agriculture,  upon  his  request  from  time  to  time, 
samples  of  foods  and  drugs  which  are  being  imported  into  the 
United  States  or  offered  for  import,  giving  notice  thereof  to  the 
owner  or  consignee,  who  may  appear  before  the  Secretary  of  Agri- 
culture, and  have  the  right  to  introduce  testimony,  and  if  it  ap- 
pear from  the  examination  of  such  samples  that  any  article  of 
food  or  drug  offered  to  be  imported  into  the  United  States  is 
adulterated  or  misbranded  within  the  meaning  of  this  Act,  or  is 
otherwise  dangerous  to  the  health  of  the  people  of  the  United 
States,  or  is  of  a  kind  forbidden  entry  into,  or  forbidden  to  be 
sold  or  restricted  in  sale  in  the  country  in  which  it  is  made  or  from 
which  it  is  exported,  or  is  otherwise  falsely  labeled  in  any  respect, 
the  said  article  shall  be  refused  admission,  and  the  Secretary 
of  tne  Treasury  shall  refuse  delivery  to  the  consignee  and  shall 
cause  the  destruction  of  any  goods  refused  aelivery  which  shall 
not  to  be  exported  by  the  consignee  within  three  months  from  the 
date  of  notice  of  such  refusal  under  such  regulations  as  the  Sec- 
retary of  the  Treasury  may  prescribe:  Provided,  That  the  Sec- 
retary of  the  Treasury  may  deliver  to  the  consignee  such  goods 
pending  examination  and  decision  in  the  matter  on  execution  of 
a  penal  bond  for  the  amount  of  the  full  invoice  value  of  such 
goods,  together  with  the  duty  thereon,  and  on  refusal  to  return 
such  goods  for  any  cause  to  the  custody  of  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  when  demanded,  for  the  purpose  of  excluding  them 
from  the  country,  or  for  any  other  purpose,  said  consignee  shall 
forfeit  the  full  amount  of  the  bond :  And,  provided  further.  That 
all  charges  for  storage,  cartage,  and  labor  on  goods  which  are 
refused  admission  or  delivery  shall  be  paid  by  the  owner  or  con- 
signee, and  in  default  of  such  payment  shall  constitute  a  lien 
against  any  future  importation  made  by  such  owner  or  consignee. 

Sec.  12.  That  the  term  "Territory,"  as  used  in  this  Act  shall 
include  the  insular  possessions  of  the  United  States.  The  word 
"person"  as  used  in  this  Act  shall  be  construed  to  import  both 
the  plural  and  the  singular,  as  the  case  demands,  and  shall  in- 
clude corporations,  companies,  societies,  and  associations.  When 
construing  and  enforcing  the  provisions  of  this  Act,  the  act, 
omission,  or  failure  of  any  officer,  agent,  or  other  person  acting 
for  or  employed  by  any  corporation,  company,  society,  or  associa- 
tion, within  the  scope  of  his  employment  or  office,  shall  in  every 
case  be  also  deemed  to  be  the  act,  omission,  or  failure  of  such 
corporation,  company,  society,  or  association  as  well  as  that  of  the 
person. 

Sec.  13.  That  this  Act  shall  be  in  force  and  effect  from  and 
after  the  first  day  of  January,  nineteen  hundred  and  seven. 

Approved,  June  30,  1906. 

FBEE     ALCOHOL    ACT. 

An  Act  For  the  withdrawal  from  bond,  tax  free,  of  domestic  alcohol 
when  rendered  unfit  for  beverage  or  liquid  medicinal  uses  by  mixture  with 
suitable  denaturing  materials. 

Be  it  enacted  hy  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the 
United  States  of  America  in  Congress  assembled,  That  from  and 
after  January  first,  nineteen  hundred  and  seven,  domestic  alcohol 
of  such  degree  of  proof  as  may  be  prescribed  by  the  Commis- 


REPUBLICAN   CAMPAIGN   TEXT-BOOK.  43 

iier  of  Internal  Revenue,  and  approved  by  the  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury,  may  be  withdrawn  from  bond  without  the  pay- 
ment of  internal-revenue  tax,  for  use  in  the  arts  and  industries, 
and  for  fuel,  light,  and  power,  provided  said  alcohol  shall  have 
been  mixed  in  the  presence  and  under  the  direction  of  an  author- 
ized Government  officer,  after  withdrawal  from  the  distillery  ware- 
house, with  methyl  alcohol  or  other  denaturing  material  or  ma- 
terials, or  admixture  of  the  same,  suitable  to  the  use  for  which 
the  alcohol  is  withdrawn,  but  which  destroys  its  character  a&  a 
beverage  and  renders  it  unfit  for  liqn-'d  medicinal  purposes;  such 
denaturing  to  be  done  upon  the  application  of  any  registered 
distillery  in  denaturing  bonded  warehouses  specially  designated 
or  set  apart  for  denaturing  purposes  only,  and  under  conditions 
prescribed  by  the  Commissioner  of  Internal  Revenue  with  the  ap- 
proval of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 

The  character  and  quantity  of  the  said  denaturing  material  and 
the  conditions  upon  which  said  alcohol  may  be  withdrawn  free  of 
tax  shall  be  prescribed  by  the  Commissioner  of  Internal  Revenue, 
who  shall,  with  the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury, 
make  all  necessary  regulations  for  carrying  into  effect  the  pro- 
visions   of   this   Act, 

Distillers,  manufacturers,  dealers  and  all  other  persons  furnish- 
ing, handling  or  using  alcohol  w^ithdrawn  from  bond  under  the 
provisions  of  this  Act  shall  keep  such  books  and  records,  execute 
such  bonds  and  render  such  returns  as  the  Commissioner  of  Inter- 
nal Revenue,  with  the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury, 
may  by  regulation  require.  Such  books  and  records  shall  be  open 
at  all  times  to  the  inspection  of  any  internal  revenue  officer  or 
agent. 

Sec.  2.  That  any  person  who  withdraws  alcohol  free  of  tax 
under  the  provisions  of  this  Act  and  regulations  made  in  pursu- 
ance thereof,  and  who  removes  or  conceals  same,  or  is  concerned 
in  removing,  depositing  or  concealing  same  for  the  purpose  of 
preventing  the  same  from  being  denatured  under  governmental 
supervision,  and  any  person  who  uses  alcohol  withdrawn  from 
bond  under  the  provisions  of  section  one  of  this  Act  for  manu- 
facturing any  beverage  or  liquid  medicinal  preparation,  or  know- 
ingly sells  any  beverage  or  liquid  medicinal  preparation  made  in 
whole  or  in  part  from  such  alcohol,  or  knowingly  violates  any 
of  the  provisions  of  this  Act,  or  who  shall  recover  or  attempt 
to  recover  by  redistillaton  or  by  any  other  process  or  means,  any 
alcohol  rendered  unfit  for  beverage  or  liquid  medicinal  purposes 
under  the  provisions  of  this  Act,  or  who  knowingly  uses,  sells,  con- 
ceals, or  otherwise  disposes  of  alcohol  so  recovered  or  redistilled, 
shall  on  conviction  of  each  offense  be  fined  not  more  than  five 
tnousand  dollars,  or  be  imprisoned  not  more  than  five  years,  or 
both,  and  shall,  in  addition,  forfeit  to  the  United  States  all  per- 
sonal property  used  in  connection  with  its  business,  together 
with  the  buildings  and  lots  or  parcels  of  ground  constituting  the 
premises  on  which  said  unlawful  acts  are  performed  or  permitted 
to  be  performed:  Provided,  That  manufacturers  employing  pro- 
cesses in  which  alcohol,  used  free  of  tax  under  the  provisions  of 
this  Act,  is  expressed  or  evaporated  from  the  articles  manu- 
factured, shall  be  permitted  to  recover  such  alcohol  and  to  have 
such  alcohol  restored  to  a  condition  suitable  solely  for  reuse  in 
manufacturing  processes  under  such  regulations  as  the  Commis- 
sioner of  Internal  Revenue,  with  the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury,  shall  prescribe. 

Sec.  3.  That  for  the  employment  of  such  additional  force  of 
chemists,  internal-revenue  agents,  inspectors,  deputy  collectors, 
clerks,  laborers,  and  other  assistants  as  the  Commissioner  of  In- 
ternal Revenue,  with  the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treas- 
ury may  deem  proper  and  necessary  to  the  prompt  and  efficient  op- 
eration and  enforcement  of  this  law,  and.  for  the  purchase  of  locks, 
seals,  weighing  beams,  gauging  instruments,  and  for  all  necessary 
expenses  incident  to  the  proper  execution  of  this  law,  the  sum  of 
two  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars,  or  so  much  thereof  as 
may  be  required,  is  hereby  appropriated  out  of  any  money  in  the 
Treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated,  said  appropriation  to  be 
immediately  available. 

For  a  period  of  two  years  from  and  after  the  passage  of  this 
Act  the  force  authorized  by  this  section  of  this  Act  shall  be  ap- 


44  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

pointed  by  the  Commissioner  of  Internal  Revenue,  wKli  the  ap- 
proval of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  and  without  compliaii 
with  the  conditions  prescribed  by  the  Act  entitled  "An  Act  to  r- 
ulate  and  improve  the  civil  service,"  approved  January  sixteeniii, 
eighteen  hundred  and  eighty-three  and  amendments  thereof  and 
with  such  compensation  as  the  Commissioner  of  Internal  Revenue 
may  fix  with  the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 

Sec.  4.  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall  make  full 
report  to  Congress  at  its  next  session  of  all  appointments  mado 
under  the  provisions  of  this  Act,  and  the  compensation  paid 
thereunder,  and  of  all  regulations  prescribed  under  the  provis- 
ions hereof,  and  shall  further  report  what,  if  any,  additional  legis- 
lation is  necessary,  in  his  opinion,  to  fully  safeguard  the  reveuue 
and  to  secure  a  proper  enforcement  of  tnis  Act 

Approved,  June  7,  1906. 


EMPLOYERS'     LIABILITY     ACT. 

An  Act  Relating  to  liability  of  commAi  carriers  in  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia and  Territories  and  common  carriers  engaged  in  commerce  between  tlio 
States  and  between  the  States  and  foreign  nations  to  their  employees. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Seriate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the 
United  States  of  America  in  Congress  assembled.  That  every 
common  carrier  engaged  in  trade  or  commerce  in  the  District  of 
Columbia,  or  in  any  Territory  of  the  United  States,  or  between 
the  several  States,  or  between  any  Territory  and  another,  or  be- 
tween any  Territory  or  Territories  and  any  State  or  States,  or 
the  District  of  Columbia,  or  with  foreign  nrtions,  or  between  the 
District  of  Columbia  and  any  State  or  States  or  foreign  na- 
tions, shall  be  liable  to  any  of  its  employees,  or,  in  the  case  of  his 
death,  to  his  personal  representative  for  the  benefit  of  his 
widow  and  children,  if  any,  if  none,  then  for  his  parents,  if  none, 
then  for  his  next  of  kin  dependent  upon  him,  for  all  damages 
which  may  result  from  the  negligence  of  any  of  its  officers,  agents, 
or  employees,  or  by  reason  of  any  defect  or  insufficiency  due  to  its 
negligence  in  its  cars,  engines,  appliances,  machinery,  track,  road- 
bed, ways,  or  works. 

Sec.  2.  That  in  all  actions  hereafter  brought  against  any 
common  carriers  to  recover  damages  for  personal  injuries  to  an 
employee,  or  where  such  injuries  have  resulted  in  his  death,  the 
fact  that  the  employee  may  have  been  guilty  of  contributory  negli- 
gence shall  not  bar  a  recovery  where  his  contributory  negligence 
was  slight  and  that  of  the  employer  was  gross  in  comparison, 
but  the  damages  shall  be  diminished  by  the  jury  in  proportion 
to  the  amount  of  negligence  attributable  to  such  employee.  All 
questions  of  negligence  and  contributory  negligence  shall  be  for 
the  jury. 

Sec.  3.  That  no  contract  of  employment,  insurance,  relief 
benefit,  or  indemnity  for  injury  or  death  entered  into  by  or  on  be- 
half of  any  employee,  nor  the  acceptance  of  any  such  insurance, 
relief  benefit,  or  indemnity  by  the  person  entitled  thereto,  shall 
constitute  any  bar  or  defense  to  any  action  brought  to  recoveil 
damages  for  personal  injuries  to  or  death  of  such  employee:! 
Provided,  however.  That  upon  the  trial  of  such  action  against 
any  common  carrier  the  defendant  may  set  off  therein  any  sum  it 
has  contributed  toward  any  such  insurance,  relief  benefit,  or  in- 
demnity that  may  have  been  paid  to  the  injured  employee,  or,  in 
case  of  his  death,  to  his  personal  representative. 

Sec.  4.  That  no  action  shall  be  m-aintained  under  this  Act,  un- 
less commenced  within  one  year  from  the  time  the  cause  of  action 
accrued. 

Sec.  5.  That  nothing  in  this  Act  shall  be  held  to  limit  the  dutj 
of  common  carriers  by  railroads  or  impair  the  rights  of  their  emi 
ployees  under  the  safety-appliance  Act  of  March  second,  eighteei 
hundred  and  ninety-three,  as  amended  April  first,  eighteen  hun- 
dred and  ninety-six,  and  March  second,  nineteen  huiidred  and 
three. 

)^  Approved,  June  11,  1906. 


r 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK,  45 

MEAT  INSPECTION  ACT— A  PART  OF 


An  Act  Making  appropriations  for  the  Department  of  Agriculture  for  the 
fiscal  year  ending  June  thirtieth,  nineteen  hundred  and  seven. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the 
United  States  of  America  in  Congress  assembled,  That  the  fol- 
lowing sums  be,  and  they  are  hereby,  appropriated,  out  of  any 
money  in  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States  net  otherwise  appro- 
priated, in  full  compensation  for  the  fiscs  year  ending  June 
thirtieth,  nineteen  hundred  and  seven,  for  the  purposes  and  ob- 
jects hereinafter  expressed,  namely: 


That  for  the  purpose  of  preventing  the  use  in  interstate  or  for- 
eign commerce,  as  hereinafter  provided,  of  meat  and  meat  food 
products  which  are  unsound,  unhealthful,  unwholesome,  or  other- 
wise unfit  for  human  food,  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  at  his 
discretion,  may  cause  to  be  made,  by  inspectors  appointed  for 
that  purpose,  an  examination  and  inspection  of  all  cattle,  sheep, 
swine,  and  goats  before  they  shaii  be  allowed  to  enter  into  any 
slaughtering,  packing,  meat-canning,  rendering,  or  similar  estab- 
lishments, in  which  they  are  to  be  slaughtered  and  the  meat  and 
meat  food  products  thereof  are  to  be  used  in  interstate  or  for- 
eign commerce;  and  all  cattle,  swine,  sheep,  and  goats  found  on 
such  inspection  to  show  symptoms  of  disease  shall  be  set  apart 
and  slaughtered  separately  from  all  other  cattle,  sheep,  swine, 
or  goats,  and  when  so  slaughtered  the  carcasses  of  said  cattle, 
sheep,  swine,  or  goats  shall  be  subject  to  a  careful  examination 
and  inspection,  all  as  provided  by  the  rules  and  regulations  to  be 
prescribed  by  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  as  herein  provided  for. 

That  for  the  purposes  hereinbefore  set  forth  the  Secretary  of 
Agriculture  shall  cause  to  be  made  by  inspectors  appointed  for 
that  purpose,  as  hereinafter  provided,  a  post-mortem  examination 
and  inspection  of  the  carcasses  and  parts  thereof  of  all  cattle, 
sheep,  swine,  and  goats  to  be  prepared  for  human  consumption 
at  any  slaughtering,  meat-canning,  salting,  packing,  rendering, 
or  similar  establishment  in  any  State,  Territory,  or  the  District 
of  Columbia  for  transportation  or  sale  as  articles  of  interstate  or 
foreign  commerce;  and  the  carcasses  and  parts  thereof  of  all 
such  animals  found  to  be  sound,  healthful,  wholesome,  and  ft 
for  human  food  shall  be  marked,  stamped,  tagged,  or  labeled  as 
"Inspected  and  passed;"  and  said  inspectors  shall  label,  mark, 
stamp,  or  tag  as  "Inspected  and  condemned,"  all  carcasses  and 
parts  thereof  of  animals  found  to  be  unsound,  unhealthful,  un- 
wholesome, or  otherwise  unfit  for  human  food;  and  all  carcasses 
and  parts  thereof  thus  inspected  and  condemned  shall  be  de- 
stroyed for  food  purposes  by  the  said  establishment  in  the  pres- 
ence of  an  inspector,  and  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  may  re- 
move inspectors  from  any  such  establishment  which  fails  to  so 
destroy  any  such  condemned  carcass  or  part  thereof,  and  said  in- 
spectors, after  said  first  inspection  shall,  when  they  deem  it 
necessary,  reinspect  said  carcasses  or  parts  thereof  to  determine 
whether  since  the  first  inspection  the  same  have  become  unsound, 
unhealthful,  unwholesome,  or  in  any  way  unfit  for  human  food, 
and  if  any  carcass  or  any  part  thereof  shall,  upon  examination 
and  inspection  subsequent  to  the  first  examination  and  inspec- 
tion, be  found  to  be  unsound,  unhealthful,  unwholesome,  or  other- 
wise unfit  for  human  food,  it  shall  be  destroyed  for  food  purposes 
by  the  said  establishment  in  the  presence  of  an  inspector,  and  the 
Secretary  of  Agriculture  may  remove  inspectors  from  any  estab- 
lishment which  fails  to  so  destroy  any  such  condemned  carcass  or 
part  thereof. 

The  foregoing  provisions  shall  apply  to  all  carcasses  or  parts  of 
carcasses  of  cattle,  sheep,  swine,  and  goats,  or  the  meat  or  meat 
products  thereof  which  may  be  brought  into  any  slaughtering, 
meat-canning,  salting,  packing,  rendering,  or  similar  establish- 
ment, and  such  examination  and  inspection  shall  be  had  before 
the  said  carcasses  or  parts  thereof  shall  be  allowed  to  enter  into 
any  department  wherein  the  same  are  to  be  treated  and  prepared 
for  meat  food  products;  and  the  foregoing  provisions  shall  also 
apply  to  all  such  products  which,  after  having  been  issued  from 
any  slaughtering,  meat-canning,  salting,  packing,  rendering,  or 


46  RKi'L'lU.JCAN   CAMPAlCiN   TEXT-BOOK. 

similar  establishment,  shall  be  returned  to  the  same  or  lo  any 
similar  establishment  where  such  inspection  is  maintained. 

That  for  the  purposes  hereinbefore  set  forth  the  Secretary  of 
Agriculture  shall  cause  to  be  made  by  inspectors  appointed  for 
that  purpose  an  examination  and  inspection  of  all  meat  food 
products  prepared  for  interstate  or  foreign  commerce  in  any 
slaughtering,  meat-canning,  salting,  packing,  rendering,  or  sim- 
ilar establishment,  and  for.  the  purposes  of  any  examination  and 
inspection  said  inspectors  shall  have  access  at  all  times,  by  day 
or  night,  whether  the  establishment  be  operated  or  not,  to  every 
part  of  said  establishment;  and  said  inspectors  shall  mark,  stamp, 
tag,  or  label  as  "Inspected  and  passed"  all  such  products  found 
to  be  sound,  healthful,  and  wholesome,  and  which  contain  no  dyes, 
chemicals,  preservatives,  or  ingredients  which  render  such  meat 
or  meat  food  products  unsound,  unhealthful,  unwholesome,  or  un- 
fit for  human  food;  and  said  inspectors  shall  label,  mark,  stamp, 
or  tag  as  "Inspected  and  condemned"  all  such  products  found  un- 
sound, unhealthful,  and  unwholesome,  or  which  contain  dyes, 
chemicals,  preservatives,  or  ingredients  which  render  such  meat 
or  meat  food  products  unsound,  unhealthful,  unwholesome,  or  un- 
fit for  human  food,  and  all  such  condemned  meat  food  products 
shall  be  destroyed  for  food  purposes,  as  hereinbefore  provided, 
and  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  may  remove  inspectors  from  any 
establishment  which  fails  to  so  destfroy  such  condemned  meat  food 
products:  Provided,  That,  subject  to  the  rules  and  regulations  of 
the  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  the  provisions  hereof  in  regard  to 
preservatives  sliall  not  apply  to  meat  food  products  for  export  to 
any  foreign  country  and  which  are  prepared  or  packed  according 
to  the  specifications  or  directions  of  the  foreign  purchaser,  when 
no  substance  is  used  in  the  preparation  or  packing  thereof  in 
conflict  with  the  laws  of  the  foreign  country  to  which  said  article 
is  to  be  exported;  but  if  said  article  shall  be  in  fact  sold  or  offered 
for  sale  for  domestic  use  or  consumption  then  this  proviso  shall 
not  exempt  said  article  from  the  operation  of  all  the  other  provi- 
sions of  this  Act. 

That  when  any  meat  or  meat  food  product  prepared  for  inter- 
state or  foreign  commerce  which  has  been  inspected  as  hereinbe- 
fore provided  and  marked  "Inspected  and  passed"  shall  be  placed 
or  packed  in  any  can,  pot,  tin,  canvas,  or  other  receptacle  or  cov- 
ering in  any  establishment  where  inspection  under  the  provisions 
of  this  Act  is  maintained,  the  person,  firm,  or  corporation  prepar- 
ing said  product  shall  cause  a  label  to  be  attached  to  said  can, 
pot,  tin,  canvas,  or  other  receptacle  or  covering,  under  the  super- 
vision of  an  inspector,  which  label  shall  state  that  the  contents 
thereof  have  been  "inspected  and  passed"  under  the  provisions  of 
this  Act;  and  no  inspection  and  examination  of  meat  or  meat 
food  products  deposited  or  inclosed  in  cans,  tins,  pots,  canvas,  or 
other  receptacle  or  covering  in  any  establishment  where  inspec- 
tion under  the  provisions  of  this  Act  is  maintained  shall  be 
deemed  to  be  complete  until  such  meat  or  meat  food  products 
have  been  sealed  or  inclosed  in  said  can,  tin,  pot,  canvas,  or 
other  receptacle  or  covering  under  the  supervision  of  an  in- 
spector, and  no  such  meat  or  meat  food  products  shall  be  sold  or 
offered  for  sale  by  any  person,  firm,  or  corporation  in  interstate 
or  foreign  commerce  under  any  false  or  deceptive  name;  but  es- 
tablished trade  name  or  names  which  are  usual  to  such  products 
and  which  are  not  false  and  deceptive  and  which  shall  be  ap- 
proved by  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  are  permitted. 

^The  Secretary  of  Agriculture  shall  cause  to  be  made,  by  experts 
in  sanitation  or  by  other  competent  inspectors,  such  inspection 
of  all  slaughtering,  meat-canning,  salting,  packing,  rendering,  or 
similar  establishments  in  which  cattle,  sheep,  swine,  and  goals 
are  slaughtered  and  the  meat  and  meat  food  products  thereof  are 
prepared  for  interstate  or  foreign  commerce  as  may  be  necessary 
to  inform  himself  concerning  the  sanitary  conditions  of  the  same, 
and  to  prescribe  the  rules  and  regulations  of  sanitation  under 
W'hich  such  establishments  shall  be  maintained;  and  where  the 
sanitary  conditions  of  any  such  establishment  are  such  that  the 
meat  or  meat  food  products  are  rendered  unclean,  unsound,  un- 
healthful, unwholesome,  or  otherwise  unfit  for  human  food,  he 
shall  refuse  to  allow  said  meat  or  meat  food  products  to  hv 
labeled,  marked,  stamped,  or  tagged  as  "inspected  and  passed." 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  47 

That  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  shall  cause  an  examination 
and  inspection  of  all  cattle,  sheep,  swine,  and  goats,  and  the  food 
products  thereof,  slaughtered  and  prepared  in  the  esiablishments 
hereinbefore  described  for  the  purposes  of  interstate  or  foreign 
commerce  to  be  made  during  the  nighttime  as  well  as  during  the 
daytime  w^hen  the  slaughtering  of  said  cattle,  sheep,  swine,  and 
goats,  or  the  preparation  of  said  food  products  is  conducted  dur- 
ing the  nighttime. 

That  on  and  after  October  first,  nineteen  hundred  and  six,  no 
person,  firm  or  corporation  shall  transport  or  offer  for  transporta- 
tion, and  no  carrier  of  interstate  or  foreign  commerce  shall  trans- 
port or  receive  for  transportation  from  one  State  or  Territory  or 
the  District  of  Columbia  to  any  other  State  or  Territory  or  the 
District  of  Columbia,  or  to  any  place  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
United  States,  or  to  any  foreign  country,  any  carcasses  or  parts 
thereof,  meat,  or  meat  food  products  thereof  which  have  not  been 
inspected,  examined,  and  marked  as  "inspected  and  passed,"  in 
accordance  with  the  terms  of  this  Act  and  with  the  rules  and 
regulations  prescribed  by  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture:  Provided,, 
That  all  meat  and  meat  food  products  on  hand  on  October  first,, 
nineteen  hundred  and  six,  at  establishments  where  inspection  has; 
not  been  maintained,  or  which  have  been  inspected  under  existing 
law,  shall  be  examined  and  labeled  under  such  rules  anJ  regula- 
tions as  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  shall  prescribe,  and  then 
shall  be  allowed  to  be  sold  in  interstate  or  foreign  commerce. 

That  no  person,  firm,  or  corporation,  or  ofiicer,  agent,  or  em- 
ployee thereof,  shall  forge,  counterfeit,  simulate,  or  falsely  repre- 
sent, or  shall  without  proper  authority  use,  fail  to  use,  or  detach, 
or  shall  knowingly  or  wrongfully  alter,  deface,  or  destroy,  or 
fail  to  deface  or  destroy,  any  of  the  marks,  stamps,  tags,  labels, 
or  other  identification  devices  provided  for  in  this  Act,  or  in  and 
as  directed  by  the  rules  and  regulations  prescribed  hereunder  by 
the  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  on  any  carcasses,  parts  of  carcasses, 
or  the  food  product,  or  containers  thereof,  subject  to  the  provi- 
sions of  this  Act,  or  any  certificate  in  relation  thereto,  authorized 
or  required  by  this  Act  or  by  the  said  rules  and  regulations  of 
the  Secretary  of  Agriculture. 

That  the  Secretavy  of  Agriculture  shall  cause  to  be  made  a 
careful  inspection  of  all  cattle,  sheep,  swine,  and  goats  intended 
and  offered  for  export  to  foreign  countries  at  such  times  and 
places,  and  in  such  manner  as  he  may  deem  proper,  to  ascertain 
whether  such  cattle,  sheep,  swine,  and  goats  are  free  from  disease. 

And  for  this  purpose  he  may  appoint  inspectors  who  shall  be 
authorized  to  give  an  official  certificate  clearly  stating  the  condi- 
tion in  which  such  cattle,  sheep,  swine,  and  goats  are  found. 

And  no  clearance  shall  be  given  any  vessel  having  on  board 
cattle,  sheep,  swine,  or  goats  for  export  to  a  foreign  country  until 
the  owner  or  shipper  of  such  cattle,  sheep,  sv/ine,  or  goats  has  a 
certificate  from  the  inspector  herein  authorized  to  be  appointed, 
stating  that  the  said  cattle,  sheep,  swine,  or  goats  are  sound  and 
healthy,  or  unless  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  shall  have  waived 
the  requirement  of  such  certificate  for  export  to  the  particular 
country  in  which  such  cattle,  sheep,  swine,  or  goats  are  to  be 
exported. 

That  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  shall  also  cause  to  be  made 
a  careful  inspection  of  the  carcasses  and  parts  thereof  of  all 
cattle,  sheep,  swine,  and  goats,  the  meat  of  which,  fresh,  salted, 
canned,  corned,  packed,  cured,  or  otherwise  prepared,  is  intended 
and  offered  for  export  to  any  foreign  country,  at  such  times  and 
places  and  in  such  manner  as  he  may  deem  proper. 

And  for  this  purpose  he  may  appoint  inspectors  who  shall  be 
authorized  to  give  an  oflicial  certificate  stating  the  condition  in 
which  said  cattle,  sheep,  swine,  or  goats,  and  the  meat  thereof,, 
are  found. 

And  no  clearance  shall  be  given  to  any  vessel  having  on  board 
any  fresh,  salted,  canned,  corned,  or  packed  beef,  mutton,  pork,, 
or  goat  meat,  being  the  meat  of  animals  killed  after  the  passage 
of  this  Act,  or  except  as  hereinbefore  provided  for  export  to  and 
sale  in  a  foreign  country  from  any  port  in  the  United  States,  un- 
til the  owner  or  shipper  thereof  shall  obtain  from  an  inspector 
appointed  under  the  provisions  of  this  Act  a  certificate  that  the 
said  cattle,  sheep,  swine,  and  goats  were  sound  and  healthy  at 


48  HEPUBLiOAN  CA^rpATn^'  ti^xt-p.ook. 

the  time'of  inspection    ^"wi  i:  i     m,    ,    ,,,    ,i  ,,  ,     >    ,•.,,  v  iiole- 

some,  unless  the  S(  ilie 

requirements  of  suii I  i  .    ,  ,         .  ,,  rut- 

tie,  sheep,  swine,  and  goats  or  meats  are  to  be  e.  i    r 

That  the  inspectors  provided  for  herein  shall  u^  uuiiioiizod  to 
give  official  certificates  of  the  sound  and  wholesome  condition  of 
the  cattle,  sheep,  swine,  and  goats,  their  carcasses  and  products 
as  herein  described,  and  one  copy  of  every  certificate  granted  un- 
der the  provisions  of  this  Act  shall  be  filed  in  the  Departmr  ,[ 
of  Agriculture,  another  copy  shall  be  delivered  to  the  owner  or 
shippt^r,  and  when  the  cattle,  sheep,  swine,  and  goats  or  their 
carcasses  and  products  are  sent  abroad,  a  third  copy  shall  be  de- 
li verec"  to  the  chief  officer  of  the  vessel  on  which  the  shipment 
shall  be  made. 

That  no  person,  firm,  or  corporation  engaged  in  the  interstate 
commerce  of  meat  or  meat  food  products  shall  transport  or  offer 
for  transportation,  sell  or  offer  to  sell  any  such  meat  or  meat 
food  products  in  any  State  or  Territory  or  in  the  District  of  Co- 
lumbia or  any  place  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States, 
other  than  in  the  State  or  Territory  or  in  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia or  any  place  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States  in 
which  the  slaughtering,  packing,  canning,  rendering,  or  other 
similar  establishment  owned,  leased,  operated  by  said  firm,  per- 
son, or  corporation  is  located  unless  and  until  said  person,  firm, 
or  corporation  shall  have  complied  with  all  of  the  provisions  of 
this  Act. 

That  any  person,  firm,  or  corporation,  or  any  officer  or  agent  of 
any  such  person,  firm,  or  corporation,  who  shall  violate  any  of 
the  provisions  of  this  Act  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misde- 
meanor and  shall  be  punished  on  conviction  thereof  by  a  fine  of 
not  exceeding  ten  thousand  dollars  or  imprisonment  for  a  period 
not  more  than  two  years,  or  by  both  such  fine  and  imprisonment, 
in  the  discretion  of  the  court. 

That  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  shall  appoint  from  time  to 
time  inspectors  to  make  examination  and  inspection  of  all  cattle, 
sheep,  swine,  and  goats,  the  inspection  of  which  is  hereby  pro- 
vided for,  and  of  all  carcasses  and  parts  thereof,  and  of  all  meats 
and  meat  food  products  thereof,  and  of  the  sanitary  conditions 
of  all  establishments  in  v/hich  such  meat  and  meat  food  products 
hereinbefore  described  are  prepared;  and  said  inspectors  shall 
refuse  to  stamp,  mark,  tag,  or  label  any  carcass  or  any  part  there- 
of, or  meat  food  product  therefrom,  prepared  in  any  establish- 
ment hereinbefore  mentioned,  until  the  same  shall  have  actually 
been  inspected  and  found  to  be  sound,  healthful,  wholesome,  and 
fit  for  human  food,  and  to  contain  no  dyes,  chemicals,  preserva- 
tives, or  ingredients  which  render  such  meat  food  product  un- 
sound, unhealthful,  unwholesome,  or  unfit  for  human  food;  and 
to  have  been  prepared  under  proper  sanitary  conditions,  herein- 
before provided  for;  and  shall  perform  such  other  d.ties  as  are 
provided  by  this  Act  and  by  the  rules  and  regulations  to  be  pre- 
scribed by  said  Secretary  of  Agriculture;  and  said  Secretary  of 
Agriculture  shall,  from  time  to  time,  make  such  rules  and  regu- 
lations as  are  necessary  for  the  efficient  execution  of  the  provi- 
sions of  this  Act,  and  all  inspections  and  examinations  made  un- 
der this  Act  shall  be  such  and  made  in  such  manner  as  described 
in  the  rules  and  regulations  prescribed  by  said  Secretary  of  Agri- 
, culture  not  inconsistent  with  the  provisions  of  this  Act. 
•  That  any  person,  firm,  or  corporation,  or  any  agent  or  employee 
<of  any  person,  firm,  or  corporation  who  shall  give,  pay,  or  offer, 
directly  or  indirectly,  to  any  inspector,  deputy  inspector,  chief  in- 
spector, or  any  other  officer  or  employee  of  the  United  States  au- 
thorized to  perform  any  of  the  duties  prescribed  by  this  Act  or 
by  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  any 
money  or  other  thing  of  value,  with  intent  to  influence  said  in- 
spector, deputy  inspector,  chief  inspector,  or  other  officer  or  em- 
ployee of  the  United  States  in  the  discharge  of  any  duty  herein 
provided  for,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  felony  and,  upon  con- 
viction thereof,  shall  be  punished  by  a  fine  not  less  than  five  thou- 
:sand  dollars  nor  more  than  ten  thousand  dollars  and  by  imprison- 
ment not  less  than  one  year  nor  more  than  three  years;  and  any 
inspector,  deputy  inspector,  chief  inspector,  or  other  officer  or  em- 
ployee of  the  United  States  authorized  to  perform  any  of  the 


REPUBWCAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  SB 

duties  prescribed  by  this  Act  wlio  shall  accept  any  money,  gift,  or 
other  thing  qf  value  from  any  person,  firm,  or  corporation,  or 
officers,  agents,  or  employees  thereof,  given  with  intent  to  influ- 
ence his  official  action,  or  who  shall  receive  or  accept  from  any 
person,  firm,  or  corporation  engaged  in  interstate  or  foreign  com- 
merce any  gift,  money,  or  oiher  thing  of  value  given  with  any 
purpose  or  intent  whatsoever,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  felony 
and  shall,  upon  conviction  thereof  be  summarily  discharged  from 
office  and  shall  be  punished  by  a  fine  not  less  than  one  thousand 
dollars  nor  more  than  ten  thousand  dollars  and  by  imprisonment 
not  less  than  one  year  nor  more  than  three  years. 

That  the  provisions  of  this  Act  requiring  inspection  to  be  made 
by  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  shall  not  apply  to  animals  slaugh- 
tered by  any  farmer  on  the  farm  and  sold  and  transported  as  in- 
terstate or  foreign  commerce,  nOr  to  retail  butchers  and  retail 
dealers  in  meat  and  meat  food  products,  supplying  their  custom- 
ers: Provided,  That  if  any  person  shall  sell  or  offer  for  sale  or 
transportation  for  interstate  or  i'orcign  commerce  any  meat  or 
meat  food  products  which  are  diseased,  unsound,  unhealthful,  un-- 
wholesome,  or  otherwise  unfit  for  human  food,  knowing  that  such 
meat  food  products  are  intended  for  human  consumption,  he  shall 
be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  on  conviction  thereof  shall  be 
punished  by  a  fine  not  exceeding  one  thousand  dollars  or  by  im- 
prisonment for  a  period  of  not  exceeding  one  year,  or  by  both 
such  fine  and  imprisonment:  Provided  also,  That  the  Secretary 
of  Agriculture  is  authorized  to  maintain  the  inspection  in  this  Act 
provided  for  at  any  slaughtering,  meat-canning,  salting,  packing, 
rendering,  or  similar  establishment  notwithstanding  this  excep- 
tion, and  that  the  persons  operating  the  same  may  be  retail 
butchers  and  retail  dealers  or  farmers;  and  where  the  Secretary 
of  Agriculture  shall  establish  such  inspection  then  the  provisions 
of  this  Act  shall  apply  notwithstanding  this  exception. 

That  there  is  permanently  appropriated,  out  of  any  money  in 
the  Treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated,  the  sum  of  three  mil- 
lion dollars,  for  the  expenses  of  the  inspection  of  cattle,  sheep, 
swine,  and  goats  and  the  meat  and  meat  food  products  thereof 
which  enter  into  interstate  or  foreign  commerce  and  for  all  ex- 
penses necessary  to  carry  into  effect  the  provisions  of  this  Act 
relating  to  meat  inspection,  including  rent  and  the  employment 
of  labor  in  Washington  and  elsewhere,  for  each  year.  And  the 
Secretary  of  Agriculture  shall,  in  his  annual  estimates  made  to 
Congress,  submit  a  statement  in  detail,  showing  the  number  of 
persons  employed  in  such  inspections  and  the  salary  or  per  diem 
paid  to  each,  together  with  the  contingent  expenses  of  such  in- 
spectors and  where  they  have  been  and  are  employed. 

Approved  June  30,  1906. 

It  depends  upon  the  wisdom,  the  culture,  the  self-control  of 
our  people  to  determine  how  well  this  (trust  and  industrial 
combination)  question  shall  be  settled.  But  that  it  will  be 
solved,  and  solved  in  the  interest  of  liberty  and  justice,  I  do 
not  doubt.  And  its  solution  will  open  the  way  to  a  solution 
of  a  whole  chapter  of  similar  questions  that  relate  to  the  con- 
flict between  capital  and  labor.  The  evils  complained  of 
are  mainly  of  our  own  making-.  States  and  communities  have 
willingly  and  thoughtlessly  conferred  these  great  powers 
upon  railways  and  they  must  seek  to  rectify  their  own  errors 
without  injury  to  the  industries  they  have  encouraged. — 
General  James  A.  Garfield,  July  2,   1873. 


If  tariff  duties  are  necessary  to  protect  our  producers 
against  foreign  competition,  then  not  only  these  who  are  in 
combination  here,  but  also  the  independent  manufacturer, 
must  suffer  alike  if  necessary  protection  is  withdrawn.  Ef- 
fective control  of  the  trusts  must  be  had.  All  parties  agree 
that  whatever  can  be  done  ought  to  be  done  to  minimize  and 
remove  as  far  as  possible  the  evils  which  exist  because  of 
these  combinations.  But  it  is  plain  that  the  adoption  of  free 
trade  and  the  abandonment  of  the  policy  of  protection  is  not 
one  of  these  remedies. — TJ.  S.  Senator  William.  B.  Allison 
(Iowa). 


Republican   Labor   Legislation, 

Since  its  very  inception  the  Republican  Party  has  been  legis- 
lating in  every  Congress  for  the  uplifting  of  labor  and  the  bet- 
tering of  conditions  for  all  working  classes.  Through  our  Tariff 
laws  the  working  people  of  the  United  States  have  been  protected 
against  the  cheaper  labor  of  the  outside  world,  and  wages  to-day 
are  from  two  to  ten  times  the  amount  received  elsewhere. 
Through  our  financial  legislation  the  wage-earner  has  always  re- 
ceived a  full  dollar,  and  his  savings  and  investments  have  been 
fully  protected.  Not  only  have  wages  constantly  increased  and 
hours  of  labor  been  reduced,  but  sanitary  conditions  have  been 
constantly  improved  and  inspection  and  liability  laws  have  given 
to  our  workingmen  and  women  conditions  and  advantages  better, 
very  much  better,  than  in  any  other  country. 

All  the  great  National  Labor  laws  on  our  statute  books  were 
put  there  by  the  Republican  Party.  Among  the  principal  ones 
are  the  following: 

Slavery. — The  great  revolution  which  exalted  labor  and  freed- 
the  country  from  the  curse  of  slavery  was  accomplished  by  the 
Republican  Party,  against  the  fiercest  opposition  possible  by  the 
combined  forces  of  the  Democrats  and  their  allies.  Still  true  to 
its  original  ideals  of  freedom,  the  Republican  Party,  after  a  lapse 
of  forty  years  since  the  emancipation  proclamation  of  Lincoln, 
abolished  slavery  in  the  Philippine  Islands.  (Act  passed  by  a 
Republican  Senate  and  Republican  House  and  signed  by  Presi- 
dent Roosevelt  July  1,  1902.) 

Involuntary  Servitude  of  Foreigners. — In  1874  the  Forty-third 
Congress,  which  was  Republican  in  both  Houses,  prohibited,  un- 
der heavy  penalties,  the  holding  to  involuntary  services  of  any 
person  forcibly  kidnapped  in  any  other  country. 

Peonage. — The  act  abolishing  this  kind  of  forced  labor  was 
passed  by  the  Thirty-ninth  Congress,  when  both  Houses  were  Re- 
publican, by  a  large  majority,  March  2,  1867. 

The  Coolie  Trade. — The  legislation  prohibiting  the  coolie  trade 
is  the  work  of  the  Republicans.  The  Act  of  1875  closed  our 
doors  to  the  paupers  and  criminals  of  Europe,  and  the  Exclusion 
Act  of  1882  stopped  the  immigration  of  the  Chinese.  Upon  the 
annexation  of  Hawaii  in  1898  the  immigration  of  Chinese  thereto 
was  prohibited  by  a  Republican  Congress,  as  was  the  migration 
of  those  already  in  Hawaii  from  the  islands  to  continental 
United  States.  In  President  Roosevelt's  Administration  the  Chi- 
nese-exclusion laws  have  been  extended  to  the  entire  island  ter- 
ritory of  the  United  States.  (Act  passed  by  the  Fifty-seventh 
Congress  and  approved  April  29,  1902.) 

Immigration. — The  Republican  Party  has  favored  the  American 
standard  of  living,  not  only  by  abolishing  compulsory  labor,  but 
also  by  excluding  the  products  of  the  cheapest  foreign  labor 
through  protective  tariffs  and  by  restricting  the  immigration  of 
unassimilable  elements  from  other  races. 

The  importation  of  foreign  laborers  under  contract  was  first 
prohibited  in  1885,  but,  owing  to  defective  provisions  for  enforc- 
ing the  law,  continued  almost  unchecked  until  the  amendments 
made  in  President  Harrison's  administration  (Acts  of  the  Fifty- 
first  Congress,  which  was  Republican  in  both  branches,  and  of 
the  Fifty-second  Congress,  signed  March  3,  1891,  and  March  3, 
1893,  respectively.) 

The  Republican  Party  has  increased  the  restrictions  upon  the 
immigration  of  cheap  foreign  labor  in  the  new  law  of  1903.  (Act 
passed  by  the  Fifty-seventh  Congress,  both  Houses  being  con- 
trolled by  the  Republicans,  and  signed  by  President  Roosevelt 
March  3,  1903.) 

50 


^■^^^^  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  51 

f^Convict  Labor. — The  law  abolishing  the  contract  system  of 
labor  for  United  States  convicts  passed  the  House  March  9. 
1886,  and  the  Senate  February  28,  1887.  All  the  votes  against  the 
bill  were  Democratic. 

The  law  providing  for  the  construction  of  new  United  States 
prisons  and  the  employment  of  convicts  therein  exclusively  in 
the  manufacture  of  such  supplies  for  the  Government  as  can  be 
made  without  the  use  of  machinery  was  passed  by  the  Fifty-first 
Congress,  which  was  Republican  in  both  branches,  and  signed  by 
President  Harrison.     (Chapter  529  of  the  Acts  of  1890-91.) 

Protection  of  Seamen. — This  was  accomplished  by  the  Forty- 
second  Congress,  when  both  ±iouses  were  Republican,  and  the 
Forty-third  Congress,  also  Republican. 

Inspection  of  Steam  Vessels. — Accomplished  by  the  Fortieth 
Congress,  which  was  controlled  by  the  Republicans. 

Inspection  of  Coal  Mines  in  the  Territories. — Provided  for  by 
the  Fifty-first  Congress,  both  Houses  being  under  the  control  of 
the  Republicans;    approved  by  President  Harrison. 

Safety  Appliances  on  Railroads. — The  original  act  providing 
for  automatic  couplers  and  power  brakes  on  locomotives  and  cars 
used  in  interstate  traffic  was  passed  by  the  Fifty-second  Congress, 
and  signed  by  President  Harrison  Mprch  2,  1893.  Owing  to  decis- 
ions of  the  courts,  new  legislation  became  necessary,  and  the 
Fifty-seventh  Congress  (Republican)  passed  a  greatly  improved 
law,  which  was  signed  by  President  Roosevelt  March  2,  1903. 

Report  of  Accidents. — The  >'ifty-sixth  Congress  (Republican) 
passed  a  law  requiring  common  carriers  to  make  monthly  reports 
of  accidents  to  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission.  (Approved 
by  President  McKinley  March  3,  1901.) 

Eight-Hour  Laiu. — The  first  eight-hour  law  in  this  country 
was  enacted  by  the  Fortieth  Congress  and  approved  by  President 
Grant  in  1868.  It  applied  to  all  artisans  and  laborers  employed 
by  the  Government. 

In  the  Fiftieth  Congress  (1888)  the  eight-hour  day  was  estab- 
lished for  letter  carriers.  The  bill  passed  the  Senate,  which  was 
Republican,  without  division. 

In  President  Harrison's  administration  the  eight-hour  law 
was  extended  to  include  persons  employed  by  contractors  on  pub- 
lic works.     (Chap.  352  of  the  Acts  of  1892.) 

Department  of  Labor. — The  Act  creating  the  United  States  Bu- 
reau of  Labor  was  passed  by  the  Forty-eighth  Congress  (1884) 
and  signed  by  President  Arthur.  In  the  Fiftieth  Congress  (1888) 
the  Bureau  was  removed  from  the  Department  of  the  Interior 
and  made  an  independent  Department  of  Labor,  all  the  votes 
cast  against  the  bill  being  Democratic.  In  1903  a  Republican 
Congress  established  the  Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor 
and  made  its  head  a  Cabinet  officer. 

Boards  of  Arbitration. — Act  passed  at  the  Fifty-fifth  Congress 
(Republican)  and  signed  by  President  McKinley  June  1,  1898. 

Incorporation  of  National  Trades  Unions. — Provided  for  by  Act 
of  Congress  in  1886. 

Labor     Legislation     in     Republican     and     Democratic    States. 

There  is  no  better  way  of  judging  the  merits  of  a  political  party 
than  by  the  laws  which  are  passed  by  the  legislators  who  are 
elected  to  office  from  its  ranks.  With  regard  to  legislation  for  the 
protection  of  the  workers  much  remains  to  be  done  before  they 
receive  their  full  measure  of  protection  and  justice,  but  as  can  be 
shown  by  the  statistics  of  the  different  States,  nearly  all  protec- 
tive labor  legislation  in  the  United  States  was  first  enacted  by 
Republican  States,  and  then  adopted  by  way  of  imitation  by  the 
Democratic  States.  The  proportion  of  Republican  States  having 
protective  labor  legislation  is  much  greater  than  that  of  Demo- 
x'ratic  Slates.     This  is  plainly  shown  in  the  table  following. 


52  REPUBUCAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

The  table  shows  the  number  and  per  cent,  of  Republican  and 
Democratic  States  which  have  enacted  the  legislation  explained: 

Legislation   in  Force.  ^-Republican  States-^   ^Demcratic  StatPs-~( 

Number.    Per  cent.    Number.    Per  cent. 

Creating  labor  bureaus 25  86  8  50 

Creating  factory  Inspection  services.       22  76  5  31 
Providing   for   free   employment   bu- 
reaus            11              38                   2  12V^ 

Providing  for  boards  of  conciliation 

and   arbitration    16  55  5  31 

Establishing   an   eight-hour   day   for 

labor    on    public    works 1-1  48  3  19 

Prohibiting   employment  of   children 

under  12  years  of  age  in  factories.        19  66  9  66 

Limiting  hours  of  labor  of  children.        13  66  8  50 

Restricting   employment   of    children 

of     school    age    and     of    illiterate 

children    22  76  6  371^ 

Prohibiting  employment  of   children 

in    bar-rooms    9  31  4  25 

Prohibiting   employment  of  children 

in  "operating  or  cleaning  dangerous 

machinery 11  38  2  12'/2 

xiegulating    woman    labor    27  93  11  69 

Requiring  seats  for  females  in  shops 

and   stores    - 22  76  9  56 

Regulating  sweatshops  10  34  2  12^^ 

Requiring  wages  to  be  paid  weekly, 

fortnightly  or  monthly    15  52  6  37^^ 

Protecting  members  of  labor  organi- 
zations            13  62  2  121^ 

Protecting  the  union   label 27  93  11  69 

An  examination  of  this  table  presents  an  interesting  lesson 
in  practical  politics.  We  shall  take  up  in  rotation  each  of  the 
more  important  subjects  of  labor  legislation,  and  see  which  States 
have  done  the  most  for  the  workingman. 

Labor  Bureaus. — There  are  few  agencies  which  have  done  more 
toward  giving  a  clear  insight  into  the  problems  of  labor  and  capi- 
tal, that  have  brought  employer  and  employee  nearer  together,  or 
that  have  furnished  the  laboring  people  with  facts  for  arguments 
in  favor  of  protective  legislation,  than  bureaus  of  labor  and  labor 
statistics.  The  above  table  shows  that  at  present  there  are  33 
State  labor  bureaus  in  the  United  States.  Of  these,  25  are  Re- 
publican States  and  8  are  in  Democratic  States.  Reducing  these 
figures  to  a  proportionate  basis,  we  find  that  25  out  of  29  Repub- 
lican States,  or  86  per  cent.,  have  labor  bureaus;  8  out  of  16  Dem- 
ocratic States,  or  50  per  cent.,  have  labor  bureaus. 

Factory  Inspection  Service. — It  is  well  known  to  all  working 
people  that  protective  labor  laws  are  practically  a  dead  letter  in 
any  State  unless  there  is  a  factory  inspection  service  organized 
for  the  purpose  of  searching  out  and  bringing  to  justice  persons, 
who  violate  such  laws.  It  is  easy  enough  to  enact  protective  leg- 
islation, but  it  is  another  thing  to  enforce  it.  If  a  State,  there- 
fore, enacts  such  laws  and  fails  to  organize  a  service  for  their  en- 
forcement, it  is  deceiving  those  whom  it  pretends  to  favor.  Let  us 
again  observe  the  tables.  We  find  t^ai  22  out  of  29  Republican 
States,  or  76  per  cent.,  have  laws  creating  factory  inspection  ser- 
vices. We  also  find  that  5  out  of  16  Democratic  States,  or  31  per 
cent.,  have  factory  inspection  services.  In  examining  the  other 
subjects  of  labor  legislation  which  follow  we  must  not  lose  sight 
of  the  fact  that  only  5  of  the  Democratic  States  have  made  pro- 
vision, for  factory  inspection  services  for  the  purpose  of  carrying 
out  the  provisions  of  the  labor  laws  which  will  be  under  consid- 
eration. 

Inspection  of  Mines. — Public  inspection  of  mines  is  required 
on  the  same  grounds  as  inspection  of  factories.  The  tables  show 
that  fifteen  of  the  twenty-eight  Republican  States  and  nine  of 
the  seventeen  Democratic  States  have  established  this  service. 

Child  Labor. — Ever  since  the  introduction  of  the  factory  sys- 
tem, over  a  century  ago,  the  greatest  sufferers  from  the  greed  of 
Inconsiderate  and  cruel  employers  have  been  the  helpless  children, 
who  often  at  a  tender  age  are  placed  in  factories.  It  is  a  prin- 
ciple recognized  in  all  civilized  countries  that  children  under  12 
years  of  age  should  not  be  employed  in  factories,  and  nearly  all 
civilized  countries  have  laws  placing  a  minimum  age  limit  of  12 
or  14  years  upon  such  child  labor.  In  our  country  28  States  abso- 
lutely prohibit  the  emploj^ment  of  children  uucler  12  years  o£ 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  53 

age  in  factories.  Of  these,  19  are  Republican  and  9  are  Demo- 
cratic States.  Of  these  19  Republican  States,  17  have  factory  in- 
spection services  to  see  that  the  laws  are  enforced,  while  only 
4  of  these  9  Democratic  States  make  provision  for  such  inspection. 

Many  States  have  enacted  laws  placing  certain  restrictions 
upon  the  employment  of  children,  usually  under  16  years  of  age, 
and  in  some  cases  even  upon  the  employment  of  all  minors.  Of 
this  class  are  laws  limiting  the  hours  of  labor  of  children  in  fac- 
tories or  stores,  which  have  been  enacted  in  27  States.  Of  these 
19  are  Republican  and  8  are  Democratic  States. 

Twenty-eight  States  have  placed  restrictions  upon  the  employ- 
ment of  children  of  school  age  or  of  illiterate  children,  of  which 
22  are  Republican  and  6  are  Democratic. 

Thirteen  States  prohibit  the  employment  of  children  or  minors 
in  places  where  intoxicants  are  sold  or  handled.  Of  these  9  are 
Republican  and  4  are  Democratic. 

Thirteen  States  prohibit  the  employment  of  children  in  operat- 
ing dangerous  machinery  or  cleaning  machinery  in  mot-ion.  Of 
these  11  are  Republican  and  2  are  Democratic  States.. 

Woman  Labor. — Next  to  the  children  the  greatest  victims  of 
abuse  by  greedy  employers  when  unrestrained  by  law  are  women. 
Investigations  have  shown  that  their  condition  is  sometimes  piti- 
ful where  employers  are  given  free  scope  in  their  employment. 
Their  protection,  in  the  interest  of  humanity  and  morals,  has  also 
been  the  subject  of  legislation  in  nearly  all  civilized  countries. 
In  the  United  States  38  States  have  legislated  upon  this  subject. 
Of  these  38  States,  27  are  Republican  and  11  are  Democratic. 
Again  it  is  interesting  to  notice  that  of  the  27  Republican  States 
regulating  woman  labor  21  provide  for  factory  inspection,  while  of 
the  11  Democratic  States  mentioned,  only  4  make  such  provision. 

Seats  for  FewMles  in  Shops. — Legislation  on  this  subject  needs 
no  comment.  Any  man  who  has  a  daughter  or  sister  employed  in 
a  shop  or  store,  and  every  physician  knows  what  a  hardship  it 
is  to  a  woman  to  be  compelled  to  stand  all  day  at  a  bench  or  be- 
hind a  counter.  Fortunately  in  31  States  legislation  has  been 
enacted  requiring  employers  to  provide  seats  for  females.  Of 
these  31  States,  22  are  Republican  and  9  are  Democratic. 

Sweatshop  Legislation. — There  is  no  greater  menace  to  the 
health  of  the  working  people,  and  nothing  which  tends  more  to 
lower  and  degrade  human  beings,  than  to  crowd  them  together  in 
small,  filthy  workshops,  where  they  are  often  compelled  to  work, 
eat  and  sleep  without  regard  to  health  or  morals,  and  where  the 
hours  of  labor  are  often  so  long  that  the  victims,  who  are  usually 
foreigners  unacquainted  with  our  language,  are  shut  out  from  all 
opportunities  for  education  or  betterment  of  any  kind.  The 
scenes  observed  in  these  shops  by  official  investigators  have  been 
revolting  beyond  description.  Long  ago  efforts  have  been  made 
to  regulate  these  so-called  "sweatshops,"  and  12  States  have 
enacted  laws  looking  to  this  end.  Of  these  12  States  10  are  Re- 
publican and  2  are  Democratic.  Nothing  more  need  be  said  on 
this  point. 

Wage  Payments. — In  order  to  insure  the  prompt  payment  of 
workingmen's  wages  in  cash  when  due,  21  States  have  enacted 
laws  requiring  employers  to  pay  wages  weekly  or  fortnightly,  and 
in  some  instances  prohibiting  a  longer  interval  than  one  month 
between  pay-days.  Of  these  States  15  are  Republican  and  6  are 
Democratic. 

Protection  of  Members  of  Labor  Organizations. — Fifteen  States 
have  enacted  laws,  that  are  now  in  force,  prohibiting  employers 
from  discharging  persons  on  account  of  membership  in  labor  or- 
ganizations, or  from  compelling  persons  to  agree  not  to  become 
members  of  labor  organizations  as  a  condition  of  securing  employ- 
ment or  continuing  in  their  employ.  Of  these  13  are  Republican 
and  2  are  Democratic  States. 

Protection  of  the  Union  Label. — Thirty-eight  States  have  adopt- 
ed laws  allowing  trade  unions  to  adopt  labels  or  trade-marks  to 
be  used  to  designate  the  products  of  the  labor  of  their  members, 
and  prohibiting  the  counterfeiting  or  the  use  of  such  labels  or 
trademarks  by  unauthorized  persons..  Of  thesQ  States  27  are  Re- 
publicaa  and  11  are  Democratic. 


54  REPUBUCAN   CAMPAIGN  TEXT- BOOK. 

Truck  8ystem.--ThiB  legislation  prohibits  employers  from  pay- 
ing their  employees  in  scrip  or  orders  on  their  company  stores 
and  which  are  not  redeemable  in  cash.  At  present  twenty-three 
States  have  such  laws  in  force,  of  which  fourteen  are  Republican 
and  nine  are  Democratic,  or  61  per  cent,  of  all  the  Republican  and 
39  per  cent,  of  all  the  Democratic  States. 

Mediation  and  Arbitration. — State  boards  of  mediation  and  arbi- 
tration have  been  established  in  fifteen  States  to  aid  in  the  ad- 
justment of  industrial  disputes.  Of  the  fifteen  boards  eleven  are 
in  Republican  States  and  only  four  in  Democratic  States. 

Free  Employment  Bureaus. — One  of  the  great  needs  of  wage- 
workers  who  are  engaged  for  only  a  week  or  a  day  at  a  time  is 
some  agency  that  will  assist  them  in  obtaining  a  situation  when 
they  are  out  of  work.  Private  agehcies  have  so  frequently  ex- 
ploited their  poverty  by  extorting  registration  fees  for  situations 
that  are  never  procured,  that  churches  and  charitable  societies 
new  support  free  employment  agencies  in  many  leading  cities.  A 
few  years  ago  State  and  municipal  Governments  also  entered 
the  field  and  now  there  are  public  employment  bureaus  (free) 
.  in  fourteen  States,  of  which  twelve  are  Republican  and  only  two 
Democratic. 

Employers'  Liahility  Laws. — Since  the  introduction  of  steam 
and  machinery  workmgmen  are  exposed  to  such  great  risks  of 
death  and  injury  that  enlightened  States  have  enacted  legislation 
which  requires  employers  to  furnish  safe  work  places  and  appli- 
ances, and  makes  them  responsible,  in  damages,  for  any  injury 
that  may  befall  an  employee  through  their  ne  ligence.Twenty- 
seven  States  now  have  employers'  liability  laws,  most  of  them 
relating  to  railways.  Of  the  twenty-seven  Slates  fifteen  were 
Republican  and  twelve  Democratic  in  the  last  National  election. 

Eight-Hour  Laio. — For  many  years  labor  organizations  have 
been  endeavoring  to  secure  legislation  prohibiting  labor  on  Gov- 
ernment works  or  public  contracts  for  over  eight  hours  per  day. 
They  have  succeeded  thus  far  in  securing  such  legislation  in 
twenty-one  of  the  forty-five  States  of  the  Union.  Of  these  twenty- 
one  States,  sixteen  are  Republican  and  five  are  Democratic.  In 
other  words,  of  the  twenty-eight  Republican  States,  60  per  cent, 
have  enacted  the  eight-hour  law,  and  of  the  seventeen  Democratic 
States,  only  five,  or  29  per  cent.,  have  yielded  to  the  demands  of 
the  labor  organizations  in  this  regard. 

Difiiculty    in    Framing     Labor     Laws. 

The  difficulty  in  legislating  for  Labor  is  well  illustrated  in  the 
hearings  before  the  Committee  of  the  Judiciary  of  the  House  of 
Representatives,  Fifty-ninth  Congress,  first  session,  in  relation 
to  the  anti-injunction  and  restraining  orders.  To  give  clearness 
to  the  matter,  the  following  two  bills  are  printed,  the  first  known 
as  the  "Little  Bill,"  the  other  as  the  "Gilbert,"  or  "Administration 
Bill." 


ANTI-INJUNCTION     AND     BESTRAINING     ORDERS. 

''Little     Bill." 

(H.  R.  4445,  Fifty-ninth  Congress,  first  session.) 
A  BILL  to  limit  tlie  meaning  of  the  word  "conspiracy,"  and  the  use  of 
injunctions  and  restraining  orders  in  certain  cases. 
Tie  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United 
States  of  America  in  Congress  assembled,  That  no  agreement,  combination,  or 
contract  by  or  between  two  or  more  persons  to  do  or  procure  to  be  done, 
or  not  to  do  or  procure  not  to  be  done,  any  act  in  contemplation  or  fur- 
therance of  any  trade  dispute  between  employers  and  employees  in  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia  or  in  any  Territory  of  the  United  States,  or  between  em- 
ployers and  employees  who  may  be  engaged  in  trade  or  commerce  between 
the  several  States,  or  between  any  Territory  and  another,  or  between  any 
Territory  or  Territories  and  any  State  or  States  or  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia, or  with  foreign  nations,  or  between  the  District  of  Columbia  and  any 
State  or  States  or  foreign  nations,  shall  be  deemed  criminal,  nor  shall 
those  engaged  therein  be  indictable  or  otherwise  punishable  for  the  crime  of 
conspiracy,  if  such  act  committed  by  one  person  would  not  be  punishable  as 
a  crime,  nor  shall  such  agreement,  combination,  or  contract  be  considered 
as  in  restraint  of  trade  or  commerce,  nor  shall  any  restraining  order  or 
injunction  be  issued  with  relation  thereto.  Nothing  in  this  act  shall  ex- 
empt   from    punishment,    otherwise    than    as    herein    excepted,    any   persons 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK:.  55 

guilty  of  conspiracy  for  which  puuishinent  is  now  provided  by  any  act  of 
Congress,  but  such  act  of  Congress  shall,  as  to  the  agreements,  combina- 
tions, and  contracts  hereinbefore  referred  to,  be  construed  as  if  this  act 
were  therein  contained. 


"Administration     Bill." 

(H.   R.  9328,   Fifty-ninth  Congress,   first  session.) 
A  BILL  to  regulate  the  granting  of  restraining  orders  in  certain   caseS. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United 
States  of  Ameriea  in  Congress  assembled,  That  in  cases  involving  or  grow- 
ing out  of  labor  disputes  neither  an  injunction  nor  a  temporary  restraining 
order  shall  be  granted  except  upon  due  notice  to  the  opposite  party  by  the 
court  in  term,  or  by  a  judge  thereof  in  vacation,  after  hearing,  which  may 
be  ex  parte  if  the  adverse  party  does  not  appear  at  the  time  and  place  or- 
dered: Provided,  That  nothing  herein  contained  shall  be  held  to  authorize 
the  issuing  of  a  restraining  order  or  an  injunction  in  any  case  in  which  the 
same  is  not  authorized  by  existing  law. 

Mr,  H.  R.  Fuller,  legislative  representative  of  the  Brotherhood  of 
Locomotive  Engineers,  Brotherhood  of  Locomotive  Firemen,  Order 
of  Railroad  Conductors,  and  Brotherhood  of  Railroad  Trainmen, 
first  addressed  the  Committee,  favoring  the  "Administration  Bill." 
The  following  colloquy  ensued: 

Mr.  Fuller:  I  am  only  suggesting  that  if  in  the  minds  of  the 
committee  they  thought  it  was  not  proper  in  its  present  form  we 
would  have  no  objection  to  its  applying  to  interstate  commerce. 
I  say  that  it  is  no  more  class  legislation  than  acts  previously 
passed  by  Congress.  I  might  as  well  say — and  I  am  violating 
no  secret  or  confidence — that  this  bill  is  an  Administration  bill. 
It  was  recommended  by  the  President  in  his  recent  message  to 
Congress,  and  it  is  my  understanding  it  has  had  the  scrutiny 
of  the  Administration. 

Mr.  Gillett:  Has  the  President  had  before  him  this  particular 
bill? 

Mr.  Fuller:  Now,  I  do  not  care  to  get  too  much  into  detail; 
the  President's  message  speaks  for  itself.  The  President's  mes- 
sage is  an  indorsement  of  this  bill  identically  as  it  is  before  you. 

Mr.  Gillett:  Has  the  President  expressed  himself  as  being  in 
favor  of  this  bill? 

Mr.   Fuller:     He  has;    it  is  an  Administration  bill. 

Mr.  Littlefield:  Have  you  the  language  of  the  President's  mes- 
sage at  hand? 

Mr.  Fuller:     Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  Henry:  I  would  like  to  know  what  the  Atcorney-General 
thinks  of  it  before  we  get  to  that.     Has  he  examined  it? 

Mr.  Fuller:  I  understand  so.  I  understand  it  has  had  the 
scrutiny  of  the  Administration,  with  all  its  resources  in  regard  to 
such  matters,  and  I  think  there  are  ocners  here  who  know  the 
same  thing. 

Mr  .Gillett:  Do  you  know  the  language  of  the  President 
in  relation  to  it?  I  thought  that  I  had  his  message  here,  but  I 
have  not. 

Mr.  Fuller:  Yes,  sir;  he  goes  on  and  speaks  of  injunctions 
and  then  uses  the  following  language: 

"The  remedy  is  to  regulate  the  procedure  by  requiring  the  judge  to  give 
due  notice  to  the  adverse  parties  before  granting  the  writ,  the  hearing  to 
be  ex  parte  if  the  adverse  party  does  not  appear  at  the  time  and  place 
ordered." 


Following  Mr.  Fuller,  the  Committee  was  addressed  by  Mr. 
Andrew  Furuseth,  representing  the  Seamen's  Union.  Among 
other  things,  Mr.  Furuseth  said: 

"Gentlemen,  you  have  before  you  two  bills  dealing  in  different 
ways  with  injunctions.  H.  R.  4445,  by  Mr.  Little,  of  Arkansas. 
You  have  had  this  bill  before  you  during  several  Congresses.  You 
have  had  hearings  on  it,  and,  so  far  as  has  appeared  at  those  hear- 
ings, this  bill  would,  if  enacted  into  law,  put  a  stop  to  the  use  of 
injunctions  in  labor  disputes.  That  the  relations  between  labor- 
ers and  their  employers  are  personal  relations  as  distinct  from 
property  relations;  that  the  rights  of  either  party  are  personal 
rights,  as  distinct  from  property  rights,  will  hardly  be  seriously 
disputed.  If  these  are  the  true  relations,  then  there  is  no  occa- 
sion for  the  equity  power  to  step  in.     We  maintain  that  it  is  pure 


66  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

usurpation  on  part  of  the  judge  to  so  extend  the  powers  granted 
to  him  as  to  cover  labor  dibputes.  We  believe  that  by  passing 
this  bill  you  stop  the  usurpation  and  bring  the  law  and  the 
judges  back  to  where  it  and  they  belong.  Labor  will  be  content 
with  nothing  less.  Anything  short  of  this  robs  the  laborer,  be- 
( uuse  he  is  a  laborer,  of  his  rights  as  a  citizen. 

"You  have  also  before  you  H.  R.  9328,  *a  bill  to  regulate  the 
granting  of  restraining  orders  in  certan  cases,'  by  Mr.  Gilbert, 
of  Indiana.  This  bill,  supposed  to  have  had  its  origin  in  the 
White  House,  and  drawn  in  the  Bureau  of  Corporations,  confers 
upon  the  courts  sitting  in  equity  absolute  jurisdiction  in  all  cases 
involving  or  growing  out  of  labor  disputes.'  The  judge  is  to 
give  the  defendant  a  hearing,  but  may,  as  in  any  other  suits  at 
law,  proceed  if  the  defendant  shall  fail  to  appear.  We  have  com- 
plained that  the  use  made  of  the  equity  process  in  labor  disputes 
is  usurpation  of  a  sovereignty  not  granted  to  the  courts.  It 
seems  to  us  that  in  this  bill  the  grant  is  about  to  be  made. 

"Why  can  you  not  trust  the  judges?  somebody  asks.  We  do 
trust  them.  They  are  to  use  this  power  to  stop  strikes.  When 
they  have  to  choose  between  giving  the  award  in  favor  of  the  em- 
ployer who  seeks  to  reduce  wages  or  to  have  him  stop,  as  he 
threatens,  the  business  which  gives  employment  to  thousands, 
and  thereby  throw  them  out  of  work,  his  very  hu- 
manity, as  he  feels  it,  will  decide  the  award.  It  will  be  down- 
ward, downward,  and  downward,  as  under  the  law  of  the  quarter 
sessions.  It  is  said  that  this  bill  has  the  endorsement  of  the 
President.  That  can  not  be.  If  he  understands  this  bill  and  then 
gives  to  it  his  endorsement,  he  is  an  enemy  to  honest  labor  strug- 
gling under  adverse  conditions  for  a  better  life — nay,  he  would 
be  an  enemy  to  human  liberty.  We  do  not  believe,  will  not  be- 
lieve it. 

"In  the  labor  movement,  as  well  as  in  all  walks  of  life,  there 
are  differences  of  opinion,  divergent  perspectives. 

"Organized  labor  demands  an  puti-injunction  law  that  will  abso- 
lutely limit  the  power  of  judges  when  they  deal  with  contro- 
versies growing  out  of  labor  disputes;  not  a  law  that  will  be 
used  as  a  compulsory  arbitration  act. 

"We  want  H.  R.  4445. 

"We  don't  want  H.  R.  9328." 


Mr.  Emile  Tryeffo^t,  representing  the  Merchant  Tailors'  Nation- 
al Protective  Association,  addressed  the  Committee  making  a 
strong  plea  for  continuing  the  present  laws  and  existing  condi- 
tions, concluding  as  follows: 

"I  appear  for  those  who  have  enjoyed  the  benefits  of  this  law, 
both  employers  and  employees,  and  I  ask  you  gentlemen  not  to 
be  carried  away  by  this  wave  which  every  once  in  a  while  seems 
to  carry  everything  before  it,  but  is  often  like  some  of  our 
winds — it  comes  up  and  it  goes  dqjvn,  and  it  very  often  shows 
destruction  in  its  wake.  I  appeal  to  you,  gentlemen,  to  uphold 
the  law-abiding  citizen  in  his  desire  in  this  country  to  work 
unmolested  when  he  has  the  right  to  work,  and  I  appeal  to  you 
to  give  him  the  right  to  appeal  to  the  law  for  the  protection 
which  is  his  due,  and  which  he  receives  under  present  condi- 
tions." 


Mr.  Samuel  Gompers,  President  of  the  American  Federation  of 
Labor,  followed  Mr.  Tryeffort,  when  the  following  colloquy  en- 
sued: 

Mr.  Gompers:  Before  Mr.  Tryeffort  leaves  I  would  like  to 
make  some  reference  to  the  remarks  that  he  has  submited  to  the 
committee. 

Mr.  Littlefield:     Is  that  the  gentleman  who  has  just  left? 

Mr.  Gompers:  Yes,  sir.  That  is  the  reason  that  I  mentioned 
his  name,  in  the  effort  to  attract  his  attention. 

The  Chairman:  He  has  just  gone  out.  We  have  not  any 
power   to   keep   him. 

Mr.  Gompers:  I  thought  that  I  might  attract  his  attention 
by  mentioning  his  name  rather  loudly.  The  burden  of  his  state- 
ment and  appeal  to  this  committee  was  to  maintain  existing  con- 
ditions. I  think  that  all  through  history  you  can  find  that 
same  appeal  and  plea  made  by  everyone  who  profited  by  the  un- 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  57 

just  conditions  which  obtained  at  that  time.  Those  who  profit 
by  injustice,  those  who  profit  by  mal-administraiion,  those  who 
profit  by  unjust  laws,  hose  who  profited  by  human  slavery,  in  all 
cases  and  in  all  ages  have  urged  those  in  whose  power  it  was 
to  make  a  change,  to  "maintain  the  existing  conditions."  It  has 
been  the  repudiation  of  such  claims  that  has  made  for  the  prog- 
ress of  the  world,  and  that  has  established  even  the  Republic  of 
our  country. 

I  should  have  liked  very  much  to  have  had  the  opportunity 
of  asking  Mr.  Iryeffort  to  which  law  he  referred  when  he  asked 
this  committee  to  maintain  the  present  law,  which  he  said  "has 
not  been  found  wanting,"  and  which  has  been  tound  to  accom- 
plish so  much. 

You  will  readily  understand,  Mr.  Chairman,  that  as  the  propo- 
nents of  the  bill,  of  the  propositions  before  you,  and  having  been 
required  to  advance  our  reasons  for  the  enactment  of  an  anti- 
injunction  law,  we  must  anticipate  that  which  will  be  urged 
against  our  contention,  and  we  have  good  reason  to  assume  that, 
largely,  that  which  will  be  said  has  already  been  said  in  some 
other  way  and  time,  and  I  doubt  whether,  except  that  we  may 
find  the  statements  couched  in  different  language,  they  will  not 
all  have  their  basis  upon  that  which  has  been  said  before,  that 
which  has  been  presented  before.  The  essence  of  the  question  has 
been  very  amply  set  forth  in  the  discussion  of  the  question  by  Mr. 
Furuseth,  who  has  addressed  you  this  morning.  I  should  say 
now  that  we — and  I  speak  as  a  representative  of  the  American 
Federation  of  Labor — are  not  in  favor  of  that  which  Mr.  Fuller 
has  called  the  Administration  bill. 

Mr.  Littlefield:  By  the  way,  Mr.  Gompers,  what  organizations 
do  you  yourself  represent  at  this  hearing,  and  for  whom  do  you 
speak? 

Mr,  Gompers:  The  American  Federation  of  Labor,  the  federa- 
tion of  the  organized  workmen  in  the  national  and  international 
trades  unions  other  than  those  represented  by  Mr,  Fuller, 

Mr.  Littlefield:  Mr.  Fuller's  organizations  are  not  federated 
with  yours? 

Mr.  Gompers:  They  are  not.  There  is  a  joint,  common  policy, 
but  they  are  not  alSiliated  to  the  American  Federation  of  Labor, 
as  are  nearly  all  the  other  international  trades  unions. 

Mr,  Littlefield :  That  is,  in  a  legal  sense  they  are  not  a  part  of 
your   body? 

Mr,  Gompers:     Yes;  so  far  as  we  are  a  law  unto  ourselves. 

Mr,  Littlefield:     Yes,  of  course, 

Mr,  Gompers:     But  it  is  not  a  law  of  the  country, 

Mr,  Littlefield:  Of  course.  But  is  the  organization  repre- 
sented by  Mr.  Furuseth  federated  with  your  organization? 

Mr.  Gompers:     Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  Littlefield:     They  all  oppose  H.  R.  9328? 

Mr.  Gompers:     Yes;  and  are  in  favor  of  the  Little  bill, 

Mr,  Littlefield:  I  simply  ask  this  as  a  general  question.  Do 
your  organizations  indorse  the  severe  restrictions  placed  upon  H. 
R.  9328  by  Mr.  Furuseth? 

Mr.  Gompers:  We  are  opposed  to  the  bill;  whether  in  the  ex- 
act language  of  Mr.  Furuseth  or  not  is  not  the  question. 

Mr.  Littlefield:     Yes. 

Mr.  Gompers:  But  we  are  apprehensive — yes,  sir— of  that  bill, 
and  we  have  grave  reasons  for  being  apprehensive. 

Mr.  Littlefield:  Mr.  Furuseth  had  some  very  vigorous  opin- 
ions. I  did  not  know  whether  you  entertained  or  shared  with 
him  in  those. 

Mr,   Gompers:     I   share  them  very  largely. 

Mr,   Littlefield:     Yes. 

Mr.  Gompers:  I  only  had  the  opportunity  of  casually  hearing 
them,  and  hence  I  am  not  in  a  position  to  say  whether  every  word 
In  what  Mr.  Furuseth  said  meets  my  indorsement. 

Mr.  Littlefield:    Oh,  yes;  of  course  not. 

Mr.  Gompers:    But  the  essence  of  it  meets  my  indorsement. 

Mr.  Littlefield:    Very  well. 


After  being  addressed  by  several  representatives  of  employers' 
associations,  Mr.  T.  C.  Spelling  addressed  the  committee,  the  fol- 
lowing colloquy  ensuing: 


J 


58  REl'UBJ.lCAN   CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

Mr.  Spelling:  Mr.  Chairman  and  gentlemen  of  the  committee, 
in  the  first  place  I  desire  to  offer  a  substitute  for  House  resolu- 
tions 4445  and  9328,  and  it  may  be  considered  a  substitute  for  all 
the  other  bills  before  the  committee  on  this  subject.  At  any  rate, 
1  propose  submitting  it  to-day  and  making  an  argument  in-eup- 
port  of  it  before  the  committee  as  a  definite  proposition  and 
programme  for  the  interests  which  I  represent — the  American 
Federation  of  Labor, 

The  Chairman:  Let  me  ask  you  if  in  your  argument  you  in- 
tend to  include  the  bills  introduced  by  Mr.  Gilbert,  of  Indiana, 
and  Mr.  Henry,  of  Texas,  those  bills  requiring  notice  before  the 
injunction  is  issued?  Do  you  intend  to  touch  upon  those  meas- 
ures? 

Mr.  Spelling:  I  shall  speaK  upon  what  the  Federation  of  Labor 
demands  and  seeks  in  legislation  before  Congress,  and  it  is  all 
embodied  in  the  bill  which  I  have  here. 

Mr.  Gillett:  This,  then,  is  a  substitute  for  the  Gilbert  bill  and 
the  Little  bill  or  any  other  bill  which  may  be  pending  here  re- 
ferring to  the  question  of  injunction? 

Mr.  Spelling:  Yes,  sir;  for  everything.  And  to  save  time  I 
might  as  well  read  it. 

Mr.  Spelling  here  read  the  substitute  bill  referred  to. 


On  a  subsequent  day  Mr,  Fuller  addressed  the  committee  as 
follows : 

The  Chairman:  It  may  be  a  little  irregular  for  us  to  go  ahead 
until  the  other  side  has  closed,  but,  as  I  have  expressed  myself 
before,  I  would  like  to  see  this  hearing  closed,  so  I  will  proceed, 

Mr,  Fuller:  I  wish  to  firsc  say  a  few  words  with  regard  to  the 
arguments  of  Brothers  Furuseth  and  Gompers  against  the  Gilbert 
bill,  and  I  regret  that  they  are  not  present, 

Mr.  Furuseth  says  it  is  an  arbitration  bill,  and,  as  I  under- 
stood him,  will  make  the  judge  the  arbitrator  in  all  labor  dis- 
pute in  which  an  injunction  is  asked.  I  do  not  agree  with  him  in 
this  opinion,  neither  am  I  able  to  strike  any  line  of  reasoning 
whereby  such  a  conclusion  is  justified.  This  bill  does  nothing 
more  and  nothing  less  than  to  require  that  hereafter  in  labor 
disputes  an  injunction  or  a  restraining  order  shall  not  be  issued 
without  giving  the  adverse  party  an  opportunity  to  be  heard, 
instead  of  issuing  them  ex  parte  as  heretofore.  It  gives  no  new 
authority  to  issue  such  writs,  for  it  is  expressly  provided  in  the 
bill  that  nothing  in  it  shall  be  held  to  authorize  the  issuing  of 
a  restraining  order  or  an  injunction  where  the  same  is  not  au- 
thorized by  existing  law. 

If  it  makes  a  judge  an  arbitrator  of  all  questions  in  a  labor 
dispute  simply  because  he  is  required  to  give  notice  before  he 
can  issue  an  injunction,  then  from  1793  to  1872  the  judges  were 
arbitrators  of  all  questions  in  every  dispute  in  which  either  a 
temporary  or  permanent  injunction  was  sought,  for  during  that 
period  of  seventy-nine  years  neither  a  temporary  nor  a  perma- 
nent injunction  could  be  issued  without  notice. 

If  the  judge  is  to  be  the  arbitrator  because  the  bill  applies  only 
to  labor  disputes,  then  he  must  now  be  the  arbitrator  of  all  ques- 
tions in  patent  cases,  for  there  is  a  law  giving  the  courts  the 
power  to  issue  injunctions  in  patent  cases  in  any  way  they  may 
think  proper.  If  he  is  to  be  the  arbitrator  because  the  bill  ap- 
plies only  to  labor  disputes,  then  how  about  the  Little  bill,  or 
the  Hoar-Grosvenor  bill,  which  we  all  favored.  They  apply  only 
to  labor  disputes. 

It  has  been  said  if  the  President  knew  the  effect  of  this  bill  and 
advocated  it,  he  was  no  friend  of  labor.  I  think  we  can  well  pre- 
sume that  the  President  of  the  United  States  knows,  or  at  least 
contemplates  the  effect  of  legislation  which  he  recommends  to 
Congress;  and  I  do  not  think  it  will  be  seriously  contended  that 
he  did  not  recommend  this  bill  in  his  last  message. 

As  to  the  friendship  of  Theodore  Roosevelt  for  labor,  I  think 
his  past  actions  speak  louder  than  words.  While  Police  Commis- 
sioner of  the  city  of  New  York  he  not  only  made  the  police  per- 
mit striking  workmen  to  picket,  but  he  also  required  them  to 
protect  them  in  that  right.  As  Governor  of  the  State  of  New 
York  he  recommended  labor  legislation  to  the  Legislature  of  that 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  Tfi3tT-B00K.  60 

State.  He  was  the  first  and  only  President  to  indorse  labor  or- 
ganizations in  a  message  to  Congress,  and  recommendations  Cor 
labor  legislation  have  occupied  prominent  places  and  filled  many 
pages  in  his  annual  messages  to  Congress  from  the  first  one  down 
to  the  present  session.  And  since  he  has  been  President  of  the 
United  States  the  White  House  doors  have  swung  as  freely  to  the 
repi-esentatives  of  labor  as  they  have  to  Mr.  J.  Pierpont  Morgan 
or  Mr.  A.  J.  Cassatt. 

Mr.  Spelling:  Will  you  allow  me  to  ask  you — I  want  to  get  the 
record  straight — whom  you  represent?  Do  you  represent  the 
Administration? 

Mr.  Fuller:    What  Administration  do  you  have  reference  to? 

Mr.  Spelling:    The  present  one.     Whom  do  you  represent? 

Mr.  Fuller:  I  represent  the  Brotherhood  of  Railroad  Trainmen, 
the  Order  of  Railway  Conductors,  the  Brotherhood  of  Locomotive 
Engineers,  and  the  Brotherhood  of  Locomotive  Firemen,  or,  1 
might  say,  I  am  trying  to  represent  them. 

Mr.  Spelling:    Who  are  the  ofiicers  of  the  trainmen? 

Mr.  Fuller:    Do  you  question  my  authority? 

Mr.  Spelling:     Well,  please 

Mr.  Fuller:  If  you  question  my  authority,  I  will  be  glad  to 
give  you  the  names. 

The  Chairman:  -If  you  do  not  desire  to  answer  the  question 
you  need  not  get  into  any  controversj^ 

Mr.  Fuller:  Mr.  Chairman,  I  will,  for  the  sake  of  making  the 
record  right,  submit  here  a  copy  of  my  credential  and  I  will  be 
glad  to  have  Mr.  Spelling  examine  this  paper.  It  bears  the  sig- 
natures of  the  executive  officers  of  the  organizations  I  represent. 
As  to  representing  the  Administration,  I  say  no,  I  represent  no 
one  except  these  men  whom  I  am  authorized  to  represent. 

The  credential  referred  to  was  submitted  by  Mr.  Fuller,  as 
follows: 

(Brotherhood  of  Locomotive  Engineers,  Brotherhood  of  Locomotive  Firemen, 
Order  of  Railway  Conductors,  Brotherhood  of  Railroad  Trainmen.) 

December  1,  1905. 
To  iDhom  these  presents  may  concern,  greeting: 

This  is  to  certify  that  the  bearer  hereof,  Mr.  H.  R.  Fuller, 
whose  signature  appears  below  has  been  duly  chosen  to  serve  as 
the  representative  of  the  above-named  organization  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C,  during  the  first  session  of  the  Fifty-ninth  Congress, 
in  matters  pertaining  to  national  legislation. 

W.  S.  Stone, 
Grand  Chief  Engineer,  B.  of  L.  E. 
John  J.  Hannahan, 
Grand  Master,  B.  of  L.  F. 
E.  E.  Clark, 
Grand  Chief  Conductor,  0.  of  R.  C. 

O.    H.    MORRISSEY, 

Grand  Master,  B.  of  R.  T. 

H.  R.  Fuller, 

Representative. 

Mr.  Spelling:    What  is  the  date  of  that? 

Mr.  Fuller:  I  am  simply  answering  the  statement  made  here 
with  regard  to  President  Roosevelt,  in  reference  to  the  action 
he  has  taken  in  regard  to  this  bill. 

Mr.  Spelling:     What  is  the  date  of  your  credential? 

Mr.  Fuller:     December  1,  1905. 

The  Chairman:    Go  ahead  with  your  argument. 

No  attempt  at  giving  any  argument  for  or  against  any  bill  is 
intended  in  the  presentation  of  the  foregoing  statements.  They 
simply  show  the  wide  divergence  of  views  among  labor  leaders 
and  emphasize  the  difficulty  of  framing  a  law  that  will  be  ac- 
ceptable to  all.  

"Labor  has  that  in  it  which  cannot  be  bought  and  sold.  The 
labor  of  man  is  civilization;  it  is  advancement;  it  is  the  up- 
ward trend  of  humanity.  ...  In  whatever  field  labor  may- 
be exercised,  it  is,  and  must  be,  the  grandest  material,  human 
force."— Senator  O.  H.  Piatt,  1888. 


6*  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

THE   PRESIDENT   AND   HALF   HOLIDAYS— THE   EIGHT- 
HOUR  LAW. 

Rtgarding  the  recent  executive  orders  concerning  half-holidays 
the  following  explanation  is  given  by  Secretary  Loeb: 

The  President  directed  that  half-holidays  should  be  given  to 
all  mechanics  and  laborers  in  the  public  service.  There  was  a 
question  whether  this  could  be  done  under  the  law;  but  as  it  was 
open  to  either  construction  the  President  directed  that  it  should 
be  done,  feeling  very  strongly  that  laborers  and  mechanics  who 
are  paid  per  diem  wages  should  receive  holidays  just  as  the 
clerks  and  others  who  receive  an  annual  salary,  and  the  Presi- 
dent accordingly  went  as  far  as  under  the  law  he  could  go  in 
giving  these  holidays. 

From  time  to  time  the  President  has  received  complaints  as  to 
the  non-observance  of  the  eight-hour  law;  but  the  complaints  were 
usually  very  indefinite;  and  moreover  there  was  utter  confusion 
as  to  where  the  responsibility  for  securing  the  observance  of  the 
law  really  rested.  On  March  21st  last  a  number  of  the  labor 
men  called  upon  the  President  and  reiterated  these  complaints. 
The  President  then  asked  them  to  give  specifications  at  their 
earliest  convenience  in  detail.  Some  time  elapsed  before  he  se- 
cured these  specifications.  He  then  turned  the  matter  over  to 
Commissioner  of  Labor  Neill  and  intrusted  him  to  examine  into 
the  charges  and  report  if  they  were  true  and  what  steps  if  any 
he  should  take  to  secure  the  thorough  enforcement  of  the  law. 
This  was  not,  strictly  speaking,  in  the  line  of  Commissioner 
Neill's  duties,  but  the  President  has  determined  that  it  was  neces- 
sary to  take  some  outside  man  who  was  in  sympathy  with  the 
law  and  practically  request  him  to  supervise  its  execution.  On 
Commissioner  Neill's  report  the  President  not  only  directed 
action  to  be  taken  by  the  District  Attorney  in  a  case  upon  which 
most  stress  was  laid — that  of  the  Charleston  Navy  Yard;  but  also 
instructed  all  the  Departments  to  see  to  it  that  the  law  was  ob- 
served in  spirit  as  well  as  in  letter.  Most  of  the  complaints  re- 
lated to  the  observance  of  the  law  in  the  War  and  Navy  Depart- 
ments; and  under  the  President's  instructions  the  following 
proclamations  were  issued  in  these  two  Departments.  This  law 
it  is  now  being  absolutely  enforce^. 


Executive  Order. 

It  is  hereby  ordered  that  on  Saturdays  during  July,  August  and 
September,  until  further  notice,  four  hours,  exclusive  of  time  for 
luncheon,  shall  constitute  a  day's  work  for  skilled  mechanics, 
laborers,  and  employees  in  the  Classified  Civil  Service  at  the 
Government  Printing  Office,  Washington:  Provided,  that  if  any 
skilled  mechanic,  laborer  or  employee  in  the  Classified  Civil  Ser- 
vice shall  work  more  than  four  hours  on  any  Saturday  during  the 
months  aforesaid,  he  shall  be  paid  for  such  extra  work  at  the 
rate  of  fifty  per  centum  more  than  his  regular  and  normal  com- 
pensation and  no  more. 

Theodore  Roosevelt. 

The  White  House,  June  23,  1906. 


Executive  Order. 

It  is  hereby  ordered  that  on  Saturdays  during  July,  August  and 
September,  until  further  notice,  four  hours,  exclusive  of  time  for 
luncheon,  shall  constitute  a  day's  work  for  skilled  mechanics  and 
laborers,  and  employees  in  the  classified  civil  service,  at  all  navy 
yards  and  naval  stations  of  the  United  States:  Provided,  that  if 
any  skilled  mechanic  or  laborer  shall  work  more  than  four  hours 
on  any  Saturday  during  the  months  aforesaid,  he  shall  be  paid 
for  such  extra  v/ork  at  the  rate  of  fifty  per  centum  in  addition  to 
his  regular  and  normal  compensation  and  no  more. 

TiiEODOKE  Roosevelt. 

The  White  House,  June  25,  1906. 


nKPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  61 

Executive  Order. 

It  is  hereby  ordered  that  on  Saturdays  during  July,  August  and 
September,  until  further  notice,  four  hours,  exclusive  of  time  for 
luncheon,  shall  constitute  a  day's  work  for  mechanics,  laborers 
and  other  employees  in  the  civil  service  at  the  manufacturing 
and  supply  arsenals  and  depots  under  the  War  Department,  and 
in  the  offices  of  the  division  and  department  commanders  and  of 
the  various  staff  officers  at  military  divisions  and  department 
headquarters  of  the  army  in  the  United  States. 

Theodore  Roosevelt. 

The  White  House,  June  29,  1906. 

Executive  Order. 

It  is  hereby  ordered  that  on  Saturdays  during  July,  August  and 
September,  until  further  notice,  four  hours,  exclusive  of  time  for 
luncheon,  shall  constitute  a  day's  work  for  mechanics,  laborers 
and  other  employees  in  the  service  of  the  Engineer  Department 
at  Large  of  the  War  Department. 

Theodore  Roosfvelt. 

The  White  House,  July  24,  1906. 

Executive  Order. 

Hereafter  all  employees  of  the  Office  of  Public  Buildings  and 
Grounds,  except  the  Park  Police,  shall  be  entitled  to  the  usual 
half  holiday  on  Saturday  during  the  months  of  July,  August  and 
September,  for  which  all  the  annual  employees  shall  be  paid. 
The  temporary  employees  shall  be  paid  for  the  half  holidays  in 
each  month  provided  they  have  worked  continuously  during  that 
month  since  their  employment  or  have  been  laid  off  through  no 
fault  of  their  own. 

Theodore  Roosevelt. 

The  White  House,  July  24,  190G. 


July  14,  1906. 
Memorandum  for  the  Chief  of  Engineers: 

It  has  been  brought  to  the  attention  of  the  Secretary  of  War 
that,  under  an  opinion  of  the  Attorney-General,  in  which  it  was 
held  that  it  was  the  duty  of  contractors  with  the  Government  to 
obey  the  law  with  reference  to  the  eight-hour  a  day  provision, 
and  that  it  was  not  the  peculiar  responsibility  of  the  War  De- 
partment to  see  to  it  that  contractors  obey  the  law,  it  has  been 
customary  for  the  officers  of  the  engineer  department  and  sub- 
ordinate engineers  to  ignore  altogether  the  question  whether 
Government  contractors  are  obeying  the  law  in  this  respect  or 
not.  No  matter  what  the  opinion  of  the  Attorney-General  is  in 
regard  to  the  question  where  the  technical  responsibility  for  the 
violation  of  the  law  falls,  it  is  the  opinion  of  the  President,  In 
which  I  concur,  that  it  is  the  duty  of  the  officers  of  this  Depart- 
ment, in  respect  to  Government  contracts  which  are  performed 
under  their  supervision,  and  for  the  performance  of  which  they 
are  responsible,  to  use  the  powers  they  have  to  prevent  viola- 
tions of  law,  and  especially  the  federal  law,  by  the  contractors  in 
the  v/ork  which  comes  under  their  supervision. 

The  Chief  of  Engineers  is,  therefore,  directed  to  require  his 
subordinates  to  report  to  him  the  cases  in  which  laborers  and 
mechanics  upon  Government  work  have  been  within  the  last  two 
years  required  to  work  more  than  eight  hours  a  day,  and,  if  so, 
under  what  emergency,  if  any,  this  work  was  performed.  It  is  of 
course  unnecessary  to  say  that  a  personal  opinion  as  to  th3  wis- 
dom of  the  law  can  have  no  bearing  at  all  upon  the  question  of 
its  enforcement,  or  of  the  duty  of  those  who  come  into  contact 
with  its  violation  being  officers  of  the  Government,  to  make  a 
full  report  of  such  violations  to  their  superiors  for  such  action 
as  may  be  deemed  wise. 

The  Chief  of  Engineers  will  report  to  the  Secretary  of  War 
the  result  of  his  investigations  from  time  to  time  as  they  are 
returned. 


02  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOI^. 

In  all  specifications  hereafter  the  especial  attention  of  ihe  con- 
tractors must  be  called  to  the  eight-hour  act,  in  or-.ler  that  they 
may  be  advised  toat  should  they  fail  to  comply  they  v>'ill  be  re- 
ported by  the  otru-ers  of  this  Department  for  such  action  as  the 
Department  of  Justice  may  deem  it  proper  to  take. 

Wm.  H.  Taft, 
Secretary  of  War. 

NAVY  DEPARTMENT, 

Washiisoton,  July  17,  1906. 
{Memorandum.) 
To  the  Chiefs  of  all  Bureaus,  the  Commandant  of  the  Marine 

Corps,  and  the  Superintendent  of  the  Naval  Academy: 

It  has  been  customary  for  the  naval  inspectors  of  work  done 
under  public  contracts,  acting  in  accordance  with  the  Depart- 
ment's instructions  or  approval,  to  ignore  altogether  the  ques- 
tion whether  Government  contractors  were  obeying  the  law  with 
reference  to  the  eight-hour  a  day  provision,  it  being  the  Depart- 
ment's attitude  that  it  was  the  duty  of  contractors  with  the  Gov- 
ernment to  obey  the  law  and  not  the  peculiar  responsibility  of 
the  Department  to  see  to  it  that  they  did  so.  The  Attorney- 
General  rendered  an  opinion  to  the  Secretary  of  War  on  this 
general  subject  in  which  a  similar  view  was  held,  but,  without 
regard  to  previous  holdings  as  to  where  the  technical  responsi- 
bility of  the  violation  of  the  law  fails,  it  is  the  opinion  of  the 
President,  in  which  the  Department  concurs,  that  it  is  the  duty 
of  the  officers  of  the  Government,  with  respect  to  public  contracts 
that  are  performed  under  their  supervision  and  for  the  per- 
formance of  which  they  are  responsible,  to  use  the  powers  they 
have  to  prevent  violations  of  the  law,  and  especially  the  Federal 
law,  by  the  contractors  in  the  work  that  comes  under  their  super- 
vision. 

The  Chiefs  of  Bureaus,  the  Commandant  of  the  Marine  Corps, 
and  the  Superintendent  of  the  Naval  Academy  are,  therefore, 
directed  to  require  their  inspectors  to  report  the  cases  in  which 
laborers  and  mechanics  upon  any  Government  work  within  the 
purview  of  the  act  of  August  1,  1892,  have  been,  within  the  last 
two  years,  required  to  work  more  than  eight  hours  a  day,  and 
if  so,  under  what  emergency,  if  any,  this  work  was  performed. 
It  is  of  course  unnecessary  to  say  that  a  personal  opinion  as  to 
the  wisdom  of  this  law  can  have  no  bearing  at  all  upon  the 
question  of  its  enforcement,  or  of  the  duty  of  those  who  come  in 
contact  with  its  violation,  being  officers  of  the  Government,  to 
make  full  report  of  such  violations  to  their  superiors  for  such 
action  as  may  be  deemed  wise. 

The  Chiefs  of  the  Bureaus  will  report  to  the  Department  the 
result  of  their  investigations  from  time  to  time,  as  they  are 
returned. 

In  all  specifications  hereafter  for  work  within  the  purview  of 
that  act,  the  especial  attention  of  the  contractors  must  be  called 
to  the  eight-hour  act,  in  order  that  they  may  be  advised  that 
should  they  fail  to  comply  they  will  be  reported  by  the  officers 
of  this  Department  for  such  action  as  the  Department  of  Justice 
may  deem  proper  to  take. 

(Signed)  Truman  H.  Newberry, 

Acting  Secretary. 

If  I  were  to  name  the  order  in  which  the  different  classes 
are  interested  in  the  maintenance  of  a  protective  tariff,  I  would 
say,  first,  the  laborers  everywhere,  in  whatever  field  they  wipe 
the  sweat  fr.m  their  brow — more  than  any  manufacturers  are 
the  wage-receiving  men  of  this  country  interested  in  its 
preservation.  The  blow  hits  them  first,  and  it  may  as  well  be 
understood,  and  they  are  coming*  to  understand  it  all  over  the 
land.  First,  the  men  who  work  in  manufactories,  the  artisans, 
are  hit;  next,  agriculturists  and  the  men  who  work  on  farms; 
next,  manufacturers  in  other  sections  of  the  country  where 
they  are  not  as  well  established  and  where  the  industries 
may  indeed  be  said  even  now  to  be  infant  industries;  next, 
those  engaged  in  transportation;  next,  those  engaged  in  mer-j 
chandise.— O.  H.  Piatt,  U.  S.  Senate,  Feb.  6,  1888.  ■ 


REPUBLICAN   CAMPAIGN   TEXT-BOOK.  63 

REMARKS  OF  PRESIDENT  ROOSEVELT  TO  THE  EXECU- 
TIVE COUNCIL  OF  THE  AMERICAN  FEDERATION  OF 
LABOR  AND  THE  REPRESENTATIVES  OF  LABOR  AS- 
SOCIATED WITH  THEM,  AT  THE  EXECUTIVE  OFFICE, 
MARCH  21,   1906. 

Mr.  Gompers:  If  your  body  objects  to  the  passage  of  the  pro- 
posed anti-injunction  bill  I  have  no  question  that  you  can  stop  it, 
for  there  is  not  a  capitalist  concerned  who  simply  as  a  capitalist 
is  not  against  it;  though  I  believe  that  a  goodly  number  both  of 
capitalists  and  wageworkers  who  are  concerned  primarily  as  citi- 
zens, favor  it.  The  law  was  worked  over  and  substantially 
Avhipped  into  its  present  shape  at  a  number  of  conferences  be- 
tween representatives  of  the  railroad  organizations,  of  the  De- 
partment of  Justice,  and  of  the  Bureau  of  Corporations,  with 
me.  It  goes  as  far  as  I  personally  think  it  should  go,  in  limit- 
ing the  right  of  injunction;  at  any  rate  no  arguments  have  hith- 
erto been  advanced  which  make  me  think  it  should  go  farther. 
I  do  not  believe  it  has  any  chance  of  passing  because  there  has 
been  great  criticism  in  both  houses  of  Congress  against  the  at- 
titude of  the  administration  in  going  so  far  as  we  have  gone; 
and  if  you  think  it  is  not  far  enough,  why  you  will  have  no 
earthly  difficulty  in  killing  the  bill.  Personally,  I  think  the  pro- 
posed law,  a  most  admirable  one,  and  I  very  sincerely  wish  it 
would  be  put  through.  As  for  the  right  of  injunction,  it  is  ab- 
solutely necessary  to  have  this  power  lodged  in  the  courts; 
though  of  course  any  abuse  of  the  power  is  strongly  to  be  repro- 
bated. During  the  four  and  a  half  years  that  I  have  been 
President  I  do  not  remember  an  instance  where  the  Government 
has  invoked  the  right  of  injunction  against  a  combination  of 
laborers.  We  have  invoked  it  certainly  a  score  of  times  against 
combinations  of  capital;  I  think  possibly  oftener.  Thus,  though 
we  have  secured  the  issuance  of  injunctions  in  a  number  of  cases 
against  capitalistic  combinations,  it  has  happened  that  we  have 
never  tried  to  secure  an  injunction  against  a  combination  of 
labor.  But,  understand  me,  gentleinen,  if  I  ever  thought  it 
necessary,  if  I  thought  a  combination  of  laborers  were  doing 
wrong,  I  would  apply  for  an  injunction  against  them  just  as 
quick  as  against  so  many  capitalists. 

Now  I  come  to  the  general  subject  of  your  petition.  I  wish  in 
the  first  place  to  state  my  regret  that  you  did  not  divorce  so 
much  of  the  petition  as  refers  to  the  action  of  the  executive  from 
so  much  as  refers  to  the  action  of  the  legislative  branch,  be- 
cause I  cannot  consider  any  petition  that  you  make  that  reflects 
upon  the  co-ordinate  branch  of  the  Government,  or  that  makes 
any  charges  whatever  against  it.  I  would  not  even  receive  it 
save  for  the  fact  that  in  part  it  affects  the  executive.  Therefore 
in  what  I  have  to  say  I  shall  limit  myself  solely  to  what  you 
assert  in  reference  to  the  acts  of  the  executive. 

You  speak  of  the  eight-hour  law.  Your  criticism,  so  far  as 
it  relates  to  the  executive,  bears  upon  the  signature  of  the  ap- 
propriation bill  containing  the  money  for  expenditures  of  the 
Panam.a  Canal,  with  the  proviso  that  the  eight-hour  law  shall  not 
there  apply.  If  your  statem.ent  is  intended  to  mean  that  no  op- 
portunity was  given  for  a  hearing  before  me,  then  the  statement 
is  not  in  accordance  with  the  facts.  There  was  ample  oppor- 
tunity that  any  one  could,  but  not  a  single  request  for  such  a 
hearing  came  to  me.  I  received,  however,  some  hundreds  of  tele- 
grams and  letters  requesting  the  veto  of  the  entire  appropriation 
bill,  because  it  contained  that  proviso.  Frankly,  I  found  it  diffi- 
cult to  believe  that  you  were  writing  and  telegraphing  with  any 
kind  of  knowledge  of  the  conditions  in  the  case.  I  believe  em- 
phatically in  the  eight-hour  law  for  our  own  people  in  our  own 
country.  But  the  conditions  of  labor,  such  as  we  have  to  work 
with  in  the  tropics,  are  so  absolutely  different,  that  there  is  no  pos- 
sible analogy  between  them  and  an  eight-hour  law  for  the  Panama 
Canal  is  an  absurdity.  Every  one  of  you  knows  that  we  cannot 
get  white  labor,  cannot  get  labor  of  the  United  States,  to  go 
down  to  Panama  and  work.  We  are  driven  to  extremities  in  the 
effort  to  get  any  kind  of  labor  at  all.  Just  at  the  moment  we 
are  working  chiefly  with  negro  labor  from  the  West  Indies.  The 
usual  result  in  the  employment  of  those  men  is  that  Monday  and 


6^  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

Tuesday  they  work  fairly  well,  Wednesday  and  Thursday  there 
is  a  marked  lallmg  ofl,  and  by  Friday  and  Saturday  not  more  than 
a  half,  sometimes  less  than  a  fourth,  of  the  laborers  will  be  at 
work.  The  conditions  tnat  make  the  eight-hour  law  proper  here 
have  no  possible  reference  to  the  conditions  that  make  the  eight- 
hour  law  entirely  improper  there.  Tne  conditions  are  so  utterly 
difiLerent  on  the  Isthmus  as  compared  to  here,  that  it  is  impos- 
sible to  try  to  draw  conclusions  affecting  the  one  from  what  is 
true  about  the  other.  You  hamper  me  in  the  effort  to  get  for  you 
what  I  think  you  ought  to  have  in  connection  with  the  eight-hour 
law,  when  you  make  a  request  that  is  indefensible,  and  to  grant 
which  would  mean  indefinite  delay  and  injury  to  the  work  on 
the  Isthmus. 

As  to  the  violations  of  the  eight-hour  law,  Mr.  Morrison,  you 
give  me  no  specifications.  At  your  earliest  convenience  please 
lay  before  me  in  detail  any  complaints  you  have  of  violations  of 
the  eight-hour  law.  Where  I  have  power  I  will  see  that  the  law 
is  obeyed.  All  I  ask  is  that  you  give  me  the  cases.  I  will  take 
them  up,  and  if  they  prove  to  be  sustained  by  the  facts,  I  shall 
see  that  the  law  is  enforced. 

Now,  about  the  Chinese  exclusion.  The  number  of  Chinese 
now  in  this  country  is,  if  I  remember  aright,  some  sixty  or  sev- 
enty thousand.  So  far  from  there  being  a  great  influx  of  Chinese, 
the  fact  is  that  the  number  has  steadily  decreased.  There  are 
fewer  Chinese  than  there  were  ten  years  ago,  fewer  than  there 
were  twenty  years  ago,  fewer  than  there  were  thirty  years  ago. 
Unquestionably  some  scores  of  cases  occur  each  year  where  Chi- 
nese laborers  get  in  either  by  being  smuggled  over  the  Mexican 
and  Canadian  borders,  or  by  coming  in  under  false  certificates; 
but  the  steps  that  we  have  taken,  the  changes  in  the  consuls  that 
have  been  made  wnthin  the  last  few  years  in  the  Orient,  and  the 
effort  to  conduct  examinations  in  China  before  the  immigrants 
are  allowed  to  come  here,  are  materially  reducing  even  the  small 
number  of  cases  that  do  occur.  But  even  as  it  is,  the  number  of 
these  cases  is  insignificant.  There  is  no  appreciable  influx  of 
Chinese  laborers,  and  there  is  not  the  slightest  or  most  remote 
danger  of  any;  the  whole  scare  that  has  been  worked  up  on  the 
subject  is  a  pure  chimera.  It  is  my  deep  conviction  that  we  must 
keep  out  of  this  country  every  Chinese  laborer,  skilled  or  un- 
skilled— every  Chinaman  of  the  coolie  class.  This  is  what  the 
proposed  law  will  do;  it  will  be  done  as  effectively  as  under  the 
present  law;  and  the  present  law  is  being  handled  with  the  ut- 
most efficiency.  But  I  will  do  everything  m  my  power  to  make  it 
easy  and  desirable  for  the  Chinese  of  the  business  and  profes- 
sional classes,  the  Chinese  travelers  and  students,  to  come  here, 
and  I  will  do  all  I  can  to  secure  tneir  good  treatment  when  they 
come;  and  no  laboring  man  has  anything  whatever  to  fear  from 
that  policy.  I  have  a  right  to  challenge  you  as  good  American 
citizens  to  support  that  policy;  and  in  any  event  I  shall  stand 
unflinchingly  for  it;  and  no  man  can  say  with  sincerity  that  on 
this,  or  indeed  on  any  other  point,  he  has  any  excuse  for  misun- 
derstanding my  policy. 

You  have  spoken  of  the  immigration  laws,  I  believe  not  merely 
that  all  possible  steps  should  be  taken  to  prevent  the  importa- 
tion of  laborers  under  any  form,  but  I  believe  further  that  this 
country  ought  to  make  a  resolute  effort  from  now  on  to  prevent 
the  coming  to  the  country  of  men  with  a  standard  of  living  so 
low  that  they  tend,  by  entering  into  unfair  competition  with,  to 
reduce  the  standard  of  living  of  our  own  people.  Not  one  of 
you  can  go  further  than  I  will  go  in  the  effort  steadily  to  raise 
the  status  of  the  American  wage  worker,  so  long  as,  while  doing 
it,  I  can  retain  a  clear  conscience  and  the  certainty  that  I  am 
doing  what  is  right.  I  will  do  all  in  my  power  for  the  laboring 
man  except  to  do  what  is  wrong;  and  I  will  not  do  that  for  him 
or  for  any  one  else. 

We  must  not  let  our  natural  sentiment  for  succoring  the  o}>- 
pressed  and  unfortunate  of  other  lands  lead  us  into  that  warped 
moral  and  mental  attitude  of  trying  to  succor  them  at  the  ex- 
pense of  pulling  down  our  own  people.  Laws  should  be  enacted 
to  keep  out  all  immigrants  who  do  not  show  that  they  have  the 
right  stuff  In  them  to  enter  into  our  life  on  terms  of  decent 
equality  with  our  own  citizens.    This  is  needed  first  in  the  in- 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  65 

;erest  of  the  laboring  man,  but  furthermore  in  the  interests  of 
ill  of  us  as  American  citizens;  for,  gentlemen,  the  bonds  that 
mite  all  good  American  citizens  are  stronger  by  far  than  the  dif- 
ferences, which  I  think  you  accentuate  altogether  too  much,  be- 
:ween  the  men  who  do  one  kind  of  labor  and  the  men  who  do 
mother.  As  for  immigrants,  we  cannot  have  too  many  of  the 
right  kind;  and  we  should  have  none  at  all  of  the  wrong  kind; 
md  they  are  of  the  right  kind  if  we  can  be  fairly  sure  that  their 
3hildren  and  grandchildren  can  meet  on  terms  of  equality  our 
2hildren  and  grandchildren,  so  as  to  try  to  be  decent  citizens 
together  and  to  work  together  for  the  uplifting  of  the  Republic. 

Now  a  word  as  to  the  petitioning  of  employees  to  Congress. 
That  stands  in  no  shape  or  way  on  a  par  with  the  petitioning  of 
men  not  employed  by  the  Government.  I  cannot  have  and  will 
Qot  have  when  I  can  prevent  it  men  who  are  concerned  in  the 
administration  of  Government  affairs  going  to  Conp-ress  and  ask- 
ing for  increased  pay,  without  the  permission  of  the  heads  of  the 
Departments.  Their  business  is  to  come  througn  the  heads  of 
Departments.  This  applies  to  postmasters,  to  army  and  navy 
officers,  to  clerks  in  the  Government  departments,  to  laborers;  it 
applies  to  each  and  all,  and  must  apply,  as  a  matter  of  simple 
discipline. 


WAGES,  THE  DOLLAB  LEFT  OVER. 

Out  of  our  85,000,000  of  population,  35,000,000  are  wage 
earners.  If  they  should  receive  the  compensation  of  ^1  per 
day,  the  money  thus  earned  would  add  to  the  daily  circula- 
tion of  our  country  ^35,000,000.  If,  by  reason  of  protective 
leg'islation,  they  should  receive  $2  per  day,  then  we  have 
$70,000,000  in  circulation  instead  of  $35,000,000,  and  a  like 
ratio  of  increase  in  wages  will  increase  the  amount  of  money 
placed  daily  in  circulation,  for  money  is  the  basis  upon  which 
!all  wealth  is  accumulated.  The  margin  of  each  day's  busi- 
ness is  the  possibility  of  gain.  The  greater  the  volume  the 
greater  the  possibility  of  a  margin.  Truly,  Wendell  Phillips 
[Uttered  something  worthy  of  more  than  passing  notice  when 
he  said:  ''It  is  the  dollar  left  on  Saturday  evening,  after  all 
the  bills  are  paid,  that  means  education,  independence,  self- 
respect,  manhood.  It  increases  the  value  of  every  acre  nearby, 
fills  the  town  with  dwellings,  opens  public  libraries  and  crowds 
them,  dots  the  continent  with  cities  and  cobwebs  it  with  rail- 
ways. The  one  remaining  dollar  insures  progress  and  guaran- 
tees millions  to  its  owner.'' 


SMITTEN  WITH  THE  LOVE  OF  PEACE. 

(San  Francisco,  May  1,  1892,  Chamber  Commerce  Reception.) 

We  will  pursue  the  paths  of  peace;  we  are  not  a  warlike 
nation;  all  our  instincts,  all  our  history  is  in  the  lines  of 
peace.  Only  intolerable  aggression,  only  the  peril  of  our  in- 
stitutions— of  the  flag — can  thoroughly  arouse  us.  With  capa- 
bility for  war  on  land  and  on  sea  unexcelled  by  any  nation  in 
the  world,  we  are  smitten  with  the  love  of  peace.  We  would 
promote  the  peace  of  this  hemisphere  by  placing  judiciously 
some  large  guns  about  the  Golden  Gate — simply  for  saluting 
purposes,  and  yet  they  should  be  of  the  best  modern  type.— 
Benjamin  Harrison. 


IMMIGRATION. 

(From  President  McKinley's  Letter  of  Acceptance.) 

"While  we  adhere  to  the  public  policy  under  which  our 
country  has  received  great  bodies  of  honest,  industrious  citi- 
zens, who  have  added  to  the  wealth,  progress  and  power  of 
the  country,  and  while  we  welcome  to  our  shores  the  well- 
disposed  and  industrious  immigrant,  who  contributes  by  his 
energy  and  intelligence  to  the  cause  of  free  government,  we 
v/ant  no  immigrants  who  do  not  seek  our  shpres  to  become 
citizens." 


Anti-Trust   Proceedings. 

Speech  of  Hon.  James  E.   Watson,   of   Indiana,  in  House  of 
Bepresentatives,   June  27,    1906. 

Mr.  Watson:  Mr.  Chairman,  I  desire  to  speak  of  the  beef-trust 
proceedings.  In  general  interest  these  proceedings  are  of  the 
most  importance.  They  were  concerned  with  obtaining  for  the 
people  an  article  of  prime  necessity  at  a  reasonable  price.  The 
proceedings  were  begun  by  bill  in  equity,  the  object  being  to 
have  the  defendants.  Swift  &  Co.,  Armour  &  Co.,  and  a  number 
of  corporations,  firms,  and  individuals,  restrained  by  order  of  the 
court  from  continuing  their  illegal  combination. 

The  following  characterization  of  the  means  used  by  the  de- 
fendants in  carrying  out  and  making  effective  their  alleged  un- 
lawful practices  is  found  in  the  Attorney-General's  argument  in 
the  Supreme  Court: 

Controlling  60  i>er  cent  of  the  fresh-meat  industry  of  this  country, 
they  sit  down  in  their  pacliing  houses  and  counting  rooms,  and,  with 
the  aid  of  the  telegraph  and  telephone,  through  the  instrumentality  of 
countless  agents  and  attorneys  spread  throughout  the  country,  clothing 
their  transactions  and  scattering  their  misconduct  by  ciphers  and  secret 
codes,  lower  and  raise  prices  at  will,  and  when  lowered  or  raised  flx 
and  maintain  absolutely  the  price  of  every  potind  of  one  of  the  great 
necessities  of  life  as  it  comes  to  our  households. 

In  the  bill  it  was  alleged,  in  eiTect,  that  the  defendants  by 
means  of  an  illegal  combination  were  perpetrating  fraud  on  all 
the  people  by  exercising  their  power  to  unduly  raise  the  price  of 
dressed  beef;  that  they  were  oppressing  and  grievously  injuring 
the  farmer  by  forcing  him  to  sell  his  live  stock  at  prices  un- 
profitable to  him;  by  issuing  instructions  to  their  agents  not  to 
compete  in  bidding  after  prices  had  been  unduly  bid  up  at 
various  points  and  the  owners  of  live  stock  had  been  induced  to 
make  large  shipments  to  those  points,  and  that  independent  pack- 
ers were  being  forced  to  the  wall  by  the  lowering  of  prices  where 
competition  was  keen,  the  losses  there  being  recouped  by  arbi- 
trarily raising  prices  where  the  field  had  been  conquered. 

These  statements  have  never  been  denied  in  court  by  the  pack- 
ers. They  refused  to  file  a  sworn  answer  to  the  bill  after  the 
lower  court  had  overruled  points  of  law  raised  by  demurrer  and 
appeal  to  the  Supreme  Court  on  those  questions  and  after  an  in- 
junction had  issued  against  them  in  that  court.  They  were  rep- 
resented by  able  counsel  and  the  Government  by  the  Attorney- 
General. 

Twenty-three  days  after  the  argument  was  concluded  the  court 
unanimously  sustained  the  Government's  contentions,  and  the 
defendants  were  directed  to  cease  their  unlawful  practices. 

Thereafter  it  came  to  the  Attorney-General's  attention  that  the 
mandate  of  the  court  was  not  being  obeyed.  An  investigation 
was  ordered,  the  evidence  collected.  It  was  placed  before  the 
Federal  grand  jury,  and  after  a  patient  and  a  fair  examination  an 
indictment  was  presented  at  Chicago  charging  Armour  &  Co., 
Swift,  and  a  number  of  individuals  and  corporations  engaged  in 
the  packing  business  with  violations  of  the  anti-trust  law. 

Meantime  the  Bureau  of  Corporations  had  been  making  an  in- 
vestigation, by  direction  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  con- 
tained in  the  so-called  "Martin  resolution,"  into  "the  unusually 
large  margins  between  the  price  of  beef  cattle  and  the  selling 
price  of  fresh  beef."  The  Commissioner  of  Corporations  made, 
the  investigation  and  a  report,  which  was  published.  In  so, 
doing  he  was  furnished  information  by  packers  and  was  given, 
access  to  their  books,  except  that  no  information  was  given  to 
him  as  to  the  existence  of  rebates,  the  affairs  of  the  National 
Packing  Company,  or  the  results  of  the  selling  and  shipping 
business.  He  summoned  no  witnesses  by  subpoena  or  otherwise, 
and  at  the  argument  it  was  admitted  that  he  made  no  promises 
of  immunity. 

The  packers,  although  they  plead  not  guilty,  were  strangely 
averse   (as  they  had  been  in  the  proceeding  by  a  bill  in  equity) 

66 


I  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  67 

D  any  hearing  upon  the  merits.  They  filed  pleas  attacking  the 
onstitution  of  the  grand  jury,  the  jurisdiction  of  the  court,  and 
I  emurrers  to  the  indictments,  which  were  severally  overruled, 
rhen  they  filed  what  have  been  called  "immunity  pleas."  In 
ther  words,  they  claimed  that  they  had  received  a  pardon  by 
,  irtue  of  the  provision  of  law  which  gave  to  them  all  the  im- 
lunities  conferred  by  the  act  of  1893,  amending  the  interstate 
ommerce  act,  which  amendment  applied  to  all  witnesses  sum- 
loned  in  pursuance  of  the  law  under  which  the  proceedings  were 
ndertaken. 

They  contended  that  although  they  had  not  been  subjected  to 
estimonial  compulsion — that  is,  brought  before  the  Commissioner 
y  subpoena  and  placed  under  oath — and  had  not  furnished  any 
Qcriminating  evidence,  and  although  the  Department  of  Justice 
ad  not  used  any  of  the  evidence  collected  by  the  Commissioner 
f  Corporations,  yet  they  acted  under  compulsion  in  law,  be- 
ause  the  Commissioner  had  been  directed  to  investigate  them 
nd  had  authority,  under  the  foregoing  law,  to  compel  them  to 
estify  and  produce   documentary  evidence. 

The  "immunity  pleas"  were  sustained  as  to  the  individual 
lackers,  and  they  were  discharged.  The  pleas  were  overruled 
s  to  the  defendant  corporations  on  the  authority  of  very  recent 
ecisions  by  the  Supreme  Court  in  the  Paper  Trust  and  Tobacco 
rrust  cases  hereafter  noticed. 

The  Government  also  brought  suits  against  several  packing 
ompanies  of  Kansas  City,  the  Burlington  Railroad  Company, 
nd  two  individual  defendants  for  making  and  accepting  rebates, 
i^'he  outcome  of  the  litigation  was  the  imposition  of  a  fine  of 
15,000  each  against  the  packing  and  railroad  companies  and 
16,000  and  $4,000,  together  with  imprisonment  for  four  and  three 
aonths,  respectively. 


The  Paper  Trust  Case. 

This  was  a  bill  in  equity  against  the  General  Paper  Company 
md  some  two  score  independent  paper  manufacturing  companies, 
ocated  in  the  States  of  Wisconsin,  Minnesota  and  Michigan, 
vhere  they  manufactured  substantially  the  sole  supply  of  news 
)rint  and  fiber  paper  for  the  district  west  of  Chicago  and  east 
jf  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  defendants  raised,  in  the  lower 
•ourt.  some  very  important  questions  relative  to  the  rights  of 
vitnesses  under  the  constitutional  provision  that  "no  person 
<  *  *  *  shall  be  compelled  *  *  *  to  be  a  witness  against 
limself." 

The  point  and  force  of  the  decision  of  these  questions  will  be 
5tated  in  the  reference  to  the  Tobacco  Trust  case,  next  succeed- 
ng,  for  these  cases  were  argued  together  and  the  latter  contains 
ill  the  important  points  decided  in  this. 

The  Supreme  Court  overruled  the  defendants'  contentions, 
rhis  decision  practically  disposed  of  the  Paper  Trust's  defense, 
or  there  was  none  on  the  merits,  and  it  submitted  without  fur- 
her  proceedings.  The  trust  is  now  dissolved;  the  benefits  of 
ree  competition  are  being  received,  and  it  is  reported,  on  relia- 
)le  authority,  that  news  print  and  fiber  paper  are  now  being 
;upplied  to  the  consumer  at  the  substantial  reduction  of  30  per 
!ent. 


The  Tobacco  Trust  Cases. 

These  grew  out  of  an  investigation  by  a  Federal  grand  jury, 
itting  for  the  southern  district  of  New  York,  of  the  American 
tobacco  Company  and  the  MacAndrews  &  Forbes  Company.  Wit- 
lesses  were  summoned  to  testify  to  their  knowledge  of  any  facts 
ending  to  show  that  these  companies  were  violating  the  anti- 
rust  laws.  Subpoena  duces  tecum  were  served  upon  officers  of 
ach  company,  directing  them  to  produce  papers  and  other  docu- 
Itientary  evidence  belonging  to  the  corporations,  and  those  officers 
jefused.  They  were  adjudged  in  contempt  of  court,  and  they  ap- 
lealed  to  the  Supreme  Court.  The  questions  taken  to  th6  Su- 
•reme  Court  and  decided  in  favor  of  the  Government  were: 


G8  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

First.  That  a  corporation  which  could  not  testify,  or  as  a  wit 
nosa  produce  papers,  is  not  within  tlie  terms  of  the  immunity  act 
of  iyo3,  which  is  In  almost  tlie  exact  language  of  the  immunity 
utt  under  which  the  packers  claimed  immunity. 

Second.  That  a  corporation  engaged  in.  interstate  commerce 
is  not  entitled  to  withhold  its  Dooks  and  papers  from  the  scrutiny 
oi  the  properly  authorized  officers  of  the  Federal  Government,  and 
iliat  the  fifth  amendment  of  the  Constitution  does  not  grant  tc 
such  a  corporation  the  right  which  an  individual  would  have  tc 
withhold  the  same  evidence  upon  the  ground  that  it  might  tend 
to  incriminate  him. 

The  investigation  was  again  taken  up  and  resulted,  on  June 
18,  1906,  iBi  the  finding  of  an  indictment  against  the  MacAndrews 
&  Forbes  Company  and  Karl  Jungbluth,  its  president,  and  against 
the  J.  S.  Young  Company  and  Howard  E.  Young,  its  president 
charging  them  with  violating  section  1  of  the  Sherman  anti- 
trust law  by  engaging  in  a  combination  in  restraint  of  the  trade 
in  licorice  paste,  that  being  an  indispensable  ingredient  in  the 
manufacture  of  plug  tobacco  and  some  kinds  of  smoking  to 
bacco,  cigars,  and  snuff.  This  trade  was  restrained  in  the  usual 
way — that  is  to  say,  competition  was  destroyed,  arbitrary  prices 
A  ere  fixed,  the  volume  of  business  was  apportioned,  and  terms  ol 
ale  and  discounts  were  made  uniform.  A  feature  of  the  com- 
bination was  that  the  MacAndrews  &  Forbes  Company,  in  the 
division  of  customers,  was  allotted  the  trade  with  the  tobaccc 
manufacturers  who  were  members  of  the  so-called  "tobacco  trust,'' 
while  the  J.  S.  Young  Company  was  given  the  independent  trade, 
the  latter  company  having  by  its  advertisements  made  special 
claims  for  recognition  by  the  independent  trade  before  the  date 
of  the  combination  in  question. 

This  indictment  also  charged  the  same  defendants  with  en- 
gaging in  a  conspiracy  in  restraint  of  the  same  trade,  and  at- 
tempting to  monopolize  that  trade (  Sec.  2  of  the  act),  in  and  by 
the  acts  specified  in  connection  with  the  charge  of  engaging  in 
a  combination.  This  case  will  be  brought  to  trial  at  the  earliest 
possible  moment. 

The  Drug  Trust. 

May  9,  1906,  suit  for  an  injunction  was  filed  against  the  drug 
trust.  The  principal  parties  defendant  are  the  Proprietary  Asso 
elation  of  America,  the  National  Wholesale  Druggists'  Associa- 
tion, and  the  National  Association  of  Retail  Druggists. 

The  bill  charged,  in  substance,  that  these  associations,  their 
officers^  delegates,  and  members  are  all  engaged  in  the  business 
or  manufacturing,  buying,  and  selling  patent  medicines,  drugs, 
and  proprietary  articles  throughout  the  United  States;  that  they 
have  entered  into  a  conspiracy  to  arbitrarily  fix  and  regulate  the 
prices  at  which  such  articles  shall  be  sold  to  the  consumer,  and 
that  they  have  established  rules  and  regulations  to  enforce  such 
an  unlawful  agreement  by  restricting  the  purchase  and  sale  of 
such  commodities  to  those  members  of  the  several  associations 
who  shall  live  up  to  and  observe  the  rules  and  regulations  thus 
arbitrarily  prescribed  by  the  respective  associations. 

The  ultimate  object  of  the  alleged  conspiracy  is  to  fix  the 
prices  which  shall  be  observed  by  the  retail  druggists  in  selling 
to  the  consumer  the  various  commodities  manufactured  by  the 
several  members  of  the  Proprietary  Association.  The  plan  by 
which  such  object  is  effected  is,  in  brief,  as  follows: 

No  retail  druggist  can  obtain  goods  from  a  wholesale  druggist 
or  the  manufacturer  of  a  proprietary  medicine  unless  such  re- 
tail druggist  becomes  a  member  of  the  National  Association  of 
Retail  Druggists,  and  in  order  to  become  such  member  he  must 
agree  to  observe  the  established  price  at  which  such  proprietary 
medicines  shall  be  sold  to  the  consumer.  If  he  cuts  prices,  he 
is  blacklisted  and  is  unable  to  obtain  from  any  manufacturer 
or  any  wholesale  druggist,  who  is  a  member  of  the  association, 
any  of  their  medicines. 

In  a  case  brought  by  a  Philadelphia  druggist  under  the  Federal 
anti-trust  act  the  plaintiff  obtamed  a  substantial  victory.  For 
several  months  prior  to  the  trial  of  this  case  the  Department  of 
.Justice  had  been  engaged  in  the  investigation  of  the  conspiracy, 
and  the  Attorney-General,  having  reached   the   conclusion   that 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  69 

lie  combination  is  one  prohibited  by  the  terms  of  the  Sherman 
anii-triist  act,  has  directed  the  district-attorney  for  the  district 
ot  Indiana  to  file  this  bill.  An  injunction  is  prayed  prohibiting 
these  associations  from  acting  in  concert  for  the  purpose  of  main- 
taining prices  and  the  individuals,  firms,  and  corporations  who 
are  members  of  the  respective  associations  from  acting  together 
for  the  purpose  of  maintaining  uniform  prices  to  the  consumers 
fluoughout  the  United  States. 


The  Elevator  Trust. 

March  7,  190.6,  suit  was  brought  against  some  thirty  companies 
manufacturing  passenger  elevators  for  buildings,  the  bill  alleging 
an  illegal  combination  which  had  obtained  a  practical  monopoly 
in  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  elevators. 

The  Government's  case  was  complete;  the  defendants  have  ad- 
mitted their  guilt  and  have  dissolved  their  combination. 

Coal  Investigation. 

The  Attorney-General  has  recently  appointed  special  counsel 
to  make  a  full  and  complete  investigation  into  the  alleged  com- 
bination of  railroads  and  coal  operators  in  the  anthracite  and 
bituminous  coal  regions,  and  the  investigation  is  now  proceed- 
ing. It  promises  to  be  one  of  the  most  important  steps  taken  by 
the  Government  to  break  up  combinations  that  are  hurtful  to 
the  consumers  of  the  country.  Already  astounding  revelations 
have  been  made,  and  even  before  a  report  has  been  made  reforms 
are  in  progress.  When  final  report  is  submitted  to  the  Attorney- 
General,  if  there  is  shown  to  be  any  ground  for  criminal  prose- 
cution, the  Government  will  take  active  steps. 


Nome  Retail  Grocers'  Association. 

The  Government's  prosecution  of  the  trusts  has  extended  even 
to  far-away  Alaska.  Complaint  was  made  that  there  was  a 
combination  known  as  the  "Nome  Retail  Grocers'  Association," 
which  had  fixed  prices  and  suppressed  competition.  The  Gov- 
ernment took  action,  won  a  decree  in  its  favor  against  the  com- 
.bination,  and  the  Attorney-General  is  advised  that  the  effect 
|has  been  very  salutary. 


Hawaiian  Beef  Trust  and  Lumber  Trust. 


The  Government  went  to  the  relief  of  the  citizens  of  Hawaii, 
iifcvho  complained  against  a  meat  and  a  lumber  trust,  and  entered 
[  several  suits.     The  mere  beginning  of  the  suits  resulted  in  the 
owering  of  prices,  although  the  cases  have  not  been  decided. 


Terminal  Railroad  Association  of  St.  Louis. 

In  Missouri-  suit  has  been  brought  against  the  Terminal  Rail- 
cad  Association  of  St.  liouis,  the  St.  Louis  Merchants'  Bridge 
Terminal  Railroad  Company,  the  Wiggins  Perry  Company,  and 
►thers,  in  which  it  is  sought  to  free  interstate  traffic  from  an 
lleged  combination  to  operate  to  the  Eads  Bridge  and  the  Mer- 
hants'  Bridge  as  a  common  agency  of  interstate  cx)mmerce  and 


K  suppress  competition  between  these  bridges  and  the  ferries. 
is  alleged  that  the  defendants  are  monopolizing  the  interstate 
ransportation  across  the  Mississippi  River  and  into  St.   Louis. 
e  Government  is  prosecuting  these  cases  vigorously. 

Jacksonville  Wholesale  Grocers'  Association. 

In  Florida  the  Government  is  seeking  an  injunction  against 
[6  Jacksonville  Wholesale  Grocers'  Association.     Complaint  was 
Lde  by  consumers,  and  the  Department  has  taken  up  the  case 
:h  vigor. 


70  REPUBLICAN   CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

The  Fertilizer  Trust. 

A  Federal  grand  jury  sitting  in  Tennessee  has  returned  an 
indictment  against  tne  Fertilizer  Trust,  comprising  tliirty-one 
corporations  and  twenty-four  individuals.  The  fifty-five  defend- 
ants controlled  the  field  in  nine  Southern  States  for  the  sale  of 
fertilizers  indispensable  to  all  engaged  in  raising  cotton.  Their 
combination  was  so  effective  that  the  price  of  different  grades 
was  raised  on  an  average  of  $2.50  a  ton.  These  cases  have  taxed 
the  resources  of  the  Department  to  the  utmost.  'I'he  great  com- 
binations conduct  their  business  secretly,  with  the  aid  of  skilled 
legal  advice,  and  their  operations  cover  an  extensive  field. 

The  Sugar  Rebate  Cases. 

In  New  York,  recently,  indictments  were  returned  against  the 
American  Sugar  Refining  Company,  New  York  Central  and  Hud- 
son River  Railroad  Company,  and  several  individuals.  The 
charge  was  made  that  rebates  amounting  to  hundreds  of  thou- 
sands of  dollars  have  been  often  given  to  the  sugar  company  to 
aid  it  in  its  fight  with  the  farmers  who  are  conducting  the  strug- 
gling industry  of  producing  sugar  from  beets.  When  the  sugar 
trust  wanted  to  overcome  the  competition  of  the  farmer,  wanted 
to  lay  such  stress  upon  him  that  he  would  give  up  the  contest  in 
despair  and  dispose  of  his  property  to  the  monopoly,  it  went  to 
the  railroads  and  borrowed  a  club  with  which  it  clubbed  the 
farmer  to  death.  The  grand  jury  did  not  complete  its  investiga- 
tion, but  when  it  adjourned  published  a  recommendation  to  its 
successor  that  it  take  up  the  work. 

Coal  Carriers'  Cases. 

Proceedings  were  instituted  in  1903  in  behalf  of  the  Interstate 
Commerce  Commission  against  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Railroad 
Company  and  the  New  York,  New  Haven  and  Hartford  Railroad 
Company.  The  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  was  engaged  in  the  carriage 
of  coal  between  West  Virginia  and  Newport  News,  Va.,  for  de- 
livery to  the  New  York,  New  Haven  and  Hartford  in  Connecticut, 
and  the  traffic  was  being  moved  at  less  than  the  published  rates, 
and  in  such  a  way  as  to  produce  a  discrimination  in  favor  of  the 
New  Haven  road  and  against  others.  The  Chesapeake  and  Ohio 
made  a  verbal  agreement  with  the  New  Haven  road  to  sell  to 
the  latter  60,000  tons  of  coal,  to  be  carried  to  tide  water  and 
thence  by  water  to  Connecticut,  for  delivery  to  the  buyer,  at 
$2.75  per  ton.  The  price  of  the  coal  at  the  mines  where  the 
Chesapeake  and  Ohio  bought  it  and  the  cost  of  transportation 
from  Newport  News  to  Connecticut  aggregated  $2.47  per  ton,  thus 
leaving  to  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  only  about  28  cents  per  ton 
for  carrying  the  coal  from  the  mines  to  tide  water,  while  the  pub- 
lished tariff  for  like  carriage  for  private  shippers  was  $1.45  per 
ton. 

The  court  held  that  the  contracts  amounted  to  undue  dis- 
crimination and  enjoined  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  from  con- 
tinuing the  contract.  Afterwards  the  Interstate  Commerce  Com- 
mission requested  that  the  injunction  be  expanded  to  command 
the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  perpetually  to  observe,  in  the  future, 
all  published  rates.  From  the  decision  of  the  trial  court  an 
appeal  was  taken  to  the  United  States  Supreme  Court,  and  Feb 
ruary  19,  1906,  the  latter  court  held  that  the  injunction  shoulc 
he  enlarged  by  perpetually  enjoining  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohi( 
from  taking  less  than  the  rates  fixed  in  Its  published  tariff  o 
freight  rates  for  the  carriage  of  coal. 

This  is  a  very  important  decision.  Under  it  a  railroad  cannot^ 
by  choosing  to  be  a  dealer,  favor  one  customer  over  another 
The  intent  of  the  law  is  to  secure  equal  rates  to  all  in  a  liki 
situation,  and  to  destroy  favoritism. 

Unjust  Classification. 

Proceedings  were  instituted  in  Ohio  in  July,  1904,  in  behalf  ol 
the    Interstate   Commerce   Commission    against   the    Cincinnati 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  71 

riamilton  and  Dayton  Railway  Company,  the  Pittsburg,  Cincin- 
lati,  Chicago  and  St.  Louis,  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  the  Cleve- 
and,  Cincinnati,  Chicago  and  St.  Louis,  the  Lake  Shore  and 
Vlichigan  Southern,  the  New  York  Central  and  Hudson  River» 
md  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio. 

The  court,  on  November  25,  1905,  enjoined  the  defendants  from 
violating  the  order  of  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission  with, 
•espect  to  unjust  classification  of  the  commodity  involved. 

Discriminatory  and  Unjust  Rates. 

June  17,  1905,  a  bill  in  equity  was  filed  in  Louisville  against 
he  Illinois  Central  and  several  other  railroads  for  discrimina- 
ion  and  unreasonable  rates.     The  case  is  still  pending. 

July  15,  1905,  a  bill  in  equity  was  filed  in  the  northern  dls- 
rict  of  Mississippi  against  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railway  for 
he  purpose  of  preventing  discrimination  in  freight  rates.  This 
ase  is  still  pending.  " 

M^  Accepting  Rebates. 

^Mi.  indictment  was  returned  in  October,  1905,  in  the  western 
istrict  of  Kentucky  against  Szorn  &  Co.  for  accepting  rebates; 
n  violation  of  the  Elkins  law.  The  defendants  pleaded  guilty 
nd  were  fined  $3,075. 

October  13,  1905,  two  indictments  were  returned  in  the  west- 
rn  district  of  Kentucky  against  Charles  Wells  and  Hollis  H. 
rice,  charged  with  conspiring  to  make  false  weights  and  reports 
f  weights  of  articles  of  interstate  commerce.  Price  was  fined 
1,025.    The  case  against  Wells  was  continued. 

Evading"  Published  Rates. 

November  13,  1905,  a  petition  was  filed  in  the  eastern  dis- 
rict  of  Wisconsin  against  the  Milwaukee  Refrigerator  Ttansit 
iompany,  the  Pere  Marquette  Railway  Company,  the  Missouri, 
Kansas  and  Texas  Railway  Company,  the  Erie  Railway,  the 
ihicago.  Rock  Island  and  Pacific  Railway  Company,  the  St. 
iouis  and  San  Francisco  Railway  Company,  the  Wisconsin  Cen- 
al,  the  Chicago  and  Alton,  and  the  Pabst  Brewing  Company. 
It  is  alleged  that  the  Pabst  Brewing  Company  is  a  large  ship- 
|er  of  beer  and  the  Milwaukee  Refrigerator  Transit  Company  is 
transportation  company  owning  and  operating  private  cars,  to 
hich  was  given  the  control  of  the  shipments  of  the  brewing 
jmpany  by  contract;  that  some  of  the  principal  stockholders 
!  the  brewing  company  were  the  controlling  owners  of  the 
•ansportation  company,  and  that  while  the  full  published  rate 
as  paid  to  the  railroads,  they  returned  to  the  transportation 
)mpany,  by  way  of  commissions,  12  per  cent,  of  the  gross  freight 
ites. 

'  The  Government  claims  that  this  transaction  was   in   effect 

\  device  whereby   the   property  was   transported   for   less   than 

e  published  rates.     A  demurrer  was  overruled  and,  therefore, 

e  Government's  legal   action   sustained.     Since  then  a   decree 

favor  of  the  Government  has  been  entered,  after  full  argument. 


Indictments  for  Rate  Cutting-. 

July  1,  1905,  indictments  were  returned  in  the  northern  dis- 
ict  of  Illinois  against  three  officials  of  the  packing  house  of 
e  Schwarzchild  &  Sulzberger  Company  (believed  now  to  be  an 
dependent  concern,  not  in  the  beef  trust),  charging  a  con- 
iracy  to  obtain  freight  traffic  at  less  than  the  published  rates. 
To  these  indictments  the  defendants  severally  pleaded  guilty, 
d  were  sentenced  to  pay  fines  aggregating  $25,000,  with  which, 
ntence  they  have  complied. 

Rebates  and  Refunding*  Passenger  Fares. 

December  18,  1905,  an  indictment  was  returned  in  the  northern 
jptrict  of  Illinois  against  the  Chicago  and  Alton  Railway  Com- 
iny,  John  N.  Fairthorn,  and  Fred.  A.  Wann,  for  giving  rebates 


72  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

on  dressed  meats  and  packing-house  products  shipped  from  Kan- 
sas City,  Kans.,  to  Chicago  and  eastern  points  by  the  Schwarz- 
child  &  Sulzberger  Company  and  for  refunding  passenger  fares 
paid  by  the  officials  of  that  company  for  traveling  over  the  Alton 
road.  Special  pleas  in  bar  to  the  indictment  were  filed,  to  which 
the  Government  interposed  demurrers,  which  were  sustained. 
This  case  is  now  pending. 

Indictments  for  Rebating. 

December  15,  1905,  indictments  were  returned  in  the  eastern 
district  of  Missouri  against  a  number  of  railroad  companies  and 
individuals,  charging  them  with  violations  of  the  Elkins  law  in 
the  demanding  and  receipt  of  rebates.  Some  companies  in  the 
beef  trust  were  made  defendants  in  these  cases.  Several  indict- 
ments were  found  and  convictions  ensued  in  the  cases  of  several 
individuals.  The  Uniteyfl  States  will  ask  the  court  to  impose  a 
sentence  of  imprisonment  against  the  individuals  and  fines 
against  the  corporations. 

December  29,  1905,  an  indictment  was  returned  in  the  northern 
district  of  Illinois  against  the  Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy 
Railway  Company,  D.  Miller,  and  Claude  G.  Burnham  for  giving 
rebates  in  violation  of  the  Elkins  law. 

To  this  indictment  the  defendants  entered  pleas  of  guilty,  and 
fines  aggregating  $60,000  were  imposed  by  the  court. 

Three  other  important  cases  in  this  same  category  have  been 
brought,  one  against  the  Suffolk  and  Carolina  Railway  Com- 
pany, another  against  the  New  York  Central  and  Hudson  River 
Railroad  Company,  and  another  against  the  Delaware  and  Hudson 
Company  for  giving  rebates,  and  are  now  pending. 

Sustaining    the    Colored    Man's    Bights    and    Protecting    the 
Colored  Man's  Liberties. 

Under  the  present  Republican  Administration  the  Government, 
through  the  Department  of  Justice,  has  taken  action  in  the  Fed- 
eral courts,  winning  out  at  last  in  the  United  States  Supreme 
Court,  which  will  go  further  toward  protecting  the  rights  and 
liberties  of  the  colored  people  in  the  Southern  States  than  any- 
thing that  has  happened  since  the  Civil  War. 

Complaint  was  made  to  the  Federal  authorities  that  through- 
out the  South  a  practice  existed  under  what  is  known  as  the 
"peonage  statutes,"  by  which  men  were  held  to  labor  for  a  debt. 
In  almost  all  the  cases  the  victims  were  colored  men.  Practi- 
cally they  were  held  in  slavery,  for  means  were  found  to  keep 
them  from  getting  free  of  debt,  and  as  long  as  they  remained  in^ 
debt,  they  were  virtually  in  bondage  to  their  creditors.  Investi- ^ 
gation  of  the  complaints  revealed  some  most  atrocious  and  hearty 
rending  cases  of  cruelty  and  practical  slavery  that  almost  rivaled  ■ 
the  days  before  the  war. 

The  Government  took  quick  action.  The  first  case  which  was 
tried  was  argued  in  March,  1905,  although  prior  thereto  several 
hundreds  of  indictments  had  been  returned.  Action  on  these  in- 
dictments was  suspended  awaiting  the  determination  of  the  case 
of  Clyatt  V.  The  United  States,  brought  under  the  thirteenth 
amendment  to  the  Constitution. 

The  state  of  peonage,  in  which  many  persons  were  held,  con- 
sisted in  holding  a  man  by  compulsion  to  labor  for  a  master  to 
whom  the  peon  owed  a  debt.  Creditors  coihpelled  debtors- 
usually  colored  men — to  work  out  their  debts.  The  custom  was 
very  prevalent,  and  had  its  origin  in  the  United  States  when  the 
Territory  of  New  Mexico  was  acquired. 

The  Government  contended  that  compulsory  service  of  this 
kind  was,  in  fact,  a  form  of  involuntary  servitude  and  there- 
fore forbidden  by  the  thirteenth  amendment  to  the  Constitution, 
which  was  passed,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Republican  party, 
to  give  the  negro  his  rights.  It  was  also  insisted  that  the  amend- 
ment gave  Congress  the  power  to  enact  laws  which  should  punish 
individuals  who,  not  acting  under  State  authority,  attempted, 
with  particular  reference  to  this  case,  to  hold  or  return  persons 
into  a  state  of  peonage.    The  Supreme  Court  held  that  the  Gov- 


REPUBLICAN   CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  73 

einment's  contentions,  which  were  personally  argued  by  the 
Attorney-General,  were  well  founded;  and,  though  the  particular 
offenders  in  this  special  case  escaped  because  the  court  held  that 
the  record  did  not  contain  sufficient  evidence  to  justify  their  con- 
viction, the  effect  has  been  most  salutary. 

An  authoritative  exposition  of  the  law  was  obtained,  and  no 
person  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States  can  be  here- 
after compelled  by  individuals  to  w^ork  out  a  debt  as  a  peon. 
-Following  this  decision  the  other  indictments  were  pressed,  and 
the  result  is  that  this  form  of  involuntary  servitude  is  being 
■stamped  out. 

After  this  decision  the  Attorney-General  personally  argued 
another  case  Involving  the  interpretation  of  the  same  amend- 
ment. In  this  it  was  found  that  a  number  of  men  had  con- 
spired to  prevent  some  colored  men,  who  were  at  work  at  a 
lumber  mill,  from  performing  their  contract.  The  colored  men 
were  driven  away  from  their  work  by  armed  force  and  intimi- 
dation, and  these  acts  of  violence  were  committed  against  them 
because  of  their  race.  The  Government  contended  that  to  deprive 
a  man  of  any  measure  of  his  right  to  work  solely  for  the  reason 
iof  race  prejudice  is  an  interference  with  the  right  of  freedom 
guaranteed  by  the  Constitution. 

•  The  court  decided  that  the  Government  could  not  punish,  but 
undoubtedly  the  States  may  punish  such  intimidation.  Two  jus- 
tices of  the  Supreme  Court,  Mr.  Justice  Harlan  and  Mr.  Justice 
Day,  were  of  the  opinion  that  the  Government  ought  to  punish. 

Government  Helps  Railroad  Men. 

One  of  the  most  important  cases  which  the  Government  of  the 
United  States,  under  the  Republican  Administration,  has  fought 
Successfully  in  the  courts  was  the  case  of  Johnson,  an  employe 
of  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad  Company,  against  that  company 
for  dam.ages  under  the  safety-appliance  law.  Johnson  fought  his 
case  through  the  lower  courts  and  was  getting  the  worst  of  it, 
when  his  money  gave  out.  An  appeal  was  made  to  the  Govern- 
ment, and  the  Department  of  Justice  took  up  the  case  and  car- 
ried it  to  successful  issue  in  favor  of  Johnson  before  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States. 

The  decision  set  a  hard  and  fast  rule  in  certain  cases  of  per- 
sonal injury,  from  which  there  can  be  no  appeal,  and  which 
should  operate  in  the  future  to  enable  every  railroad  man  who 
receives  injuries  under  the  peculiar  circumstances  which  pre- 
vailed in  this  case  to  make  an  appeal  successfully  for  damages. 

This  was  an  action  for  personal  injuries  sustained  by  the 
plaintiff  Johnson  while  engaged  in  coupling  an  engine  to  a 
dining  car.  The  railway  company  is  an  interstate  carrier  and 
v/as  alleged  to  be  liable  for  damages  under  the  safety-appliance 
law  passed  by  Congress,  which  provides,  in  substance,  that  inter- 
state carriers  must  equip  their  cars  with  automatic  couplers 
which  shall  couple  by  impact.  The  engine  and  car  were  each 
fitted  with  automatic  couplers,  but,  being  of  different  makes, 
they  failed  to  couple,  and  when  the  plaintiff  went  between  the 
engine  and  the  car  to  couple  them  he  received  his  injuries. 

Johnson  was  unsuccessful  in  the  circuit  court,  and  also  in  the 
circuit  court  of  appeals,  whereupon  he  filed  a  petition  for  a  writ 
of  certiorari  in  the  Supreme  Court,  which  was  granted. 

Owing  to  the  great  importance  of  the  case  to  railway  em- 
ployes, the  Government  took  an  almost  unprecedented  step  and 
'Obtained  leave  to  intervene  to  argue  the  question  relating  to 
the  proper  construction  of  the  remedial  legislation  of  Congress, 

The  Government  contended  that  an  engine  is  a  car  within  the 
meaning  of  the  law,  and  that  the  law  is  not  satisfied  unless  the 
aiitomatic  couplers  couple  by  impact.  An  amendment  to  the  law 
has  passed  since  this  case  arose,  making  it  clear  that  engines 
must  have  automatic  couplers.  This  act,  the  Government  con- 
tended, was  merely  declaratory  of  the  intent  of  the  first  act. 
There  was  a  further  question  in  the  case  as  to  what  constituted 
an  interstate  car,  which  the  Government  argued.  The  defendant 
contended  that  the  dining  car,  because  it  was  not  en  route,  but 
was  upon  a  siding,  r^though  ready  for  use  and  about  to  be  used, 
was  not  an  interstate  car.    The  Government,  on  the  other  hand, 


74  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

contendod  that  a  car  regularly  employed  on  interstate  journeys 
does  not  lose  its  character  because  it  is  temporarily  delayed. 

The  Government's  contention  received  the  unanimous  approval 
of  the  court,  and  Johnson  won  his  case. 

Not  content  with  this,  the  Government  went  further,  and  the 
Attorney-General  issued  a  letter  of  instruction  to  all  United 
States  attorneys,  in  which  he  said: 

It  does  not  appear  that  any  question  onn  now  arise  as  to  the  proper 
Interpretation  of  the  law,  since  this  decision  apparently  settles  every 
'disputed    point. 

And  the  United  States  attorneys  were  informed  that  "the 
Oovernment  is  determined  upon  the  strict  enforcement  of  these 
statutes,"  and  they  were  instructed  to  pay  particular  attention  to 
all  cases  of  their  violation  brought  to  their  attention  by  the  Inter- 
state Commerce  Commission  or  its  inspectors  or  by  other  persons. 

Later,  in  the  case  of  The  United  States  v.  The  Southern  Rail- 
way Company,  the  law  was  still  more  clearly  interpreted  and 
further  strengthened.  A  strong  point  of  this  decision  was  that 
the  exercise  of  reasonable  caf^  or  due  diligence  on  the  part  of 
the  railway  company  is  no  defense  to  an  action  brought  to  re- 
cover the  penalty  for  violation  of  the  safety-appliance  laws  of 
1893  and  1896. 

In  both  of  these  decisions  it  was  strongly  emphasized  that  the 
purpose  of  the  law  was  to  protect  the  lives  and  limbs  of  men, 
and  that  it  will  be  so  construed  by  the  courts  as  to  accomplish 
that  purpose.  What  law  plainly  requires  is  the  equipment  of 
cars  with  cou;»Icrs  which  will  automatically  couple  with  each 
other,  so  as  to  render  it  unnecessary  for  men  to  go  between  the 
cars  either  to  couple  or  uncouple. 

These  decisions  have  enabled  the  Government  to  obtain  an 
effective  enforcement  of  the  law  in  practically  all  cases,  and 
have  brought  about  a  vast  improvement  in  conditions  through- 
out the  country.  Since  the  decision  against  the  Southern  Rail- 
way Company  no  case  has  been  contested  in  the  courts.  The 
carriers  prefer  to  confess  judgment  and  pay  the  penalty  in  cases 
of  violation  rather  than  to  stand  the  chance  of  adverse  judgment 
on  a  trial. 

As  a  result  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission  have  been 
able  to  secure  the  observance  of  a  rule,  practically  in  operation 
throughout  the  country,  whereby  the  different  carriers  are  re- 
quired to  refuse  to  accept  interstate  cars  in  exchange  unless 
the  safety  appliances  are  in  proper  condition. 

Another  beneficent  phase  in  this  case  for  the  railroad  men 
is  that  the  intervention  of  the  Government  and  the  decision  of 
the  court  is  warning  to  the  railroad  companies  that  the  Gov- 
ernment is  looking  out  for  the  interests  of  the  employes  under 
this  law. 

Some  National-Bank  Cases. 

The  Government  has  been  very  vigilant  in  enforcing  the  na- 
tional banking  laws.  Under  this  Administration  several  im- 
portant cases  have  been  tried. 

In  the  eastern  district  of  Pennsylvania  Henry  Lear  was  in- 
dicted, charged  with  misapplication  of  the  funds  of  the  Doyles- 
town  National  Bank,  and  was  sentenced  to  five  years  in  the 
penitentiary.  He  sued  out  a  writ  of  error,  and  the  case  is  now 
pending. 

In  Wisconsin  Frank  G.  Bigelow  was  charged  with  misapply- 
ing the  funds  of  a  national  bank  at  Milwaukee,  and  was  sen- 
tenced to  ten  years  in  the  penitentiary. 

M.  C.  Palmer,  of  New  York,  was  charged  with  the  misap- 
plication of  funds  of  a  national  bank  while  acting  as  its  presi- 
dent, and  was  sentenced  to  five  years  at  Albany. 

The  celebrated  Cassie  Chadwick  case  in  Ohio  was  prosecute  d 
by  the  Government,  and  the  defendant  was  sentenced  to  a  term 
of  ten  years  in  the  Ohio  penitentiary  for  conspiracy  in  the  mis- 
appropriation of  the  funds  of  the  Citizens'  National  Bank  of 
Oberlin.  Ohio. 

Arthur  B.  Speer  was  jointly  indicted  with  Cassie  Chadwick 
and  was  sentenced  to  seven  years  in  the  penitentiary. 

In  the  northern  district  of  Iowa,  W.  E.  Brown,  a  national-bank 
official,  was  indicted  for  violation  of  the  national-bank  law.s. 
He  was  sentenced  to  five  years  in  the  penitentiary. 


r 


The   Tariff. 


Since  that  4th  of  July,  1789,  when  George  Washington  signed 
our  first  tariff  law,  a  tariff  "for  the  support  of  the  Government,  for 
the  discharge  of  the  debts  of  the  United  States,  and  for  the  pro- 
tection and  encouragement  of  manufactures,"  we  have  enacted 
between  forty  and  fifty  tariff  laws  culminating  in  what  has  been 
known  as  the  Dingley  law,  approved  July  24,  1897,  and  under 
which  we  have  been  operating  to  the  present  time. 

During  a  large  portion  of  our  history  the  tariff  has  been  made  a 
political  issue.  It  is  the  only  issue  by  which  the'  Democratic 
Party  has  been  completely  victorious  in  the  nation  in  the  single 
instance  when  it  gained  the  Presidency  and  both  Senate  and 
House  since  the  inauguration  of  Abraham  Lincoln  in  1861.  The 
victory  of  the  Democratic  Party  in  1892,  like  the  victory  of  the 
same  party  in  1844,  was  due  to  questionable  methods  of  present- 
ing certain  phases  of  our  industrial  situation  to  the  voters  of  the 
country.  Up  to  that  time  we  had  never  been  so  prosperous  as 
we  were  during  the  year  1892,  at  the  close  of  which  a  free-trade 
President  and  Congress  were  elected.  The  people  were 
deceived  during  that  campaign  as  they  were  deceived 
during  the  campaign  of  1844,  which  resulted  in  the  election  of 
Polk  and  Dallas  and  a  free-trade  Congress.  It  will  be  well,  then, 
for  the  voters  of  1906  to  study  carefully,  first,  the  effect  of  our 
tariff  laws  in  general,  and  to  study  in  particular  the  comparison 
between  the  operation  of  the  so-called  Wilson-Gorman  law,  which 
was  in  effect  from  1894  to  1897,  and  the  Dingley  law,  which 
has  been  in  effect  since. 

Tables  showing  the  various  phases  of  our  industrial  and  com- 
mercial life  will  be  presented  on  the  following  pages  in  which 
these  comparisons  can  be  seen.  Even  Free-Traders  do  not  and 
cannot  deny  that  the  Dingley  law  has  been  the  most  successful 
tariff  law  that  we  have  ever  had.  They  do  not  and  cannot  deny 
the  wonderful  strides  of  progress  and  prosperity  that  we  have 
tnade  and  the  advancement  that  has  come  year  after  year  under 
the  operation  of  our  present  tariff.  Protectionists  are  content  to 
let  the  present  law  stand  without  change  or  amendment  so  long 
as  present  conditions  prevail.  When  there  is  a  substantial  sur- 
plus of  revenue;  when  there  is  a  balance  of  trade  exceeding 
over  $500,000,000;  when  every  man  and  woman  in  the  country 
who  wants  work  and  is  worthy  of  it  can  find  employment  at  high 
wages;  when  we  are  able  to  absorb  a  million  immigrants  a  year 
without  displacing  any  home  labor;  when  our  annual  output  of 
manufactures,  even  reaching  the  enormous  values  that  have  been 
attained  during  recent  years,  are  insufficient  to  meet  the  demands 
of  our  prosperous  people;  when  our  consumption  of  the  necessa- 
ries of  life  are  not  only  greater  in  the  aggregate  and  per  capita 
than  is  known  elsewhere  on  earth,  but  greater  than  at  any  pre- 
vious time  in  our  own  history;  when  our  savings  and  investments 
and  enjoyments  of  luxuries  in  addition  to  the  necessaries  of  life 
reach,  year  after  year,  record-breaking  figures;  when  our  bank 
clearings  exceed  annually  $150,000,000,000,  three  times  the  amount 
attained  in  1896  under  the  Wilson-Gorman  tariff,  then  it  is  that 
Protectionists  say:   "Let  well  enough  alone  and  leave  revision  till 

75 


7(]  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

siK'h  a  time  as  the  conditions  of  our  finances,  commerce  and  in- 
dustry demand."  On  tlie  other  hand,  our  free-traders  or,  as  they 
prefer  to  call  themselves,  reformers  and  revisionists,  maintain 
that  the  time  has  come  when  our  industries  no  longer  need  pro- 
tection and  that  the  tariff  is  simply  a  method  of  robbery  and  a 
condition  which  enables  our  manufacturers  to  form  monopolies 
and  control  prices.  It  will  be  well,  therefore,  to  study  this  ques- 
tion most  carefully,  both  in  the  light  of  past  history  and  with  an 
investigation  of  more  recent  and  present  figures  and  conditions, 
I'^or  that  purpose  it  seems  best,  on  the  following  pages,  to  present 
ihe  various  phases  of  this  question  in  order  that  we  may  reach 
ri  honest  conclusion  as  to  whether  it  is  advisable,  under  pres- 
iit  circumstances,  to  think  of  changing  our  tariff  in  the  least 
tlegree.  The  fact  that  we  are  importing  $500,000,000  or  $600,000,- 
000  worth  of  manufactures  yearly  shows  that  even  with  the  pro- 
tection which  we  now  enjoy  we  are  not  able  to  keep  out  the  wares 
of  foreign  competitors,  A  slight  reduction  in  many  of  our 
schedules  would  result  in  the  dumping  into  our  market  of  per- 
haps a  billion  dollars'  worth  of  manufactures  annually  more 
than  we  now  import.  That  would  mean  a  resort  to  one  of  two 
things:  We  would  have  to  close  our  mills  or  reduce  wages. 
There  is  possibly  no  other  alternative. 

Protectionists  do  not  claim  that  schedules  are  sacred  and 
never  to  be  altered.  They  do  claim,  however,  that  the  so-called 
American  system  of  protection  as  exemplified  by  the  operation 
of  the  Dingley  law  for  nine  years  is  sacred  and  must  be  main- 
tained. We  do  not  have  to  theorize  in  the  least  degree  on  this 
subject;  we  do  not  have  to  resort  to  guesswork;  we  do  not  have 
to  base  our  conclusions  upon  supposition.  We  have  tried  and 
tried  thoroughly  both  high  and  low  tariffs  and  we  have  experi- 
ence as  an  example  to  guide  us  in  reaching  the  truth. 

We  need  go  back  no  further  in  our  history  than  a  decade  to 
learn  that  a  low  tariff  means  insufficient  revenue,  means  a 
closing  of  our  manufactories,  means  idleness  for  millions  of  our 
laborers  and  low  wages  for  other  millions  and  unprofitable  prices 
for  our  farmers.  Three  years  was  quite  sufficient  time,  for  in- 
stance, to  test  the  value  of  free  wool.  It  did  not  help  our  manu- 
facturers, but  it  came  near  ruining  the  industry  because  of  the 
inability  of  the  people  to  pay  profitable  prices  for  woolens,  Whea 
it  is  understood  that  a  considerable  more  than  half  of  the  value  of 
our  products  in  manufacturing  is  made  up  of  the  value  of  so- 
called  raw  material,  and  that  fully  two  men  are  employed  upon 
the  preparation  of  that  raw  material  where  one  man  works  in 
turning  it  into  the  finished  product,  it  will  be  seen  what  a  de- 
lusion is  the  free-trade  cry  for  free  raw  material  or  even  cheap 
raw  material.  We  have  free  cotton,  and  yet  we  buy  $50,000,000 
worth  of  cotton  goods  from  abroad,  England  has  free  raw  ma- 
terial and  cheap  labor  and  yet  we  have  passed  her  in  the  posses- 
sion of  foreign  markets.  There  is  no  example  in  all  history 
where  free  or  cheap  raw  material  and  cheap  labor  has  any  ad- 
vantage whatever  over  our  own  system  of  Protection  to  all  our 
labor  and  all  our  industries.  In  every  section  of  the  country,  for- 
tunately for  our  people,  the  predominant  party  to-day  is  har- 
monious and  united  upon  the  central  idea  of  maintaining  a  pro- 
tective tariff.  A  mere  handful,  however,  of  the  Republican  Party 
have  been  asking  that  the  duty  be  removed  or  reduced  upon 
certain  materials  entering  into  the  products  of  their  own  locality. 
It  is  believed  that  this  demand  has  been  made  more  for  political 


REPUBUCAN   CAMPAIGN  TFJXT-BOOK.  77 


than  economical  results.  We  have  heard  perhaps  more  of  free 
hides  than  of  anything  else,  though  some  have  asked  for  free 
lumber,  free  wood  pulp  and  free  coal.  It  is  not  claimed  by  those 
who  asked  for  free  hides  that  consumers  would  get  their  boots 
and  shoes  for  a  single  cent  less  in  price.  It  is  not  promised  that 
the  laborers  in  that  industry  would  get  a  cent  more  in  wages. 
There  is  but  one  inference,  then,  and  that  is  that  if  any  one 
gained  any  advantage  it  would  go  wholly  into  the  pockets  of  the 
manufacturers,  and  yet  it  can  readily  be  shown  that  even  that 
could  not  be  true,  for  the  demand  for  their  wares  would  fall  off 
from  the  consumers,  who  would  lose  the  benefit  of  the  moderate 
•tariff  now  imposed  upon  the  material  which  they  sell. 

It  is  designed  to  present  every  phase  of  the  tariff  question  in 
the  following  pages,  through  the  tables  presented  and  the  various 
extracts  from  speeches,  documents  and  other  data  which  is  given. 
It  is  the  purpose  of  the  editor  of  this  work  to  present  the  subject 
simply  as  it  exists  to-day  without  any  idea  whatever  of  presenting 
any  extreme  view,  or  anything  but  a  rational  and  absolutely  fair 
picture  of  present-day  conditions  added  to  historical  facts  and 
experience. 

Protection  and  Free-Trade. 

As  it  has  been  agreed  by  our  economists  that  a  tariff  for 
revenue  only  is  also  practical  free-trade,  it  may  be  well  to  define 
and  explain  clearly  just  what  is  meant  by  the  terms  Protection 
and  Free-trade.  There  is  probably  no  better  definition  of  the  term 
Protection  than  that  given  by  Senator  George  F.  Hoar,  as  follows: 

Protection,  as  used  in  our  political  and  economic  discussions,  is  the  im- 
posing of  such  duties  on  the  importation' of  foreign  products  as  will  pre- 
vent a  domestic  producer  of  the  same  article  from  having  his  business 
destroyed  by  the  competition  of  the  foreign  import,  while  he  establishes 
it ;  or  will  enable  him  to  maintain  the  production,  without  its  being  de- 
stroyed or  rendered  unprofitable  by  the  competition  of  the  foreign  article 
after  it  is  established,  when  he  could  not  otherwise  so"  establish  or  main- 
tain it ;  or  the  enabling  him  to  pay  larger  wages  in  such  production  than 
he  C0UI4  pay  if  he  were  subject  to  the  foreign  competition. 

The  term  Free-Trade  has  never  had  a  better  explanation  than 
that  given  by  its  foremost  apostle  and  advocate  in  this  country, 
Professor  W.  G.  Sumner: 

Free-Trade  :  The  term  "Free-Trade,"  although  much  discussed,  is  sel- 
dom rightly  defined.  It  does  not  mean  the  abolition  of  custom  houses, 
nor  does  it  mean  the  substitution  of  direct  for  indirect  taxation,  as  a  few 
American  disciples  of  the  school  have  supposed.  It  means  such  an  ad- 
justment of  taxes  on  imports  as  will  cause  no  diversion  of  capital  from 
any  channel  into  which  it  would  otherwise  flow,  into  any  channel  opened 
or  favored  by  the  legislation  which  enacts  the  customs.  A  country  may 
collect  its  entire  revenue  by  duties  on  imports  and  yet  be  an  entirely 
Free-Trade  country,  so  long  as  it  does  not  lay  those  duties  in  such  a  way 
as  to  lead  any  one  to  undertake  any  employment  or  make  any  investment 
he  would  avoid  in  the  absence  of  such  duties ;  thus  the  customs  duties 
ipvied  by  England,  with  a  very  few  exceptions,  are  not  inconsistent  witli 
her  profession  of  bein,f!j  a  country  which  believes  in  Free-Trade.  They 
either  are  duties  on  articles  not  produced  in  England,  or  they  are  exactly 
equivalent  to  the  excise  duties  levied  on  the  same  articles  if  made  at  home. 
They  do  not  lead  any  one  to  put  his  money  into  tlie  home  production  of 
an  article,  because  they  do  not  discriminate  in  favor  of  the  home  pro- 
ducer. 

It  therefore  follows  that  duties  which  are  not  Protective,  in 
other  words  duties  which  are  not  fully  equal  to  the  difference  in 
the  cost  of  labor  in  the  United  States  and  the  cost  of  the  same  or 
similar  labor  on  the  same  article  abroad,  are  Free-Trade  duties, 
in  fact,  and  in  effect,  just  as  much  as  if  there  were  no  duties 
whatever  upon  the  commodity  so  far  as  affects  our  ability  to  pro- 
duce that  commodity  at  a  prevailing  labor  cost.  If,  for  instance,  a 
duty  of  thirty  cents  is  necessary  upon  a  yard  of  cloth  to  keep  out 
a  yard  of  similar  foreign-niade  material,  and  the  duty  is  then  low- 
ered to  twenty-five  cents  a  yard,  thereby  enabling  the  foreign 


78  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

producer  to  pay  the  duty  and  enter  our  markets  at  the  same 
or  a  lower  price  than  is  quoted  on  our  own  production,  then  the 
duty  of  twenty-five  cents  results  in  Free-Trade  in  that  commodity. 
When,  therefore,  Free-traders  are  shy  of  using  the  term  and  re- 
sort to  the  terms  of  Tariff  Reform,  Tariff  Reduction,  Tariff  Re- 
vision, etc.,  they  are  begging  the  question  and  deceiving  both 
themselves  and  their  followers.  Our  duties  must  be  either  Pro- 
tective duties  or  Free-Trade  duties,  and  the'  moment  they  cease 
to  be  Protective  they  result  in  Free-Trade.  The  terms  Protection 
and  Free-Trade  will,  therefore,  be  used,  and  used  honestly  and 
fairly  throughout  this  work. 

History  of  Our  Tariffs  and  Various  Revisions. 

From  the  time  of  the  landing  of  the  Pilgrims  in  1620  to  the 
formation  of  our  Government  under  a  constitution  in  1789  there 
were  in  this  country  no  general  duties  upon  imports;  in  short, 
we  were  living  under  Free-Trade,  and  foreign  nations  were  able 
to  place  in  our  market  without  restraint  every  article  which  we 
were  liable  to  buy.  After  we  had  secured  independence  and 
were  united  as  a  confederacy  during  the  years  from  1783  to  1789, 
when  we  existed  as  a  union  of  colonies,  this  Free-Trade  was  ac- 
companied by  most  disastrous  results.  The  wares  of  foreign 
countries,  and  particularly  of  Great  Britain,  were  dumped  upon 
our  shores,  for  which  our  money  went  abroad  until  we  were 
drained  of  all  our  specie  and  had  not  even  a  dollar  left  as  a  cir- 
culating medium.  Because  of  the  goods  which  came  from  abroad 
our  own  laborers  were  idle,  and  nothing  but  debt  and  ruin  stared 
us  in  the  face. 

This  state  of  affairs  was  one  of  the  principal  causes  which  led 
to  the  adoption  of  a  Constitution  and  a  uniform  Government 
throughout  the  States  in  1789.  It  is  not  surprising,  then,  that 
the  first  law  placed  upon  our  statute  books  affecting  the  peo.ole  was 
a  Tariff  law  intended  not  only  as  a  means  of  revenue,  but  for 
the  encouragement  and  Protection  of  manufactures.  The  effect 
was  at  once  seen  in  the  industrial  progress  which  we  made  in 
both  agriculture  and  manufactures,  in  spite  of  the  attempts  of 
the  mother  country  to  crush  our  every  industry  in  the  States. 

No  material  and  complete  revision  of  our  first  tariff  of  1789 
was  made  until  1812,  when  it  was  enacted: 

"That  an  additional  duty  of  100  per  cent,  upon  the  permanent 
duties  now  imposed  by  law  upon  goods,  wares,  and  merchandise 
imported  into  the  United  States  shall  be  levied  and  collected  upon 
all  goods,  wares,  and  merchandise  which  shall,  from  and  after 
the  passing  of  this  act,  be  imported  into  the  United  States  from 
any  foreign  port  or  place." 

And  it  was  further  enacted: 

"That  this  act  shall  continue  In  force  so  long  as  the  United 
States  shall  be  engaged  in  war  with  Great  Britain  and  until  the 
expiration  of  one  year  after  the  conclusion  of  peace,  and  no 
longer:  Provided,  however,  That  the  additional  duties  laid  by 
this  act  shall  be  collected  on  all  such  goods,  wares,  and  merchan- 
dise as  shall  have  been  prf^viously  imported." 

This  was  the  only  complete  revision  of  the  tariff  that  has  taken 
place  in  our  history  on  account  of  war.  The  increase  in  tariff 
rates,  coupled  with  the  prohibitions  of  non-intercourse,  threw  us 
on  our  resources  and  resulted  in  the  establishment  of  many  new 
industries,  which,  in  spite  of  the  ravages  of  war,  brought  im- 
mense increase  of  national  wealth  and  business  activity.  In  a 
special  message  to  Congress,  February  20,  1815,  President  Madi* 
son  asked: 

"Deliberate  consideration  of  the  means  to  preserve  and  pro- 
mote the  manufactures  which  have  sprung  into  existence  and  at- 
tained an  unparalleled  maturity  throughout  the  United  States 
during  the  period  of  the  European  wars," 

Tariff  Act  of  1812. 

The  tariff  act  of  1812  provided  for  Its  own  termination,  which 
would  have  come  without  any  legislation  on  February  17,  1816, 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  79 

one  year  after  the  treaty  of  Ghent  was  ratified.  It  was  feared 
that  the  duties  existing  before  the  war  would  not  afford  sufficient 
protection  to  our  newly  established  industries,  and  it  was  pretty 
well  agreed  on  all  sides  that  those  duties  should  be  increased. 
First,  the  act  of  1812  was  continued  until  June  30,  1816. 

It  was  undoubtedly  the  purpose  of  the  Members  of  the  Four- 
teenth Congress  to  give  us  in  the  law  of  1816  a  thoroughly  pro- 
tective tariff,  and  yet  it  proved  a  failure,  not  because  the  princi- 
ple upon  which  it  was  based  was  not  protective  in  character,  but 
because  the  spirit  of  industrialism  which  then  prevailed  in  the 
mother  country  was  such  as  to  overcome  with  an  inundation  of 
goods  the  effects  of  protection  which  were  not  protective,  simply 
because  duties  were  not  made  high  enough.  In  other  words, 
moderate  protection  was  no  protection  at  all,  and  when  England 
resolved  to  flood  our  country  with  her  great  accumulation  of 
goods  of  all  kinds,  our  tariff  did  not  prove  a  sufficient  barrier. 

Our  present  revisionists  would  do  well  to  study  with  great  care 
the  conditions  and  the  results  of  that  period  of  our  history.  For 
eight  years  we  suffered  as  only  a  nation  can  suffer  when  she  buys 
her  goods  from  abroad  and  her  own  artisans  are  idle  and  un- 
productive. It  was  during  this  period  that  the  tariff  question  as 
a  great  national  policy  came  to  the  front  in  our  politics  and  was 
most  thoroughly  debated,  not  only  in  both  Houses  of  Congress 
but  by  the  press  and  on  the  platform  and  through  numberless 
pamphlets  and  speeches  made  throughout  the  country. 

The  result  was  a  new  tariff  in  1824,  which  was  intended  to  be, 
and  which  proved  to  be,  thoroughly  protective  in  character,  and 
in  the  words  of  President  McKinley:  "The  nation  was  quickened 
into  new  life,  and  the  entire  country  under  the  tariff  moved  on  to 
higher  triumphs  in  industrial  progress,  and  to  a  higher  and  bet- 
ter destiny  for  all  of  its  people." 


Revision  in  1828. 

So  satisfactory  was  this  tariff  that  it  was  still  further  revised 
in  1828,  and  higher  duties  substituted  to  such  a  degree  that  by 
its  enemies  it  was  called  the  "tariff  of  abominations,"  and  its  en- 
actment marked  the  beginning  of  the  secession  spirit  at  the  South, 
which  led  to  nullification  in  1832  and  rebellion  in  1861.  In  fact, 
it  was  the  tariff  of  1828  which  brought  about  a  sectional  division 
which  has  not  since  been  eradicated.  Daniel  Webster,  the  free- 
trader of  the  early  part  of  the  century,  seeing  the  benefits  which 
accrued  from  the  protective  tariff  in  1824,  became  himself  one  of 
the  stanchest  advocates  of  protection,  because  he  saw  that  it  was 
a  benefit  to  the  whole  country,  while  John  C.  Calhoun,  who  had 
been  a  protectionist  while  Webster  was  a  free-trader,  now  be- 
lieving that  free  trade  would  be  better  for  his  State  and  section, 
and  jealous  of  the  growing  power  of  the  North  because  of  pro- 
tection, became  an  ardent  free-trader. 

The  time  spent  in  revising  the  tariff  into  the  law  of  1816  was 
thirty-nine  days  of  actual  consideration  by  both  Houses  of  Con- 
gress and  the  President. 

A  considerable  portion  of  the  Sixteenth  Congress,  which  began 
in  December,  1819,  was  given  up  to  a  tariff  controversy,  but 
without  legislation.  The  discussion  was,  however,  productive  of 
good. 


Failure  to  Revise  Upward. 

As  the  country  was  now  aroused  to  the  necessity  of  a  tariff 
which  would  put  an  end  to  foreign  competition,  the  failure  to  re- 
vise the  tariff  in  1820  was  a  most  severe  disappointment  to  the 
protectionists  throughout  the  country.  Mr.  Niles  cites  the  case 
of  a  paper  in  Kentucky,  the  Lexington  Public  Inquirer,  which  at 
the  failure  of  the  bill  came  out  with  a  black  border  and  column 
rules,  saying: 

"Mourn,  O  ye  sons  and  daughters  of  Kentucky.!  O  ye  inhabit- 
ants of  the  United  States,  put  on  sackcloth  and  ashes,  for  the 
great  enemy  of  your  independence  has  prevailed.  You  must  still 
remain  prostrate.  Your  agricultural  productions  must  lie  and 
rot  on  your  hands." 

Meetings  were  now  held  in  various  parts  of  the  country,  and 


80  REPUBUCAN  CAMt*AIGN  tEXt-BOOK. 

memorials  from  all  sides  were  presented  to  Congress.  The  Sev 
enteenth  Congress  contented  itself  with  resolutions,  but  no  tarifl 
legislation  followed.  The  Eighteenth  Congress,  however,  whicli 
met  in  December,  1823,  took  the  matter  up  almost  immediately 
A  bill  was  reported  on  January  9,  1824,  and  a  discussion  began  on 
February  10.  It  passed  on  the  16th  of  April.  The  Senate  began 
its  consideration  on  the  28th  of  April  and  passed  it  on  the  13tl: 
of  May,  it  being  signed  by  the  President  on  May  25,  having  beer 
debated  and  passed  and  approved  in  less  than  five  months. 

The  Twentieth  Congress  met  in  December,  1827,  and  the  ne-w 
tariff  bill  was  brought  in  on  the  last  day  of  January  following 
It  occupied  the  time  of  the  House  and  the  Senate  about  foui 
'.months. 

The  so-called  modified  tariff  of  1832  was  not  by  any  means  £ 
thorough  revision,  but  simply  contained  amendments  to  the  ad 
of  1828.  The  compromise  tariff  of  1833  was,  however,  an  entirelj 
new  measure,  and  was  the  result  of  conciliation  to  meet  the  de 
mands  of  Southern  leaders.  The  enactment  of  the  amendments 
to  the  tariff  of  1828,  v/hich  became  known  as  the  tariff  of  1832 
occupied  but  a  few  months,  and  was  immediately  followed  b} 
nullification. 

Compromise  Tariff  of  1832. 

On  the  assembling  of  the  Twenty-second  Congress  in  December 
1832,  the  questions  of  nullification  and  the  tariff  were,  of  course 
uppermost.  A  bill  was  reported  on  the  27th  of  December  and  dis 
cussion  began  on  the  5th  of  January.  On  the  11th  of  Februarj 
Mr.  Clay  gave  notice  in  the  Senate  that  he  should  on  the  nexi 
day  ask  leave  to  introduce  a  bill  to  modify  the  various  acts  im 
posing  duties  on  imports.  It  was  then  that  the  basis  of  the  com 
promise  tariff  was  presented,  and  it  must  be  remembered  that  il 
was  presented  by  the  father  and  founder  of  the  American  systen: 
of  protection,  as  exemplified  in  the  acts  of  1824  and  1828.  Bu1 
Mr.  Clay  loved  his  country  better  than  a  section,  and  he  believed 
that  through  compromise  and  conciliation  he  might  save  the 
Union,  expecting  that  there  would  be  found  a  way  to  protect  oui 
industries  after  the  Union  had  been  saved. 

In  the  House  of  Representatives  the  so-called  "Verplanck"  bil 
had  been  for  several  weeks  under  debate,  but  the  House  was  evi 
dently  waiting  to  see  what  the  Senate  would  do,  and  the  debates 
dragged  along  most  wearily.  On  February  25,  two  days  after  the 
bill  had  passed  the  Senate,  it  was  substituted  in  the  House  foi 
the  bill  there  pending,  and  it  was  approved  by  the  President  on 
March  21.  But  a  few  weeks  had  transpired  in  its  discussion  and 
enactment.  In  fact,  up  to  this  time  three  or  four  months  at  the 
longest  was  required  for  the  framing  and  discussion  and  passage 
of  a  tariff  law.  Moreover,  at  no  time  could  the  tariff  itself  up  tc 
this  period  be  called  a  paramount  issue.  Since  1820  the  slavery 
question  had  been  at  the  front,  and  the  tariff  question  was  al 
ways  secondary.  Even  in  the  debate  over  the  compromise  ol 
1833  it  was  felt  that  the  compromise  itself  was  but  a  means  to- 
ward an  end — namely,  the  adjustment  of  the  slavery  question 
for  the  time  being,  if  not  for  several  years  to  come.  The  pro- 
tectionists of  the  North  preferred  peace  before  all  things  and 
sacrificed  the  material  interests  of  the  country  in  order  that  peace 
might  prevail. 

The  fiscal  year  1834  then  was  entered  upon  with  the  prospect 
of  constantly  decreasing  duties  until  all  should  be  wiped  out  but 
20  per  cent;  by  1842.  The  crash  came  in  1837,  and  the  worst  panic 
and  business  depression  which  the  country  had  yet  known  fol- 
lowed. 

Tariff  of  1842. 

In  1840  the  Democrats,  in  their  platform,  condemned  protection 
and  indorsed  practical  free  trade,  while  the  WTiigs,  although  they 
adopted  no  platform,  presented  as  their  candidate  William  Henry 
.Harrison,  who  was  a  strong  protectionist.  Mr.  Harrison  was 
elected,  and  with  him  John  Tyler  as  Vice-President.  Not  only 
were  these  candidates  successful,  but  a  decided  protectionist  ma- 
jority was  elected  to  the  next  Congress.     This  Congress  did  not 


REPUBJLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  81 

meet  till  December,  1841.  Several  attempts  had  been  made  to 
change  the  tariff  of  1833,  but  none  had  been  successful,  and  when 
the  Twenty-seventh  Congress  was  called  together  by  President 
Harrison  to  meet  in  extraordinary  session,  May  31,  1841,  although 
Mr.  Harrison  had  been  succeeded  by  Mr.  Tyler,  the  condition  of 
the  Treasury  was  such  as  to  require  immediate  attention.  The 
last  reduction  under  the  tariff  of  1833  had  not  yet  taken  place. 
Mr.  Tyler,  who  had  been  professedly  a  protectionist  while  he  was 
a  candidate,  now  became  hostile  to  his  party  interest  and  gave 
warning  that  the  compromise  act  should  not  be  altered  except 
under  urgent  necessity. 

The  new  tariff  bill  was  not  taken  up  in  the  House  until  the 
24th  of  July  and  was  debated  less  than  a  week.  It  was  delayed 
in  the  Senate  until  the  27th  of  August  and  was  passed  almost 
immediately  on  the  31st.  Here  it  will  be  seen  that  it  required 
but  little  more  than  a  month  to  enact  a  tariff  law  which  was 
really  a  complete  revision,  and  which  took  the  place  of  a  tariff 
then  in  operation.  This  law,  although  hastily  constructed  and 
passed,  was  by  far  the  most  elaborate  bill  which  the  country  had 
known  up  to  that  time.  It  was  made  up  of  schedules  consistently 
arranged  and  the  specific  duties  were  equitably  imposed  on  both_ 
raw  material  and  finished  product. 


Tariff  of  1846. 

The  tariff  of  1846  was  framed  by  the  Secretary,  Robert  J. 
Walker  of  Mississippi.  Mr.  Walker  was  a  pronounced  free-trader, 
and  took  the  very  first  opportunity  which  his  new  position  al- 
lowed him  to  start  the  machinery  for  the  repeal  of  the  tariff  of 
1842.  Under  that  tariff  the  country  had  been  exceedingly  pros- 
perous since  its  adoption.  Hope  revived  and  industry  through- 
out the  country  felt  a  new  impulse.  The  prosperity  of  the  coun- 
try continued,  and  in  addition  to  the  increased  business  activity, 
the  act  of  1842  was  also  a  good  revenue  raiser;  in  fact,  the 
law  was  successful  in  every  respect,  and  there  was  no  reason 
whatever  for  its  repeal  on- the  ground  of  helping  either  industry 
or  labor  or  the  revenue.  The  reason  lay  far  back  of  that, 
and  was  much  the  same  as  the  reason  for  nullification  in  1832. 
The  President,  who  had  received  the  votes  of  Pennsylvania,  and 
therefore  had  been  elected  because  he  was  thought  to  be  a  protec- 
tionist, at  once  fell  in  with  the  Southern  leaders,  whose  tool  he 
became,  and  in  his  message  to  Congress  advocated  a  change  in 
the  existing  tariff  laws.  His  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  went  much 
further,  and  in  his  annual  report,  dated  December  3,  1845,  gave  to 
Congress  one  of  the  most  famous  tariff  documents  ever  promul- 
gated in  this  country.  All  students  of  the  tariff  should  read 
this  paper  of  Secretary  Walker,  although  it  can  only  be  referred 
to  here. 

The  Congress  which  met  in  December,  1845,  organized  in  the 
House  by  the  election  of  John  W.  Davis,  of  Indiana,  a  free-trader, 
as  Speaker,  who  appointed  a  Committee  of  Ways  and  Means  con- 
sisting of  six  Democrats,  five  of  whom  were  free-traders,  and 
three  Whigs.  A  bill  was  not  reported  for  some  time,  in  fact, 
not  until  the  middle  of  April,  and  it  was  not  considered  in  Com- 
mittee of  tne  W^hole  until  the  middle  of  June.  The  bill  was 
passed  by  the  House  on  July  3,  was  placed  before  the  Senate 
on  July  13  and  passed  on  July  28.  The  final  vote  on  its  passage 
in  the  Senate  is  one  of  historical  interest,  resulting  in  a  tie, 
when  the  Vice-President,  Mr.  Dallas,  elected  because  he  was  sup- 
posed to  be  a  protectionist,  cast  the  deciding  vote  with  the  free- 
traders, making  the  passage  of  the  bill  a  possibility. 


Eleven  Years  of  Free-Trade. 

This  tariff  of  1846,  or  the  Walker  tariff,  as  it  was  called,  re- 
mauied  practically  unchanged  for  eleven  years.  A  discussion 
of  the  merits  of  the  bill,  of  the  changes  brought  about  by  its 
adoption,  and  the  result  upon  the  industries  of  the  country  would 
require  volumes  and  must  not  be  attempted  here.    It  may  simply 


82  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

be  stated  that,  abandoning  all  academic  discussion  upon  the 
subject,  accepting  no  editorial  utterances,  but  confining  ourselves 
to  the  news  columns  of  the  periodicals  of  the  time,  it  brought 
idleness  and  poverty  such  as  has  seldom  been  known  during  any 
business  depression  of  this  country;  and  yet,  in  spite  of  this  re- 
sult, made  especially  apparent  during  the  last  few  years  of  the  life 
of  the  law,  in  1857  the  tariff  was  still  further  reduced,  bringing 
a  panic  and  further  destruction  of  very  many  of  our  industries. 
It  has  been  said  that  the  vote  in  favor  of  the  tariff  of  1857  in- 
cluded many  New  England  Members  of  Congress  and  many  other- 
wise known  as  "protectionists."  This  is  true,  for  the  one  reason 
that  the  President  and  Senate  were  absolutely  against  the  North, 
:uid  that  even  the  House  was  Democratic  on  every  issue  except 
the  slavery  question.  The  northern  manufacturers  were  not  able 
to  get  protection  for  their  finished  product,  and,  in  despair,  they 
voted  for  a  removal  of  the  duty  from  the  raw  material  of  their 
goods,  which  in  itself  would  give  them  a  small  measure  of  protec- 
tion. The  bill  was  debated  from  August,  1856,  until  its  adoption 
on  the  last  of  February,  1857,  again  over  six  months  being  occu- 
pied in  the  passage  of  a  bill  which  was  not  really  a  complete  re- 
vision, but  only  amendments  to  another  law. 

The  tariff  of  1846,  together  with  its  offspring,  the  tariff  of 
1857,  were  in  operation  for  a  longer  period  of  time  than  any  other 
tariff  in  our  history.  It  was  also  the  longest  continuous  period 
of  free  trade  which  we  have  experienced  since  the  foundation  of 
the  Government.  Its  trial  was  lengthy  and  thorough,  and  the 
result  was  disaster  and  ruin.  The  tariff  question,  however,  was 
at  the  time  a  secondary  question  in  politics  and  general  interest 
throughout  the  country.  The  slavery  question  was  paramount, 
and  became  so  acute  in  1854,  that  a  new  party  was  born,  resolved 
to  check  the  further  extension  of  the  slave  power  beyond  the  ter- 
ritory of  the  South.  This  party,  known  as  the  Republican  party, 
did  not  at  first  make  any  attempt  at  an  impossible  solution  of 
the  tariif  question.  In  fact,  it  was  not  until  the  Thirty-sixth  Con- 
gress, which  met  in  December,  1859,  that  they  had  a  controlling 
number  of  members  in  either  House  of  Congress.  In  the  House, 
after  eight  weeks  balloting,  William  Pennington,  of  New  Jersey, 
a  Republican,  was  chosen  Speaker. 

First     Fvepublican     Tariff     Law. 

Justin  S.  Morrill,  of  Vermont,  was  selected  as  chairman  of  the 
"Ways  and  Means  Committee,  which  at  once  framed  a  tariff  upon 
thorough  protection  lines,  both  for  the  purpose  of  raising  revenue 
to  meet  the  necessary  expenses  of  the  Government  and  to  protect 
our  labor  and  industries.  This  bill  passed  the  House  of  Represen- 
tatives by  a  vote  of  105  to  64  on  May  11,  1860.  When  it  reached 
the  Democratic  Senate,  however,  it  was  held  up,  and  would  never 
have  been  heard  of  again  in  that  Congress  had  not  several  South- 
ern Senators  resigned  their  seats  in  the  early  part  of  1861.  After 
some  debate  the  bill  was  passed  by  the  Senate  on  February  20 
of  that  year  by  a  vote  of  25  to  14,  and  it  was  signed  by  President 
Buchanan  on  March  2.  Of  this  bill  and  its  eflect  the  Annual  En- 
cyclopedia for  1861  said: 

"A  revenue  law  affording  uncommon  protection  to  manufactures 
was  enacted.  This  was  proposed  not  for  the  purpose  of  husband- 
ing the  resources  of  the  country  in  anticipation  of  approaching 
strife,  but  chiefly  as  a  great  party  measure,  and  to  secure  an  in- 
crease of  prosperity  to  this  great  national  interest.  It  has  proved  to 
be  the  wisest  measure  adopted  durmg  the  S3Ssion.  It  immediately 
checked  the  importation  of  foreign  manufactures,  secured  the  re- 
duction of  the  debt  of  the  country  to  other  nations,  caused  a  large 
importation  of  specie  in  payment  of  exports,  and  thereby  enabled 
the  citizens  to  advance  loans  to  the  Government  in  its  most  press- 
ing hour." 

This  was  the  first  measure  enacted  by  the  Republican  Party,  and 
since  the  enactment  of  the  Morrill  law  in  1861,  which  was  framed 
and  enacted  solely  for  the  purpose  of  revenue  and  protection,  the 
Republican  Party  has  steadfastly  and  continuously  advocated  and 
adopted  tariffs  that  have  given  protection  to  our  labor  and  indus- 
tries, and  sufficient  revenue,  together  with  the  internal  revenue, 
to  meet  the  necessary  expenses  of  the  Government. 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN   TEXT-BOOK.  83 

Tariff    Becomes     Paramount. 

With  perhaps  the  exception  of  the  tariff  of  1824,  there  was  no 
time  in  the  history  of  the  country  previous  to  1880  when  the  tari  f 
could  be  called  the  paramount  issue  in  any  election  or  discussion. 
Even  in  1833,  when  the  compromise  tariff  was  enacted,  it  was 
but  a  portion  of  the  greater  issue  of  disunion.  From  that  time 
until  1861  slavery  and  its  extension,  secession  and  rebellion  so  far 
overshadowed  all  other  questions  that,  although  at  times  most 
acrimoniously  debated,  none  ever  rose  to  the  dignity  of  a  para- 
mount issue.  Following  the  enactment  of  the  Morrill  tariff,  and 
along  with  the  several  amendments  made  necessary  by  the  war 
and  by  the  condition  of  the  country  following  the  war,  the  war 
itself  and  reconstruction  succeeded  by  our  financial  adjustments 
far  overshadowed  the  tariff  question. 

In  1867  attention  was  given  to  the  wool  and  woolen  interests, 
and  the  increased  duty  resulted  most  favorably  to  those  indus- 
tries. The  same  was  true  of  the  amendments  of  1870,  which  gave 
great  impetus  to  our  iron  and  steel  industries,  and  especially  to 
the  manufacture  of  steel  rails,  upon  which  a  specific  duty  of  $28 
per  ton  was  placed. 


Downward     Revision     of     1872. 

In  1872,  however,  the  reformTs  and  revisionists  thought  it  time 
for  a  general  reduction,  and  to  appease  their  clamor  a  horizontal 
cut  of  10  per  cent,  was  made.  The  panic  of  1873  followed,  due  in 
part  to  this  reduction.  The  10  per  cent,  reduction  was  repealed 
in  1875,  to  the  benefit  of  all  industries. 

Protection  from  1861  up  to  1880  had  produced  sufficient  revenue 
not  only  to  carry  on  the  necessary  expense  of  the  Government, 
but  to  enable  us  to  year  after  year  reduce  the  great  debt  which 
had  piled  up  during  the  Civil  War.  Our  industries  were  fiourish- 
ing,  our  country  was  developing  both  in  manufactures  and  agricul- 
ture, our  great  railroads  were  being  built,  and  our  coast  and  lake 
commerce  increased  at  rapid  strides;  and,  yet,  in  spite  of  this 
great  prosperity,  in  spite  of  the  greatest  industrial  advance  and 
increase  of  wealth  which  ever  came  to  any  nation  in  the  same 
space  of  time,  it  was  found  in  the  campaign  of  1880  and  the  years 
following  that  there  was  a  desire  on  the  part  of  a  large  number 
of  our  people  to  revise  the  tariff,  and  revision  then  meant,  as  it 
does  now,  reduction. 


''Friendly"  Revision  in  1883. 

This  question  was  an  issue  of  the  campaign  of  1880,  and  al- 
though the  Republicans  and  Protectionists  won,  the  desire  for  re- 
vision would  not  down,  and  in  1882  so  general  was  the  cry  that 
President  Arthur,  in  response,  appointed  the  famous  tariff  com- 
mission, whose  recommendations  were  largely  adopted  by  Con- 
gress, and  the  so-called  "Commission  law"  of  j.883  was  framed  and 
adopted. 

The  report  of  the  Commission  was  presented  to  the  Forty-sev- 
enth Congress  at  its  second  session,  in  December,  1882,  and  the 
law  reached  the  President  for  his  signature  on  March  3,  1883.  If 
we  include  the  time  spent  by  the  commission  in  its  hearings  and 
preparation  of  its  report,  we  may  charge  nearly  a  whole  year  of 
time  to  the  preparation  and  enactment  of  the  tariff  law  of  1883. 
This  law  remained  unchanged  until  the  McKinley  tariff  of  1890, 
although  during  the  years  intervening  the  tariff  question  could 
be  called  not  only  the  paramount  question  in  politics  and  general 
discussion,  but  practically  the  only  question. 

The  election  of  Mr.  Cleveland  in  1884  gave  new  hopes  to  the  so- 
called  "reformers"  of  the  United  States,  now  being  encouraged 
by  the  free-traders  of  Great  Britain,  and  in  1887  Mr.  Cleveland 
in  his  message  to  Congress  of  that  year  devoted  himself  solely  to 
the  tariff  question,  advocating  the  doctrines  set  forth  by  the 
Cobden  Club  and  the  various  free  trade  and  reform  elements 
of  the  United  States.  The  result  was  the  introduction  of  the  Mills 
bill,  a  most  iniquitous  measure,  which-  consumed  months  of  debate 


S4  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TBXT-BOOK. 

in  both  House  and  Senate,  although  it  was  known  that  the  bill 
lould  not  possibly  become  a  law.  But  the  message  of  Mr.  Cleve- 
land and  the  debate  upon  the  Mills  bill  again  lead  to  the  tariff 
discussion  during  the  Presidential  campaign  of  1888,  when  Mr 
Cleveland  was  defeated  by  Mr.  Harrison,  and  a  Republican  and 
protectionist  House  of  Representatives  was  elected  to  join  with 
the  Republican  Senate  in  framing  an  entirely  new  tariff  law  to 
supercede  the  one  then  in  operation. 

Upward    Revision    in     1890. 

The  Fifty-First  Congress  met  on  December  2,  1889,  and  the 
House  organized  by  the  election  of  Thomas  B.  Reed  as  Speaker, 
who  a  week  aft,er  appointed  William  McKinley,  of  Ohio,  as  chair- 
man of  the  Ways  and  Means  Committee,  President  Harrison  in 
his  message  had  recommended  a  revision  of  the  tariff  law,  and 
the  Ways  and  Means  Committee  entered  at  once  upon  the  prepa- 
ration of  a  complete  and  comprehensive  bill.  Even  with  a  good 
working  majority  in  both  Houses  of  Congress,  and  with  a  desire 
lo  have  a  new  law  at  the  earliest  possible  day,  the  McKinley  bill 
did  not  reach  the  President  until  October  1,  upon  which  day  it 
also  went  into  operation.  Nearly  ten  months  were  spent  in  its 
construction,  debate,  and  enactment.  But  this  law  was  apparent- 
ly condemned  by  the  people  two  years  afterwards,  when  they 
again  elected  Mr.  Cleveland  to  the  Presidency,  in  1892,  and  with 
him  a  Congress  Democratic  in  both  branches.  Although  the  plat- 
form and  candidates  were  pledged  to  an  immediate  reform  of  the 
tariff  and  to  the  enactment  of  a  free-trade  law,  yet  it  was  Aug.  27", 
3  894,  before  the  tariff  bill  became  a  law,  and  then  without  the 
President's  signature.  It  took  the  Democratic  party  nearly  a  year 
and  a  half  to  prepare  and  agree  upon  a  tariff  law,  which  when 
framed  and  amended  and  finally  passed  was  not  satisfactory  to 
a  single  Member  of  either  House  of  Congress,  nor  to  the  President, 
who  would  neither  veto  nor  sign  it.  The  effect  of  this  law  is  too 
recent  and  too  well-known  to  be  more  than  alluded  to  here. 

Free     Trade    Revision    in     1894. 

Never  before,  perhaps,  in  the  history  of  our  country  was  the  an- 
ticipation of  legislation  so  keen  as  in  the  case  of  the  Democratic 
tariff  law  of  1894.  .  Immediately  after  the  election  of  Mr.  Cleve- 
land in  1892,  and  with  him  the  assurance  that  both  Houses  of 
Congress  would  be  Democratic,  the  country  awoke  to  the  situation 
and  began  at  once  to  prepare  for  it.  It  was  not  known  what 
kind  of  a  tariff  law  would  be  put  on  our  statute  books,  but  it  was 
known  that  duties  would  be  reduced  all  along  the  line,  and  that 
we  would  have  practical  free  trade  for  many.  If  not  all  of  our 
industries.  The  panic  which  had  accompanied  previous  reduc- 
tions of  the  tariff  did  not  wait  for  the  actual  occurrence  of  the 
reduction  of  duties.  Capitalists,  manufacturers,  and  merchants 
all  knew  from  previous  experience  what  was  to  be  expected,  and 
so  the  panic  came  at  once,  and  continued  as  long  as  the  tariff 
continued. 

Return  to  Protection  in  1897. 

Fortunately,  the  people  came  to  the  rescue  again  in  the 
next  election,  and  gave  us  a  Republican  House  of  Representatives, 
while  in  1896  Mr.  McKinley  was  elected,  and  with  him  a  good 
majority  in  both  branches  of  the  National  Legislature.  Again  an- 
ticipation acted  before  realization,  and  just  as  soon  as  the  com- 
mercial and  financial  interests  of  the  country  were  assured  of 
protection  being  restored  hope  returned  and  the  busy  wheels 
commenced  to  revolve  and  employment  gave  place  to  idleness,  so 
that  when  the  Dingley  law  went  into  operation,  on  July  24,  1897, 
after  six  months  spent  in  its  preparation,  debate,  and  enactment, 
the  country  was  prepared  for  the  busy  and  prosperous  years 
which  followed,  and  which  have  continued  until  the  present  time. 

Average    Time    Spejit    jn    Tariff    Revision 

Our  tariff  history  shows,  in  the  first  place,  that  on  an  average 
from  six  to  twelve  months  are  required  for  the  preparation,  he^r- 


REPUBLICAN   (A.M  I'AKiN   TKXT-BOOK.  85 

ing  debate  and  enactment  of  a  tariff  law.  We  have  also  spent 
many  months  of  hearings  and  debates  on  bills  which  have  not  been 
enacted  into  law.  It  is  always  a  period  of  the  greatest  suspense 
to  all  industrial  and  commercial  interests,  and  this  suspense 
has  affected  business  in  the  past  according  as  to  whether  the 
tariff  under ''debate  was  to  be  revised  upward  or  downward.  We 
need  not  go  back  to  our  early  history  for  illustrations  of  this 
effect,  as  they  were  not  so  keen  during  the  first  half  of  our  history 
when  the  tariff  question  was  not  the  uppermonst  subject  of  discus- 
sion, and  when  industrial  development  constituted  but  a  small 
fraction  of  its  present  tremendous  proportions,  as  has  been  the 
case  during  the  last  generation.  A  knowledge  that  the  tariff 
will  be  reduced  or  increased  has  much  the  same  effect  as  does  the 
actual  reduction  or  increase  itself.  This  has  been  notably  the 
case  with  regard  to  our  last  two  laws,  the  so-called  "Wilson- 
Gorman  law"  of  1894  aod  the  "Dingley  law"  of  1897,  both  of 
which  repealed  the  tariff  then  in  operation.  Till  the  enact- 
ment of  the  law  of  1890  we  have  had  no  instance  since  1861  of 
one  law  entirely  replacing  another.  The  various  laws  during 
and  immediately  after  that  law,  the  laws  of  1867,  1870  and  1872, 
ahd  even  the  Commission  law  of  1883,  were  amendatory  rather 
than  repealing,  and  so  the  entire  country  was  not  so  much  con- 
cerned as  those  engaged  in  industries  which  were  known  to  be 
under  consideration.  But  in  1892  and  1893,  when  it  was  known 
that  our  whole  protective  principle  would  be  overturned  and  sub- 
stituted by  a  law  having  for  its  basis  free  trade,  our  people  were 
naturally  apprehensive  and  prepared  for  the  worst;  in  other 
words,  they  prepared  for  an  inundation  of  foreign  goods  which 
would  replace  our  own  manufactures. 

In  1896  the  feeling  was  exactly  the  reverse.  It  was  then  known 
that  the  period  of  free  trade  would  soon  be  followed  by  the  enact- 
ment of  a  protective  law,  and  that  our  own  industries  and  labor 
would  soon  have  sufficient  protection  against  the  competition  of 
foreign  mills  in  Europe  and  throughout  the  world. 

Disaster    Has     Invariably     Attended     Reductions. 

The  history  of  our  tariff  laws  shows,  too,  that  in  every  in- 
stance without  exception  since  the  foundation  of  the  Government 
where  the  existing  tariff  or  any  part  of  it  has  been  reduced  there 
have  followed  disastrous  consequences  in  all  or  a  part  of  our 
industries.  There  has  not  been  a  single  exception — not  one.  On 
the  other  hand,  it  can  be  said  that  in  eveiT  instance  where  the 
tariff  has  been  increased  as  a  whole  or  upon  single  industries 
those  industries  and  the  commercial  prosperity  of  the  country 
at  large  have  been  increased  and  continued  so  long  as  that  higher 
tariff  itself  continued.  This,  too,  can  be  laid  down  as  a  rule 
without  a  single  exception. 

It  must  be  admitted  that  during  our  history  there  have  been 
reasons  for  a  change  in  our  tariff  laws  unconnected  with  the 
wants  of  our  labor  and  industries.  This  has  been  the  question 
of  revenue.  Here,  again,  we  have  never  been  in  agreement,  a 
portion  of  our  people  believing  that  low  duties  would  bring  large 
revenues.  The  opposite,  however,  has  been  the  case.  For  a 
time,  it  is  true,  low  duties  might  mean  a  large  increase  of  impor- 
tations and  consequent  increase  in  duties,  but  as  our  own  idleness 
and  low  wages  meant  a  loss  of  purchasing  power,  then  importa- 
tions must  fall  off  and  duties  as  well. 

It  was  said  that  the  reason  for  the  lowering  of  the  duties  in  1857 
was  because  of  our  redundant  Treasury,  and  yet  our  redundant 
Treasury  was  not  due  to  the  receipt  of  customs  under  the  Walker 
tariff,  but  to  the  receipts  from  the  sales  of  public  lands;  but  under 
the  reduced  duties  of  1857  the  revenue  fell,  as  it  did  before  and 
has  since,  under  purely  revenue  laws,  while  on  the  contrary,  under 
our  protective  tariffs  our  revenues  have  almost  invariably  been 
more  than  sufficient  to  meet  the  necessary  expenses  of  the  Gov- 
ernment and  to  decrease  our  national  debt.  In  fact,  one  of  the 
reasons  for  the  propaganda  of  the  reformers  from  1880  to  1890 
was  because  our  revenues  were  so  large  as  to  become  almost  a 
menace  to  good  government. 

Our  history,  then,  shows  wherever  we  have  reduced  the  tariff, 
whether  reduction  has  been  brought  about  by  our  free-traders  or 


86 


REPUBLICAN  CA.MPAKJN    TEXT-BOOK. 


by  protectionists,  it  has  been  more  or  less  disastrous.  This  was 
the  case  in  1816,  1872,  and  1883,  when  the  tariff  was  supposed 
to  be  revised  by  its  friends.  In  1890,  on  the  contrary,  when  it 
was  revised  by  its  friends,  but  when  the  rates  we:  3  increased, 
I  he  results  were  beneficial,  and  the  years  1891  and  1892,  under  the 
operation  of  this  law,  were  the  most  prosperous  in  our  history 
up  to  that  time,  the  assertions  of  Democratic  orators  and  free- 
traders to  the  contrary  notwithstanding. 

IMPORTANT  TARIFF  REVISIONS. 


J. aw 
of-- 

1812 
1810 

1824 

1828 
1832 
1833 

1842 
184t> 

1857 


1861 

1861 
1862 
1863 
1864 
1865 
1867 

1870 

1872 

1875 

1883 

1890 
1804 
1897 


Reason  for  revision. 


War 

To    provide    new    rates    after 

repeal  of  war  duties. 
Ruinous    condition    of    indus- 
tries. 

To    increase    prosperity 

Conciliation 

Compromise     to      save     the 

Union. 

To  save  our  industries 

To  satisfy  the  Southern  free 

traders. 
To      decrease      the      revenue 

and    still    further    satisfy 

the    South 

First     Republican     tariff  for 

revenue  and  protection. 


Time  con- 
sumed.* 


To     meet    requirements    of 


To  help  wool  and  woolen  in- 
dustries. 

To  establish  new  industries, 
especially    iron    and    steel. 

To    conciliate    "reformers.".. 

To    correct    act    of    1872 

To   conciliate   revisionists.  .  . 


No  debate. 
39    days. . . 

^Vz  months 

4  months .  . 
6  months. .. 
2  months.  . 

5  months.  . 
3V^  months 

6  months.  . 


11  months. 

I*  a  s  s  e  d 
promptly 

7  months. 
4  months. 
3   months.  . 

1  month .  .  . 

2  months.  . 


To  meet  existing  conditions . '  5%  months 

To  try  free  trade 8   months. 

To    provide    revenue    and    to  5  months.  . 
protect    our    failing    indus- 
tries. ' 


Nature 
of    cliange 


Result. 


Rates    doublod..   T'.oneficlal. 
Moderate    pr()l(>c-  Disastrous 

tion. 
Substantial       in 

crease. 
Further   increase 
Decrease .  .  . 
....Do 


Increase 

Free  trade  and  ad 

valorem    dutips. 

Further  decrease 


Increase. 


Beneficial. 
Ruinous. 

Bankrupt'' 


Beneficial. 


General  increase. 


Upward  changes. 


$28  per  ton  on 
steel    rails. 

10  per  cent  re- 
duction. 

Repeal  of  10  per 
cent  reduction. 

Reduction  and 
increased  free 
list. 

Increase  and  spe- 
cific   rates.         I 

Large    reduction,  Ruinous, 
free   wool,   etc. 

Substantial       in-  Beneficial, 
ci-ease. 


Beneficial. 


Do. 
Injurious. 
Disastrous 


Do. 


Do. 
Do. 


Injurious. 
Beneficial. 
Injurious. 


Beneficial. 


passage,   exclusive  of  time  spc 


*  This  is  the  time   of  actual    debate  and 
in  agitation,  hearings,  and  preparation. 

BISMARCK'S  TRIBUTE  TO  PROTECTION. 

(From  a  Speech  in  the  Reichstag-  by  Prince  Bismarck,  May  12, 

1882.) 

The  success  of  the  United  States  in  material  development  is 
the  most  illustrious  of  modern  times.  The  American  nation  has 
not  only  successfully  borne  and  suppressed  the  most  gigantic 
and  expensive  war  of  all  history,  but  immediately  afterward 
disbanded  its  army,  found  work  for  its  soldiers  and  marines, 
paid  off  most  of  its  debt,  given  labor  and  homes  to  all  the  un- 
employed of  Europe  as  fast  as  they  could  arrive  within  the 
territory,  and  still  by  a  system  of  taxation  so  indirect  as  not  to 
be  perceived,  much  less  felt.  Because  it  is  my  deliberate  judg- 
ment that  the  prosperity  of  America  is  mainly  due  to  its  sys- 
tem of  protective  laws,  I  urge  that  Germany  has  now  reached 
that  point  where  it  is  necessary  to  imitate  the  tariff  system 
of  the  United  States. 

Better  run  our  home  industries  full  blast  all  the  year  every 
year,  and  give  away  the  surplus  product  in  free-trade  coun- 
tries, than  to  be  idle  and  buy  foreign  wares  cheap  or  even 
accept  them  as  a  free  gift. — Hon.  M.  N.  Johnson. 

Silent  factories,  vacant  workshops,  capital  without  return, 
workmen  out  of  employ,  children  and  women  seeking  the 
necessaries  of  life,  will  make  little  impression  upon  Democratic 
statesmanship.— Senator  Geo.  F.  Hoar. 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  87 

TARIFF  PLANKS  IN  NATIONAL  PLATFORMS. 

1856. 
REPUBLICAN— None. 
DEMOCRATIC— Reaffirmed;  and  this  plank  also  adopted: 

That  there  are  questions  connected  with  the  foreign  policy  of 
this  country  which  are  inferior  to  no  domestic  question  what- 
ever. The  time  has  come  for  the  people  of  the  United  States 
to  declare  themselves  in  favor  of  free  seas  and  progressive  Free 
Trade  throughout  the  world,  and,  by  solemn  manifestations,  to 
place  their  moral  influence  at  the  side  of  their  successful  example. 


1860. 

REPUBLICAN. — That,  while  providing  revenue  for  the  support 
of  the  general  Government  by  duties  upon  imports,  sound  policy 
requires  such  an  adjustment  of  these  imposts  as  to  encourage 
the  development  of  the  industrial  interests  of  the  whole  coun- 
try; and  we  commend  that  policy  of  national  exchanges  which 
secures  to  the  workingmen  liberal  wages,  to  agriculture  re- 
munerative prices,  to  mechanics  and  manufacturers  and  ade- 
quate reward  for  their  skill,  labor  and  enterprise,  and  to  the 
nation  commercial  prosperity  and  independence. 

DEMOCRATIC— Reaffirmed. 

(The  eighth  section  of  the  Confederate  Constitution  con- 
tained these  words: 

Sec.  8.  Congress  shall  have  power  to  lay  and  collect  taxes, 
duties,  imposts  and  excises  for  revenue  necessary  to  pay  the 
debts,  provide  for  the  common  defense,  and  carry  on  the  Gov- 
ernment of  the  Confederate  States;  but  no  bounty  shall  be 
granted  from  the  Treasury,  nor  shall  any  duty  or  tax  on  im- 
portations from  foreign  nations  be  laid  to  promote  or  foster 
any  branch  of  industry.) 


1864. 


REPUBLICAN.— None. 
DEMOCRATIC— None 


1868. 

REPUBLICAN.— None. 

DEMOCRATIC—.  .  .  A  Tariff  for  revenue  upon  foreign  imports, 
and  such  equal  taxation  under  the  internal  revenue  laws  as  will 
afford  incidental  Protection  to  domestic  manufactures,  and  as 
will,  without  impairing  the  revenue,  impose  the  least  burden 
upon  and  best  promote  and  encourage  the  great  industrial  in- 
tierests  of  the  country. 

1872. 

REPUBLICAN.— Revenue,  except  so  much  as  may  be  derived 
from  a  tax  upon  tobacco  and  liquors,  should  be  raised  by  duties 
upon  importations,  the  details  of  which  should  be  so  adjusted  as 
to  aid  in  securing  remunerative  wages  to  labor,  and  promote 
the  industries,  prosperity  and  growth  of  the  whole  country. 

DEMOCRATIC—.  .  .  Recognizing  that  there  are  in  our 
midst  honest  but  irreconcilable  differences  of  opinion  with 
regard  to  the  respective  systems  of  Protection  and  Free  Trade, 
we  remit  the  discussion  of  the  subject  to  the  people  in  their 
Congressional  districts,  and  to  the  decision  of  the  Congress 
thereon,  wholly  free  from  executive  interference  or  dictation. 

1876. 

REPUBLICAN. — The  revenue  necessary  for  current  expenditures 
and  the  obligations  of  the  public  debt  must  be  largely  derived 
from  duties  upon  importations,  which,  so  far  as  possible,  should 
be  adjusted  to  promote  the  interests  of  American  labor  and  ad- 
vance the  prosperity  of  the  whole  country. 

DEMOCRATIC— We  demand  that  all  custom  house  taxation  shall 
be  only  for  revenue. 


88  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

1880. 

REl' LI  JJLU^AN— Reaffirmed. 
DEMOCRATIC.—A  Tariff  for  revenue  only. 

■  1884. 

REPUBLICAN. — It  is  the  first  duty  of  a  good  Government  to  pro- 
tect the  rights  and  promote  the  interests  of  its  own  people;  the 
largest  diversity  of  industry  is  most  productive  of  general  pros- 
perity and  of  the  comfort  and  independence  of  the  people. 

We  therefore  demand  that  the  imposition  of  duties  on  foreign 
imports  shall  be  made,  not  for  "revenue  only,"  but  that,  in  rais- 
ing the  requisite  revenue  for  the  Government,  such  duties  shall 
be  so  levied  as  to  afford  security  to  our  diversified  industries 
and  Protection  to  the  rights  and  wages  of  the  laborer,  to  the 
end  that  active  and  intelligent  labor,  as  well  as  capital,  may 
have  its  just  reward  and  the  laboring  man  his  full  share  in  the 
national  prosperity. 

Against  the  so-called  economical  system  of  the  Democratic 
Party,  which  would  degrade  our  labor  to  the  foreign  standard, 
we  enter  our  earnest  protest;  the  Democratic  Party  has  failed 
completely  to  relieve  the  people  of  the  burden  of  unnecessary 
taxation  by  a  wise  reduction  of  the  surplus. 

The  Republican  Party  pledges  itself  to  correct  the  inequalities 
of  the  Tariff,  and  to  reduce  the  surplus,  not  by  the  vicious  and 
indiscriminate  process  of  horizontal  reduction,  but  by  such 
methods  as  will  relieve  the  taxpayer  without  injuring  the  la- 
borer or  the  great  productive  interests  of  the  country. 

We  recognize  the  importance  of  sheep  husbandry  in  the 
United  States,  the  serious  depression  which  it  is  now  experienc- 
ing, and  the  danger  threatening  its  future  prosperity;  and  we 
therefore  respect  the  demands  of  the  representatives  of  this  im- 
portant agricultural  interest  for  a  readjustment  of  duty  upon 
foreign  wool,  in  order  that  such  industry  shall  have  full  and 
adequate  Protection. 
DEMOCRATIC— The  Democracy  pledges  itself  to  .  .  .  reduce 
taxation  to  the  lowest  limit  consistent  with  due  regard  to  the 
preservation  of  the  faith  of  the  nation  to  its  creditors  and  pen- 
sioners. 

Knowing  full  well,  however,  that  legislation  affecting  the  oc- 
cupations of  the  people  should  be  cautious  and  conservative  in 
method,  not  in  advance  of  public  opinion,  but  responsive  to  its 
demands,  the  Democratic  Party  is  pledged  to  revise  the  Tariff 
in  a  spirit  of  fairness  to  all  interests. 

But  in  making  reduction  in  taxes  it  is  not  proposed  to  in- 
jure any  domestic  industries,  but  rather  to  promote  t|aeir 
healthy  growth.  From  the  foundation  of  this  Government 
taxes  collected  at  the  custom  house  have  been  the  chief  source 
of  Federal  revenue.  Such  they  must  continue  to  be.  Moreover, 
many  industries  have  come  to  rely  upon  legislation  for  suc- 
cessful continuance,  so  that  any  change  of  law  must  at  every 
step  be  regardful  of  the  labor  and  capital  thus  involved.  The 
process  of  reform  must  be  subject  to  the  execution  of  this 
plain  dictate  of  justice. 

All  taxation  shall  be  limited  to  the  requirements  of  economi- 
cal government.  The  necessary  reduction  in  taxation  can  and 
must  be  effected  without  depriving  American  labor  of  the  abil- 
ity to  compete  successfully  with  foreign  labor,  and  without  im- 
posing lower  rates  of  duty  than  will  be  ample  to  cover  any  in- 
creased cost  of  production  which  may  exist  in  consequence  of 
the  higher  rate  of  wages  prevailing  in  this  country. 

Sufficient  revenue  to  pay  all  the  expenses  of  the  Federal 
Government,  economically  administered,  including  pensions, 
interest  and  principal  of  the  public  debt,  can  be  got,  under  our 
present  system  of  taxation,  from  custom  house  taxes  on  fewer 
imported  articles,  bearing  heaviest  on  articles  of  luxury,  and 
bearing  lightest  on  articles  of  necessity. 

We  therefore  denounce  the  abuses  of  the  existing  Tariff,  and, 
subject  to  the  preceding  limitations,  we  demand  that  Federal 
taxation  shall  be  exclusively  for  public  purpose,  and  shall  not 
exceed  the  needs  of  the  Government  economically  administered. 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  89 

1888. 

REPUBLICAN. — We  are  uncompromisingly  in  favor  of  the 
American  system  of  Protection;  we  protest  against  its  de- 
struction as  proposed  by  the  President  and  his  party.  They 
serve  the  interests  of  Europe;  we  will  support  the  interests  of 
America.  We  accept  the  issue,  and  confidently  appeal  to  the 
people  for  their  judgment.  The  Protective  system  must  be 
maintained.  Its  abandonment  has  always  been  followed  by 
general  disaster  to  all  interests,  except  those  of  the  usurer 
and  the  sheriff.  We  denounce  the  Mills  bill  as  destructive  to 
the  general  business,  the  labor  and  the  farming  interests  of 
the  country,  and  we  heartily  indorse  the  consistent  and  patri- 
otic action  of  the  Republican  Representatives  in  Coijgress  in 
opposing  its  passage.  We  condemn  the  proposition  of  the 
Democratic  Party  to  place  wool  on  the  free  list,  and  we  insist 
that  the  duties  thereon  shall  be  adjusted  and  maintained  so  as 
to  furnish  full  and  adequate  Protection  to  that  industry 
throughout  the  United  States. 

The  Republican  Party  would  effect  all  needed  reduction  of 
the  national  revenue  by  repealing  the  taxes  upon  tobacco, 
which  are  an  annoyance  and  burden  to  agriculture,  and  the  tax 
upon  spirits  used  in  the  arts  and  for  mechanical  purposes;  and 
by  such  revision  of  the  Tariff  laws  as  will  tend  to  check  im- 
ports of  such  articles  as  are  produced  by  our  people,  the  pro- 
duction of  which  gives  employment  to  our  labor,  and  release 
from  import  duties  those  articles  of  foreign  production  (except 
luxuries),  the  like  of  which  cannot  be  produced  at  home.  If 
there  shall  still  remain  a  larger  revenue  than  is  requisite  for 
the  wants  of  the  Government,  we  favor  the  entire  repeal  of 
internal  taxes  rather  than  the  surrender  of  any  part  of  our 
Protective  system  at  the  joint  behest  of  the  whiskey  trusts  and 
the  agents  of  foreign  manufacturers. 
DEMOCRATIC— Reaffirmed. 

The  Democratic  Party  of  the  United  States,  in  national  con- 
vention assembled,  re-renews  the  pledge  of  its  fidelity  to  Demo- 
cratic faith,  and  reaffirms  the  platform  adopted  by  its 
representatives  in  the  convention  of  1884,  and  indorses  the 
views  expressed  by  President  Cleveland  in  his  last  earnest 
message  to  Congress  as  the  correct  interpretation  of  that 
platform  upon  the  question  of  Tariff  reduction,  and  also  in- 
dorses the  efforts  of  our  Democratic  representatives  in  Con- 
gress to  secure  a  reduction  of  excessive  taxation. 

The  Republican  Party  controlling  the  Senate  and  resisting  in 
both  Houses  of  Congress  a  reformation  of  unjust  and  unequal 
tax  laws,  which  laws,  outlasted  the  necessities  of  war  and  are 
now  undermining  the  abundance  of  a  long  peace,  deny  to  the 
people  equality  before  the  law,  and  the  fairness  and  the  jus- 
tice which  are  their  right.  Then  the  cry  of  American  labor 
for  a  better  share  in  the  rewards  of  industry  is  stifled  with 
false  pretense,  enterprise  is  fettered  and  bound  down  to  home 
markets,  capital  is  discouraged  with  doubt,  and  unequal,  un- 
just laws  can  neither  be  properly  amended  nor  repealed. 

The  Democratic  Party  will  continue  with  all  the  power  con- 
fided to  it  the  struggle  to  reform  these  laws  in  accordance  with 
the  pledges  of  its  last  platform,  indorsed  at  the  ballot-box  by 
the  suffrages  of  the  people.  Of  all  the  industrious  freemen  of 
our  land  the  immense  majority,  including  every  tiller  of  the 
soil,  gain  no  advantage  from  excessive  tax  laws,  but  the  price 
of  nearly  everything  they  buy  is  increased  by  the  favoritism 
of  an  unequal  system  of  tax  legislation.  All  unnecessary  tax- 
ation is  unjust  taxation. 

It  is  repugnant  to  the  creed  of  Democracy  that  by  such  tax- 
ation the  cost  of  the  necessaries  of  life  should  be  unjustifiably 
increased  to  all  our  people.  Judged  by  Democratic  principles, 
the  interests  of  the  people  are  betrayed  when,  by  unnecessary 
taxation,  trusts  and  combinations  are  permitted  to  exist,  which, 
while  unduly  enriching  the  few  that  combine,  rob  the  body  of 
our  citizens  by  depriving  them  of  the  benefits  of  natural  com- 
petition. Every  Democratic  rule  of  governmental  action  is 
violated  when  through  unnecessary  taxation  a  vast  sum  of 
money,  far  beyond  the  needs  of  an  economical  administration, 
is  drawn  from  the  people  and  the  channels  of  trade,  and  ac- 


90  RBPUBUCAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

cumulated  as  a  demoralizing  surplus  in  the  national  Treasury. 
The  money  now  lying  idle  in  the  federal  Treasury,  resulting 
from  superfluous  taxation,  amounts  to  more  than  one  hundred 
and  twenty-five  millions,  and  the  surplus  collected  is  reaching 
the  sum  of  more  than  sixty  millions  annually.  Debauched  by 
this  immense  temptation,  the  remedy  of  the  Republican  Party 
is  to  meet  and  exhaust,  by  extravagant  appropriations  and  ex- 
penses, whether  constitutional  or  not,  the  accumulation  of  ex- 
travagant taxation.  The  Democratic  policy  is  to  enforce  frugal- 
ity in  public  expense,  and  abolish  unnecessary  taxation.  Our 
established  domestic  industries  and  enterprises  should  not, 
and  need  not,  be  endangered  by  the  reduction  and  correction 
of  the  burdens  of  taxation.  On  the  contrary,  a  fair  and  care- 
hil  revision  of  our  tax  laws,  with  due  allowance  for  the  differ- 
ence between  the  wages  of  American  and  foreign  labor,  must 
promote  and  encourage  every  branch  of  such  industries  and 
enterprises  by  giving  them  assurances  of  an  extended  market 
and  steady  and  continuous  operations  in  the  interests  of 
American  labor,  which  should  in  no  event  be  neglected.  Re- 
vision of  our  tax  laws,  contemplated  by  the  Democratic  Party, 
should  promote  the  advantage  of  such  labor  by  cheapening  the 
cost  of  necessaries  of  life  in  the  home  of  every  workingman 
and  at  the  same  time  securing  to  him  steady,  remunerative  em- 
ployment. Upon  this  question  of  Tariff  reform,  so  closely  con- 
cerning every  phase  of  our  national  life,  and  upon  every  ques- 
tion involved  in  the  problem  of  good  government,  the  Demo- 
cratic Party  submits  its  principles  and  professions  to  the  in-, 
telligent  suffrages  of  the  American  people. 

(Additional  Resolution.)— That  this  convention  hereby  in- 
dorses and  recommends  the  early  passage  of  the  bill  (Mills 
bill)  for  the  reduction  of  the  revenue,  now  pending  in  the 
House  of  Representatives. 

1892. 

REPUBLICAN.— We  reaffirm  the  American  doctrine  of  Protec- 
tion. We  call  attention  to  its  growth  abroad.  We  maintain 
that  the  prosperous  condition  of  our  country  is  largely  due  to 
the  wise  revenue  legislation  of  the  Republican  Congress. 

We  believe  that  all  articles  which  cannot  be  produced  in  the 
United  States,  except  luxuries,  should  be  admitted  free  of  duty, 
and  that  on  all  imports  coming  into  competition  with  the 
products  of  American  labor  there  should  be  levied  duties  equal 
to  the  difference  between  wages  abroad  and  at  home. 

We  assert  that  the  prices  of  manufactured  articles  of  gen- 
eral consumption  have  been  reduced  under  the  operations  of 
the  Tariff  act  of  1890. 

We  denounce  the  efforts  of  the  Democratic  majority  of  the 
House  of  Representatives  to  destroy  our  Tariff  laws  piecemeal, 
as  is  manifested  by  their  attacks  upon  wool,  lead  and  lead  ores, 
the  chief  products  of  a  number  of  States,  and  we  ask  the  peo- 
ple for  their  judgment  thereon. 

We  point  to  the  success  of  the  Republican  policy  of  reciproc- 
ity, under  which  our  export  trade  has  vastly  increased  and 
new  and  enlarged  markets  have  been  opened  for  the  products 
of  our  farms  and  workshops. 

We  remind  the  people  of  the  bitter  opposition  of  the  Demo- 
cratic Party  to  this  practical  business  measure,  and  claim  that, 
executed  by  a  Republican  administration,  our  present  laws 
will  eventually  give  us  control  of  the  trade  of  the  world. 
DEMOCRATIC— We  denounce  the  Republican  Protection  as  a 
fraud,  a  robbery  of  the  great  majority  of  the  American  people 
for  the  benefit  of  the  few.  We  declare  it  to  be  a  fundamental 
principle  of  the  Democratic  Party  that  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment has  no  constitutional  power  to  impose  and  collect  Tariff 
duties,  except  for  the  purpose  of  revenue  only,  and  we  demand 
that  the  collection  of  such  taxes  shall  be  limited  to  the  neces- 
sities of  the  Government  when  honestly  and  economically  ad- 
ministered. 

We  denounce  the  McKinley  Tariff  law  enacted  by  the  Fifty- 
first  Congress  as  the  culminating  atrocity  of  class  legislation; 
we  indorse  the  efforts  made  by  the  Democrats  of  the  present 
Congress  to  modify  its  most  oppressive  features  in  the  direc- 


REPUBLICAN   CAMPAIGN   TEXT-BOOK.  91 

lion  of  free  raw  materials  and  cheaper  manufactured  r'^ods 
tliat  enter  into  general  consumption,  and  we  promise  its  re- 
peal as  one  of  the  beneficent  results  that  will  follow  the  action 
of  the  people  in  intrusting  power  to  the  Democratic  Party, 
Since  the  McKinley  Tariff  went  into  operation  there  have  been 
ten  reductions  of  the  wages  of  laboring  men  to  one  increase. 
We  deny  that  there  has  been  any  increase  of  prosperity  to  the 
country  since  that  Tariff  went  into  operation,  and  we  point  to 
the  dullness  and  distress,  the  wage  reductions  and  strikes  in 
the  iron  trade,  as  the  best  possible  evidence  that  no  such  pros- 
perity has  resulted  from  the  McKinley  act. 


1896. 

REPUBLICAN. — We  renew  and  emphasize  our  allegiance  to  the 
policy  of  Protection  as  the  bulwark  of  American  industrial  in- 
dependence and  the  foundation  of  American  development  and 
prosperity.  This  true  American  policy  taxes  foreign  products 
and  encourages  home  industry;  it  puts  the  burden  of  revenue 
on  foreign  goods;  it  secures  the  American  market  for  the 
American  producer;  it  upholds  the  American  standard  of  wages 
for  the  American  workingman;  it  puts  the  factory  by  the  side 
of  the  farm,  and  makes  the  American  farmer  less  dependent  on 
foreign  demand  and  price;  it  diffuses  general  thrift,  and 
founds  the  strength  of  all  on  the  strength  of  each.  In  its 
reasonable  application  it  is  just,  fair,  and  impartial,  equally 
opposed  to  foreign  control  and  domestic  monopoly,  to  sectional 
discrimination  and  individual  favoritism. 

We  denounce  the  present  Democratic  Tariff  as  sectional,  in- 
jurious to  the  public  credit,  and  destructive  to  business  enter- 
prise. We  demand  such  an  equitable  Tariff  on  foreign  imports 
which  come  into  competition  with  American  prodiicts  as  will 
not  only  furnish  adequate  revenue  for  the  necessary  expenses 
of  the  Government,  but  will  Protect  American  labor  from  degra- 
dation to  the  wage  level  of  other  lands.  We  are  not  pledged 
to  any  particular  schedules.  The  question  of  rates  is  a  practi- 
cal question,  to  be  governed  by  the  conditions  of  the  time  and 
of  production;  the  ruling  and  uncompromising  principle  is  the 
Protection  and  development  of  American  labor  and  industry. 
The  country  demands  a  right  settlement,  and  then  it  wants  rest. 

We  believe  the  repeal  of  the  reciprocity  arrangements  ne- 
gotiated by  the  last  Republican  administration  was  a  national 
calamity,  and  we  demand  their  renewal  and  extension  on  such 
terms  as  will  equalize  our  trade  with  other  nations,  remove  the 
restrictions  which  now  obstruct  the  sale  of  American  products 
in  the  ports  of  other  countries,  and  secure  enlarged  markets 
for  our  farms,  forests  and  factories. 

Protection  and  reciprocity  are  twin  measures  of  Republican 
policy  and  go  hand-in-hand.  Democratic  rule  has  recklessly 
struck  down  both,  and  both  must  be  re-established.  Protection 
for  what  we  produce;  free  admission  for  the  necessaries  of  life 
which  we  do  not  produce;  reciprocity  agreements  of  mutual  in- 
terests, which  gain  open  markets  for  us  in  return  for  our 
open  market  to  others.  Protection  builds  up  domestic  indus- 
try and  trade  and  secures  our  own  market  for  ourselves; 
reciprocity  builds  up  foreign  trade  and  finds  an  outlet  for  our 
surplus. 

We  condemn  the  present  administration  for  not  keeping  faith 
with  the  sugar  products  of  this  country.  The  Republican  Party 
favors  such  Protection  as  will  lead  to  the  production  on 
American  soil  of  all  the  sugar  which  the  American  people  use, 
and  for  which  they  pay  other  countries  more  than  $100,000,000 
annually. 

To  all  our  products — to  those  of  the  mine  and  the  fields,  as 
well  as  those  of  the  shop  and  factory;  to  hemp,  to  wool,  the 
product  of  the  great  industry  of  sheep  husbandry,  as  well  as 
to  the  finished  woolens  of  the  mills — we  promise  the  most 
ample  Protection, 
DEMOCRATIC— We  hold  that  Tariff  duties  should  be  levied  for 
purposes  of  revenue,  such  duties  to  be  so  adjusted  as  to  oper- 
ate equally  throughout  the  country,  and  not  discriminate  be- 


92  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT- BOOK. 

tween  class  or  section,  and  that  taxation  should  be  limited  by 
the  needs  of  the  Government,  honestly  and  economically  ad- 
mi  nistorod. 

Wo  denounce  as  disturbing  to  business  the  Republican  thre 
to  restore  the  McKinley  law,  which  has  twice  been  condemntu 
by  the  people  in  national  elections,  and  which,  enacted  und'er 
tlie  false  plea  of  Protection  to  home  industry,  proved  a  prolific 
breeder  of  trusts  and  monopolies,  enriched  the  few  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  many,  restricted  trade,  and  deprived  the  produc- 
ers of  the  great  American  staples  of  access  toi  their  natural 
markets. 

Until  the  money  question  is  settled  we  are  opposed  to  any 
agitation  for  further  changes  in  our  Tariff  laws,  except  such 
as  are  necessary  to  meet  the  deficit  in  revenue  caused  by  the 
adverse  decision  of  the  Supreme  Court  on  the  income  tax.  But 
for  this  decision  by  the  Supreme  Court  there  would  be  no 
deficit  in  the  revenue  under  the  law  passed  by  a  Democratic 
Congress  in  strict  pursuance  of  the  uniform  decisions  of  that 
court  for  nearly  one  hundred  years,  that  court  having  in  that 
decision  sustained  constitutional  olDJections  to  its  enactment, 
which  had  previously  been  overruled  by  the  ablest  judges  who 
have  ever  sat  on  that  bench.  We  declare  that  it  is  the  duty  of 
Congress  to  use  all  the  constitutional  power  which  remains 
after  that  decision,  or  which  may  come  from  its  reversal  by  the 
court  as  it  may  hereafter  be  constituted,  so  that  the  burdens  of 
taxation  may  be  equally  and  impartially  laid,  to  the  end  that 
wealth  may  bear  its  due  proportion  of  the  expenses  of  the 
Government. 

We  hold  that  the  most  efficient  way  of  Protecting  American 
labor  is  to  preyent  the  importation  of  foreign  pauper  labor  to 
compete  with  it  in  the  home  market,  and  that  the  value  of 
the  home  market  to  our  American  farmers  and  artisans  is 
greatly  reduced  by  a  vicious  monetary  system,  which  depresses 
the  prices  of  their  products  below  the  cost  of  production,  and 
thus  deprives  them  of  the  means  of  purchasing  the  products  of 
our  home  manufactories;  and,  as  labor  creates  the  wealth  of 
the  country,  we  demand  the  passage  of  such  laws  as  may  be 
necessary  to  Protect  it  in  all  its  rights. 


1900. 


REPUBLICAN. — We  renew  our  faith  in  the  policy  of  Protection 
to  American  labor;  in  that  policy  our  industries  have  been  es- 
tablished, diversified  and  maintained.  By  Protecting  the  home 
market  competition  has  been  stimulated  and  production  cheap- 
ened. Opportunity  to  the  inventive  genius  of  our  people  has 
been  secured  and  wages  in  every  department  of  labor  main- 
tained at  high  rates,  higher  than  ever  before,  and  always  dis- 
tinguishing our  working  people  in  their  better  condition  of 
life  from  those  of  any  competing  country.  Enjoying  the  bless- 
ings of  the  American  common  school,  secure  in  the  right  of 
self-government,  and  Protected  in  the  occupancy  of  their  own 
markets,  their  constantly  increasing  knowledge  and  skill  have 
enabled  them  to  finally  enter  the  markets  of  the  world.  We 
favor  the  associated  policy  of  reciprocity  so  directed  as  to 
open  our  markets  on  favorable  terms  for  what  we  do  not  our- 
selves produce,  in  return  for  fr^e  foreign  markets.     .    .    . 

The  Dingley  act,  amended  to  provide  sufficient  revenue  for 
the  conduct  of  the  war,  has  so  well  performed  its  work  that 
it  has  been  possible  to  reduce  the  war  debt  in  the  sum  of 
$40,000,000.  So  ample  are  the  Government's  revenues  and  so 
sreat  is  the  public  confidence  in  the  integrity  of  its  obliga- 
tions that  its  newly  funded  2  per  cent,  bonds  sell  at  a  premium. 
The  country  is  now  justified  in  expecting,  and  it  will  be  the 
policy  of  tlie  Republican  Party,  to  bring  about  a  reduction  of 
the  war  taxes.   . 

DEMOCRATIC— We  condemn  the  Dingley  Tariff  law  as  a  trust- 
breeding  measure,  skillfully  devised  to  give  the  few  favors 
which  they  do  not  deserve  and  to  place  upon  the  many  burdens 
which  they  should  not  bear.  • 


Republican  campaign  text-book.  93 

1904. 

REPUBLICAN. — Protection  which  guards  and  dovelops  our  in- 
dustries is  a  cardinal  policy  of  the  Republican  Party.  The 
measure  of  Protection  should  always  at  least  equal  the  differ- 
ence in  the  cost  of  production  at  home  and  abroad.  We  insist 
upon  the  maintenaftce  of  the  principle  of  protection,  and, 
therefore,  rates  of  duty  should  be  readjusted  only  when  con- 
ditions have  so  changed  that  the  public  interest  demands  their 
alteration,  but  this  work  cannot  safely  be  committed  to  any 
other  hands  than  those  of  the  Republican  Party.  To  intrust  it 
to  the  Democratic  Party  is  to  invite  disaster.  Whether,  as  in 
1892,  the  Democratic  Party  declares  the  protective  tariff  un- 
constitutional, or  whether  it  demands  tariff  reform  or  tariff 
revision,  its  real  object  is  always  the  destruction  of  the  pro- 
tective system.  However  specious  the  name,  the  purpose  is 
ever  the  same.  A  Democratic  tariff  has  always  been  followed 
by  business  adversity;  a  Republican  tariff  by  business  pros- 
perity. To  a  Republican  Congress  and  a  Republican  President 
this  great  question  can  be  safely  intrusted.  When  the  only 
free-trade  country  among  the  great  nations  agitates  a  return 
to  Protection  the  chief  protective  country  should  not  falter  in 
maintaining  it. 

We  have  extended  widely  our  foreign  markets,  and  we  be- 
lieve in  the  adoption  of  all  practicable  methods  for  their  fur- 
ther extension,  including  commercial  reciprocity  wherever 
reciprocal  arrangements  can  be  effected  consistent  with  the 
principles  of  Protection  and  without  injury  to  American  agri- 
culture, American  labor,  or  any  American  industry. 
DEMOCRATIC— The  Democratic  Party  has  been,  and  will  con- 
tinue to  be,  the  consistent  opponent  of  that  class  of  tariff  legis- 
lation by  which  certain  interests  have  been  permitted,  through 
Congressional  favor,  to  draw  a  heavy  tribute  from  the  Ameri- 
can people.  This  monstrous  perversion  of  those  equal  oppor- 
tunities which  our  political  institutions  were  established  to 
secure  has  caused  what  may  once  have  been  infant  industries 
to  become  the  greatest  combinations  of  capital  that  the  world 
has  ever  known.  These  especial  favorites  of  the  Government 
have,  through  trust  methods,  been  converted  into  monopolies, 
thus  bringing  to  an  end  domestic  competition,  which  was  the 
only  alleged  check  upon  the  extravagant  profits  made  possible 
by  the  protective  system.  These  industrial  combinations,  by 
the  financial  assistance  they  can  give,  now  control  the  policy 
of  the  Republican  Pai-ty. 

We  denounce  Protectionism  as  a  robbery  of  the  many  to 
enrich  the  few,  and  we  favor  a  tariff  limited  to  the  needs  of 
the  Government,  economically,  effectively,  and  constitutionally 
administered,  and  so  levied  as  not  to  discriminate  against  any 
industry,  class,  or  section  to  the  end  that  the  burdens  of  taxa- 
tion shall  be  distributed  as  equally  as  possible. 

We  favor  a  revision  and  a  gradual  reduction  of  the  tariff 
by  the  friends  of  the  masses  and  for  the  common  weal,  and 
not  by  the  friends  of  its  abuses,  its  extortions,,  and  its  dis- 
criminations, keeping  in  view  the  ultimate  end  of  "equality  of 
burdens  and  equality  of  opportunities"  and  the  constitutional 
purpose  of  raising  a  revenue  by  taxation,  to  wit,  the  support 
of  the  Federal  government  in  all  its  integrity  and  virility,  but 
in  simplicit5\ 


I  believe  that  the  protective  system,  which  has  now  for 
something  more  than  thirty  years  continuously  prevailed  in 
our  legislation,  has  been  a  mighty  instrument  for  the  develop- 
ment of  our  national  wealth  and  a  most  powerful  agency  in 
protecting  the  homes  of  our  workingmen  from  the  invasion  of 
want.  It  cannot  be  a  perversion  of  the  Constitution  to  so 
legislate  as  to  preserve  in  the  homes  of  our  working  people 
the  comfort,  independence,  loyalty  and  sense  of  interest  in  the 
Government  which  are  so  essential  to  good  citizenship  in  peace 
and  which  will  bring  this  stalwart  throng,  as  in  1861,  to  the 
defence  of  the  flag  when  it  is  assailed.— President  Benjamin 
Harrison,  Message  to  Congress,  1892. 


94  REPUBLICAN   CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

OUR   PRINCIPAL   TARIFF   LAWS. 
Date  of  such  act.        Character  of  the  bill  and  other  remarks. 

1789,  July    4 Specific  and  ad  valorem  riit«s,  latter   Ironi  H  to 

15  per  cent, 

1790,  August  10.. Specific  and  ad  valorem  rates,  latter  from  3  to 

15 1/1.  per  cent. 

1791,  March  3.... This  act  only  affected  "spirits"  paying  specific 

duties. 

1792,  May  2 Specific  and  ad  valorem  rates,  latter  from  IVj 

to  15  per  cent. 

1794,  June  7 Specific  and  ad  valorem  rates,  latter  from  10 

to  20  per  cent. 

1795,  January  29. This  act  affected  but  few  articles  paying  specific 

and  ad  valorem  rates. 

1797,  March  3 This  act  affected  but  few  articles  paying  specific 

and  ad  valorem  rates. 

1 797,  July    8 This  act  only  affected  salt  paying  a  specific  duty. 

1800,  May  13 This  act  affected  but  few  articles  paying  specific 

and  ad  valorem  rates. 

1804,  March  26.. This  act,  commonly  called  "Mediterranean 
fund,"  imposing  an  additional  duty  of  2^2 
per  cent,  in  addition  to  the  duties  now  im- 
posed by  law, 

1804,  March  27.  .This  act  affected  but  few  articles  paying  specific 
rates. 

1812,  July    1 This  act  imposed  DOUBLE  DUTIES,  known  as 

WAR  DUTIES. 

1813,  July    29 This   act   only   affected   salt   paying   a    specific 

duty. 
1816,  February 5.. This  act  continued  the  double  duties  to  30th  of 

June,  1817. 
1816,  April  27 Specific  minimum  and  ad  valorem  rates,  latter 

from  7%  to  30  per  cent, 

1818,  April  20 This  act  affected  but  few  articles  paying  specific 

rates. 

1819,  March  3.... This  act  only  affected  "wines"  paying  specific 

rates. 

1824,  May  22. ..  .Specific,  minimum,  compound  and  ad  valorem, 
latter  from  12  to  50  per  cent.,  the  first  really 
Protective  Tariff.  Results  were  most  bene- 
ficial. 

1828,  May  19. . .  .Known  as  the  Tariff  of  Abominations.  Specific, 
minimum,  compound  and  ad  valorem,  lat- 
ter from  20  to  50  per  cent, 

1828,  May    24 This  act  only  affected  "wines"  paying  specific 

rates. 

1830,  May    20 This  act  only  affected  "coffee,  tea  and  cocoa," 

paying  specific  rates,  and  reducing  the 
rates. 

1830,  May  29.... This  act  only  affected  "molasses"  paying  spe- 
cific rates. 

1830,  May   29 This  act   only   affected   "salt"    paying   specific 

rates. 

1832,  July    13 This  act  only  affected  "wines  of  France"  paying 

specific  rates, 

1832,  July    14. ..  .Specific,  minimum,  compound  and  ad  valorem, 

the  latter  from  5  to  50  per  cent, 

1833,  March  2.. .  .Compromise  act — looking  to  a  reduction  of  du- 

ties to  20  per  cent. 

1841,  Sept.   11 Specific  and  ad  valorem,  latter  from  121/2  to  20 

per  cent, 

1842,  August  30.. Specific,  minimum,  compound  and  ad  valorem, 

the  latter  from  1  to  50  per  cent, 
1846,  July    30 The  rates  of  duty  imposed  by  this  act  were  ex- 
clusively   ad    valorem,    and    arranged    by 
schedules. 
1857,  March  3 A  further  reduction  of  rates  which  were  exclu- 
sively ad  valorem,  arranged  by  schedules. 

1861,  March  2 Went  into   effect  April   12,   1861,     Intended   to 

raise  the  necessary  revenue  for  the  Govern- 
ment expenditures  and  afford  Protection  to 
our  labor  and  industries. 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  95 

1861,  August  5. .  .First  of  the  war  Tariffs,  large  increase  in  dutie:. 

1861,  Dec.  24 Duties  increased  on  sugar,  tea  and  coffee. 

1862,  July  14 Went  into  effect  August  2,  1862.     Further  in- 

crease of  rates. 

1863,  March  3; 
1864,  April  20, 
June  30;  1865, 
March  5;  1866, 
March   15,   July 

28 Bills  changing  and  generally  increasing  duties. 

1867,  March    2... Rates   increased   on  wool  and  woolens,  giving 

great  benefit  to  those  industries. 
1870,  July  14,  De- 
cember 20 General    changes.     Free    list    largely    reduced. 

Duty  of  $28  per  ton  on  steel  rails. 

1872,  May  1 Tea  and  coffee  made  free. 

1872,  June     6 Went  into  effect  August  1,  1872.     Reduction  of 

10  per  cent.     Increased  free  list. 

1874,  June   22 Revised   statute,  with  slight  and   unimportant 

changes. 

1875,  February  8. Known    as    the    "Little    Tariff    Bill."    General 

changes. 

1875,  March  3 Rates   increased    on   sugar.     Repeal   of   10    per 

cent,  reduction  of  act  of  June  6,  1872. 

1879,  July  1 Quinine  made  free. 

1880,  July  14 A  few  unimportant  changes. 

1882,  May    6    and 

December  3 Repeals  discriminating  duty. 

1883,  March  3 Went  into  effect  July  1,  1883.     Known  as  thft 

Tariff  Commission  Bill.  General  revision, 
reduction  and  increased  free  list.  Severe 
blow  to  wool  industry. 

1890,  October  L.Went  into  effect  October  6,  1890.  Known  as  the 
McKinley  Bill.  Changes  from  ad  valorem 
to  specific  rates.     Enlarged  free  list.     Su- 

t  gar  made  free,  a  bounty  being  substituted. 

I  Reciprocity  law. 

1894,  August  27.. Known  as  the  Gorman-Wilson  Bill.  Became  a 
law  without  the  President's  signature.  Gen- 
eral reduction  of  duties.  Wool  put  on  free 
list.  Results,  both  anticipatory  and  actual, 
were  disastrous  to  all  industry  and  labor. 

1897,  July  24..... Known  as  the  Dingley  Law  and  is  still  in  oper- 
ation unchanged.  The  most  perfect  and 
successful  Tariff  law  ever  enacted.  Has 
brought  and  still  maintains  unprecedented 
prosperity. 

CUSTOMS  REVENUE. 

Prominent  free-traders  who  a  few  years  ago  were  advocating 
the  abolishment  of  all  custom  houses,  now  repudiate  those  decla- 
rations and  insist  that  they  are  in  favor  of  a  Tariff  for  revenue 
only,  and,  yet  under  no  low  Tariff  in  our  history,  framed  primar- 
ily for  revenue  purposes,  have  we  had  a  surplus  in  our  national 
treasury  due  to  the  operation  of  such  law.  On  the  other  hand, 
protective  Tariffs  have  always  given  us  sufficient  revenue  to 
meet  all  necessary  and  normal  expenditures. 

Our  first  really  protective  Tariff  was  the  law  of  1824,  supple- 
mented by  the  law  of  1828.  From  1825  till  1836  we  had  an 
excess  of  receipts  every  year,  but  in  1836  our  revenue  felt  the 
influence  of  the  so-called  compromise  Tariff  of  1833,  and  with 
but  one  exception,  we  had  an  excess  of  expenditures  till  1844. 
During  1844-45-46,  under  the  operation  of  the  protective  Tariff 
of  1842,  we  again  had  excess  receipts,  but  for  the  three  years 
[following  the  Tariff  of  1846  there  came  an  excess  of  expenditures. 
Then  for  several  years,  due  to  large  sales  of  public  lands,  our 
receipts  were  slightly  in  excess  of  our  expenditures,  but  as  soon 


96  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

as  the  law  of  1857  went  into  operation  the  excess  of  expendi- 
tures were  very  large  till  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War.  Im- 
mediately at  the  close  of  the  war,  however,  under  the  operation 
of  the  Morrill  Tariff  and  supplementary  laws,  we  enjoyed  an  ex- 
cess of  receipts  with  the  exception  of  a  single  year  till  1890,  our 
excess  that  year  being  $105,000,000.  The  McKinley  law  was 
framed  with  a  view  to  reduce  this  large  surplus,  and  the  fol- 
lowing year  the  excess  receipts  were  only  $37,000,000,  dropping 
in  1892  to  $10,000,000,  and  in  1893  to  but  a  little  more  than 
$2,000,000.  In  1894,  owing  to  the  anticipation  of  the  Free  Trade 
l;i\v  which  was  to  be  enacted  that  year,  our  excess  of  expenditures 
amounted  to  $70,000,000,  and  every  year  under  the  operation  of 
the  Wilson-Gorman  Tariff  our  expenditures  largely  exceeded  our 
receipts.  In  1898-99  the  excess  of  expenditures  was,  of  course, 
due  to  the  Spanish  War;  but  in  1900  we  again  had  an  excess 
of  receipts  amounting  to  $80,000,000,  and  for  the  three  following 
years  our  excess  of  receipts  amounting  respectively  to  $78,000,- 
000,  $91,000,000  and  $54,000,000.  In  1904,  we  would  have  had  a 
surplus  except  for  the  Panama  payments  of  $54,000,000,  which 
gave  us  an  excess  of  expenditure  amounting  to  $42,000,000.  In 
1905,  the  excess  of  expenditure  was  $23,000,000,  due  in  part  to 
the  large  appropriations  made  on  account  of  the  rural  free  de- 
livery service,  and  the  loss  of  revenue  from  the  Cuban  Treaty  and 
other  abnormal  excesses. 

For  the  fiscal  year  just  closed,  however,  we  have  gained  an 
excess  of  receipts  amounting  to  $25,693,459.  The  excess  of  re- 
ceipts therefore  under  the  Dingley  law  since  the  close  of  the 
Spanish  War  has  amounted  to  over  $250,000,000.  This  is  a  com- 
plete vindication  of  a  protective  Tariff  in  general,  and  the  Ding- 
ley  law  in  particular.  A  large  surplus  is  no  more  desirable  than 
a  deficit,  but  a  small,  substantial  excess  of  receipts  over  nor- 
mal and  ordinary  expenditures  is  just  what  a  successful  Tariff^ 
law  is  supposed  to  produce.  The  increase  of  receipts  since  the 
enactment  of  the  Dingley  law  has  been  some  $200,000,000  in 
spite  of  large  reduction  in  internal  revenue  taxation,  and  has 
fully  met  our  increased  expenditures,  which  have  increased  in 
keepirg  with  our  progress  as  a  great  nation.  Since  the  begin- 
ning of  the  Government  in  1789,  our  receipts  and  expenditures 
have  each  aggregated  about  $20,000,000,000,  and  considerably 
more  than  half  of  these  receipts  have  been  from  customs  duties, 
a  large  part  of  which  have  been  paid  by  foreigners  for  the  privi- 
lege of  placing  their  goods  in  our  markets.  The  expenditures 
have  all  gone  into  the  hands  of  the  people  and  been  used  to 
purchase  the  necessaries  and  luxuries  of  life.  On  the  next  four 
pages  will  be  found  a  table  showing  our  receipts  and  expendi- 
tures since  the  foundation  of  the  Government.  It  will  be  seen, 
that  our  excess  of  receipts  correspond  to  the  period  of  protec- 
tive Tariffs,  while  our  excess  of  expenditures  correspond  to  the 
periods  of  low  Tariffs.  In  other  words,  protective  Tariffs  have 
proved  to  be  much  better  revenue-raisers  than  so-called  revenue 
Tariffs.  The  reason  is  not  hard  to  explain.  Under  protective 
Tariffs  the  people  are  prosperous  and  can  buy  largely  of  lux- 
uries, increasing  not  only  the  internal  revenue  but  the  customs 
duties  and  imports.  During  low  Tariffs  or  revenue  Tariffs,  or, 
what  is  the  same  thing,  practically  free  trade,  the  people  aro 
compelled  to  be  economical.  The  result  is  seen  in  the  decreasoa 
•  internal  revenue  and  decreased  imports,  principally  of  luxui- 
Which  bear  the  highest  duties. 


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REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN:  J  !  :\-':    :>.(  ( ''K.  101 

OUR  FOBEHJN  T^^ADH. 

Again,  during  the  fiscal  year,  190G,  both  our  exports  and  im- 
Orts  exceeded  all  previous  records.  The  total  amount  of  our 
Dreign  trade  aggregated  $2,970,378,991.  This  is  $334,000,000  in 
alue  more  than  our  total  exports  and  imports  of  1905.  It  is  a 
lost  marvelous  showing,  particularly  as  regards  exports  for  a 
ountry  whose  foreign  trade  is  an  incidental  feature  of  its  in- 
ustrial  life.  With  the  highest-priced  labor  on  earth,  with  dearer 
aw  materials  than  are  used  by  any  other  manufacturing  nation, 
et  we  to-day  sell  more  of  our  wares  abroad  than  any  other 
ountry  on  earth.  It  is  true  that  these  foreign  sales  are  largely 
lade  up  of  agricultural  products,  and  yet  our  exports  of  manu- 
actures  are  increasing  at  a  relatively  greater  rate  than  our 
gricultural  products.  On  the  import  side,  in  spite  of  the  high 
rices  of  commodities  which  rule  not  only  at  home  but  abroad 
re  are  increasing  our  imports  at  such  a  rate  that  we  are  buying 
lore  of  foreign  goods  than  any  other  nation,  with  the  excep- 
[on  of  two.  The  volume  of  our  imports  testify  most  emphati- 
ally  to  the  prosperity  of  our  people,  and  prove  most  conclusively 
hat  our  Tariff  wall  is  none  too  high  if  we  would  shut  out 
aillions  of  dollars  worth  of  foreign  wares  which  should  be  made 
(y  our  own  workmen, 

i  During  the  past  three  years  our  excess  exports  of  silver  has 
!mounted  each  year  to  between  $21,000,000  and  $22,000,000,  aug- 
menting our  exports  of  commodities  by  that  amount.     On  the 
ther  hand,  while  the  excess  of  gold  imports  of  1904  amounted  to 
17,600,000,  and  in  1906  to  $57,600,000,  yet  this  must  be  offset  by 
excess  of  exports  in  gold  in  1905  amountiijg  to  $39,000,000, 
aving   a   net  balance   of   imports   of  gold   amounting  to   some 
5,000,000  for  the  three  years.     This  shows  that  our  favorable 
lance  of  trade  which  has  averaged  some  $500,000,000  for  the 
St  six  or  seven  years  is  almost  all  needed  to  meet  the  invisible 
ligations  abroad  which  accrue  year  after  year  on  account  of 
■eight  bills,  interest  payments,  tourists'  expenditures  and  money 
nt  abroad  by  those  who  have  come  from  foreign  shores  and 
ho  return  to  those  left  behind  a  portion  of  their  earnings.    Our 
inual    foreign   freight   obligations   are   variously   estimated    at 
om  $100,000,000  to  $200,00'  000.    It  is  thought  that  our  tourists 
end   abroad   annually   fully   $75,000,000,   and   it  may  be   twice 
at  amount.     Perhaps  from  $25,000,000  to  $50,000,000  are  sent 
road   every   year  by   relatives    and   friends   here   to   those   at 
>ii,e.     This  would  leave  some  $200,000,000,  then,  as  dividends 
d   interests  upon  foreign  investments  placed  in  this  country. 
may  be  that  in  addition  to  the  liquidation  of  these  annual 
ligations  that  some  considerable  foreign   credits  may  be   ac- 
ninlating  abroad,  but  it  is  not  likely  that  these  are  of  very 
St  amounts. 

The  situation  is  certainly  a  most  satisfactory  one.  Without 
'iving  particularly  for  foreign  trade,  we  possess  more  of  the 
►rld's  markets  than  any  other  nation.  With  what  is  consid- 
3d  very  adequate  protection  for  all  industries,  we  yet  import 
er  $1,200,000,000  worth  of  merchandise,  about  one-half  of  which 
irs  a  duty  averaging  somewhat  less  than  50  per  cent.,  and 
nng  us  a  revenue  of  nearly  a  quarter  billion  of  dollars  to- 
rds  paying  the  expenses  of  the  Government.  We  never  before 
d  a  law  on  our  statute  books  under  the  operation  of  which 


102  RKrUMI.'C^.N    (' AM  I'AICN   TEXT-BOOK. 

we  even  approached  s  u  ii  jut  is  factory  results.  Our  so-called 
Ya'*i*fs  for  revenue  Ikivc  i -swlted  in  a  lack  of  revenue  of  a  deficit. 
On  following  pages  will  hi;  shown  comparative  figures  or  exports 
and  Imports  since  the  foundation  of  the  Government,  with  ac- 
companying columns  showing  the  excess  of  imports  and  exports 
and  our  annual  balance  of  trade.  It  will  be  noticed  that  since 
the  foundation  of  the  Government  we  have  sold  abroad  more 
than  we  have  purchased  to  the  amount  of  $5,000,000,000,  and 
yet  up  to  1875,  with  but  few  exceptions,  we  imported  every  year 
more  than  we  exported.  This  remarkable  advance  in  our  exports 
of  late  years,  which  have  increased  faster  than  our  imports,  ig 
due,  in  the  first  place,  to  the  fact  that  American  goods  have 
come  to  be  known  as  the  best  goods  made  throughout  the  world, 
With  but  very  small  exception,  American  goods  in  foreign  mar 
kets  are  higher  than  the  goods  with  which  they  come  into  com 
petition,  and  yet  Europeans  in  particular  have  learned  to  knov, 
that  American  wares  at  any  price  are  cheaper  than  any  othei 
goods  made  by  any  other  nation,  for  the  reason  that  they  are 
better,  more  durable,  more  serviceable  in  every  way.  The  higt 
standard  of  living  possessed  by  the  American  workingman,  th( 
opportunity  and  ambition  which  always  lies  before  him,  th( 
possibilities  which  are  in  store  for  the  inventive  and  diligent  an( 
the  ingenious,  results  in  better  workmanship  and  better  make  o: 
almost  every  article  produced  from  its  very  crudest  form  to  it: 
most  finished  shape.  American  locomotives  are  stronger  ant 
make  better  time  than  those  made  in  any  other  country.  TIk 
American  pin  and  needle  cannot  be  equalled  throughout  th( 
world,  and  so  it  is  that  in  the  mechanism  of  every  article 
whether  it  be  a  great  bridge  built  to  span  a  foreign  chasm,  { 
locomotive  to  climb  foreign  mountains  or  a  needle  to  sew  witl 
on  foreign  fabrics,  every  machine,  every  implement,  every  arti 
cle  made  in  America  means  that  it  is  the  best  made  to  be  founc 
anywhere  on  earth.  An  American  mower  or  reaper,  which  wil 
last  twice  as  long  or  will  do  twice  as  much  work  in  a  given  time 
is  worth  more  even  if  it  does  cost  50  per  cent,  to  75  per  cent 
more  than  the  European  machine.  This,  then,  is  why  even  ai 
our  higher  prices  we  have  passed  every  other  nation  in  oul 
total  exports,  and  why  we  are  fast  gaining  upon  Germany  an( 
England  in  the  sales  of  manufactured  products.  This  is  whj 
we  are  not  only  competing  with  these  manufacturing  nations  ii 
neutral  markets,  but  are  competing  with  them  right  in  thel: 
home  markets.  It  is  possible  that  some  of  these  markets  hav( 
been  gained  in  the  first  place  through  a  resort  to  lower  prices 
that  is,  a  selling  of  an  article  at  a  lower  price  abroad  than  a 
home,  a  practice  resorted  to  by  every  other  manufacturing  na 
tion  with  whom  we  must  come  into  competition.  If  this  hai 
been  done,  it  is  to  the  glory  and  honor  of  every  Amerioai 
manufacturer  who  has  done  it  that  he  has  increased  the  salei 
of  his  wares  abroad,  thereby  increasing  the  volume  of  his  output 
the  employ  of  labor,  and  the  wages  of  his  men,  for  be  it  under 
stood  that  American  workingmen  get  precisely  the  same  wagef 
for  any  goods  that  may  be  sold  abroad  at  a  lower  price  as  thej 
do  for  those  sold  in  the  home  market. 


We  must  approach  a  matter  of  such  prime  economic  im 
portance  as  the  tariff  from  the  standpoint  of  our  businesi 
needs.— President  Roosevelt  at  Minneapolis,  April  4,  1903. 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 


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REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  107 

OUR  HOME   MARKET   AND   INTERNAL   COMMERCE. 


Our  annual  bank  clearings,  which  have  for  several  years  been 
largely  in  excess  of  $100,000,000,000,  indicate  the  enormous  home 
market  and  internal  commerce  enjoyed  by  the  people  of  the 
United  States.  These  bank  clearings,  of  course,  include  many 
duplications  in  business  transactions,  and  include  the  many 
stock  and  bond  sales  of  Wall  Street  and  other  financial  centers. 
What  the  exact  figures  are  which  represent  our  actual  annual 
purchasing  power  cannot  be  definitely  stated,  and  yet  it  will  not 
be  difficult  to  get  at  the  approximate  amount.  In  the  first  place, 
the  value  of  our  manufactures  probably  now  exceeds  $18,000,000,- 
000 — add  to  this  the  value  of  farm  products  amounting  to  at 
least  $7,000,000,000,  the  product  of  our  mines  which  is  $1,500,000,- 
000,  and  our  forests  and  fisheries  worth  at  least  a  billion  dollars 
more,  and  we  have  a  total  of  nearly  $27,000,000,000.  But  in 
connection  with  this  amount  we  must  consider  the  vast  sums  of 
money  expended  in  transportation  and  distribution,  in  merchan- 
dizing and  in  the  thousand  and  one  avenues  of  trade  and  com- 
merce throughout  the  country. 

It  must  be  considered  that  the  retail  value  of  all  products  is 
largely  in  excess  of  the  value  at  the  factory  or  at  the  farm,  and 
the  former  more  nearly  measures  the  purchasing  power  of  the 
people  and  the  amount  annually  expended  for  the  necessaries 
and  luxuries  of  life.  Thirty  billions  of  dollars  is  most  conserva- 
tively estimated  as  the  amount  of  money  annually  expended  by 
the  people  of  the  United  States.  It  has  been  estimated  by  most 
careful  statisticians  connected  with  our  mercantile  agencies  that 
the  amount  is  in  excess  of  forty  billions.  The  exact  figures,  how- 
ever, are  not  necessary  to  know  when  we  do  know  to  a  certainty 
their  approximation.  It  is  well  to  compare  this  amount  for  a 
moment  with  the  markets  of  the  entire  world.  According  to  the 
Bureau  of  Statistics,  the  imports  of  the  world  at  the  present  time 
are  but  a  little  in  excess  of  $10,000,000,000,  the  exports  amount- 
ing, of' course,  to  a  similar  sum.  When,  therefore,  the  imports 
and  exports  of  the  world  are  added  together  to  make  up  the 
sum  total  ♦'f  all  foreign  commerce,  we  have  an  amount  exceeding 
somewhat  $20,000,000,000;  and  yet  it  is  clear  that  this  amount  as 
compared  with  our  own  purchasing  power  already  given  above 
is  erroneously  doubled,  that  is  to  say,  the  entire  markets  of  the 
world  for  foreign  products  are  worlh  only  about  $10,000,000,000, 
while  our  own  market  is  worth  at  least  $30,000,000,000.  If  we 
were  to  add  both  sales  and  purchases  our  market  would  have  a 
value  at  least  $60,000,000,000. 

However,  then,  we  may  figure  this  market  value,  whether  we 
take  the  figures  of  purchases  alone,  or  double  them  by  including 
both  sales  and  purchases,  we  are  very  safe  in  making  the  state- 
ment, that  the  home  market  and  internal  commerce  of  the  United 
States  is  fully  three  times  in  value  the  entire  markets  of  the 
world  for  foreign  products,  even  including  our  own  share  of  that 
foreign  commerce.  In  other  words,  if  we  could  sell  all  the  goods 
that  are  purchased  in  every  foreign  port  on  the  face  of  the  globe, 
|t  would  be  only  about  one-third  the  value  of  our  own  home 

arket  and  internal  commerce. 

We  must  consider  in  this  connection  also  the  fact  that  there 
re  freights  and  many  handlings  of  goods  which  go  from  country 
;o  country;  there  is  much  loss  in  carriage  and  decay;  there  are 

everal  profltg  to  \}^  Qoiisi4erecl,  ancl  aa  compared  vitlJ  tli§  mm* 


108 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 


ket  which  we  have  at  our  very  doors,  even  if  our  own  market 
were  only  equal  instead  of  three  times  the  value  of  foreign  mar- 
kets, still  it  would  be  far  more  desirable  in  every  way. 

When,  therefore,  free-traders  wish  us  to  open- our  markets  •'■ 
the  producers  of  other  countries  in  order  that  we  may  enlar; 
somewhat  our  sales  abroad— a  very  questionable  conclusion,  mon 
over — we   should    consider   just   what   we    would    be    giving   lo 
foreign  competitors,  and  just  what  we  are  likely  to  receive  in 
return.     We  should  be  slow,  indeed,  to  sacrifice  any  pertion  of 
our  splendid  home  market,  and  should  feel  quite  satisfied  that^ 
it  is  of  such  proportions  as  to  be  three  times  the  value  of  all 
the  markets  of  the  world  combined,  ir  we  could  have  every  one 
of  them  without  contest  and  without  competition. 

Our  sales  abroad  in  1906  amounted  to  $1,743,763,379,  or  about 
5  per  cent,  of  our  sales  in  our  home  market.  And  yet  we  sold 
more  abroad  than  any  other  country,  while  the  value  of  our  home 
sales  will  exceed  that  of  many  countries  combined. 

For  over  a  century  we  have  been  building  up  this  spl€indi(3 
market  and  this  splendid  home  trade,  and  it  would  be  the  sheer 
est  folly  to  abandon  or  sacrifice  one  iota  of  what  we  have  sc 
sure  in  hand  for  the  chimerical  and  illusionary  markets  thoU' 
sands  of  miles  away. 


GOVERNMENT  TINANCE,  PER  CAPITA. 


-Year  ended  June  30- — ^, 


1871 30,55r),000 

1S72 40,596,000 

1873 41,677,000 

1874 42,796,000 

1875 43,951,000 

1876 45,137,000 

1877 46,353,000 

1878 47,598,000 

1S79 48,866,000 

1880 50,155,783 

1881 51,316,000 

1882 52,495,00-5 

1883 53,093,000 

1884 54.911,000 

1885 56,148,000 

1886 57,404,000 

1887 58,680,000 

1888 59,974,000 

1889 61,289,000 

1890 62,622,250 

1891. 63,844,000 

1892 65,086,000 

1893 66,349,000 

1894 67,632,000 

1895 68,934,000 

1896 70,254,000 

1897 71,592,000 

1898 72,947,000 

1899 74,318,000 

1900 76,303,387 

1901 77,647,000 

1902 79,003,000 

1903 80,372,000 

1904 81,752,000 

1&05 83,143,000 


lis 

ifi 

1 

'i 

£ 

1 

'A 

<^  < 

t 

Dolls. 

Dolls. 

Dolls. 

Dolls. 

Dolls. 

Dolls. 

DoHa 

18.75 

18.10 

56.  SI 

2.83 

9.69 

7.39 

O.X 

18.79 

18.19 

52.96 

2.56 

9.22 

6.84 

.7 

18.58 

18.04 

50.52 

2.35 

8.01 

6.97 

.7 

18.83 

18.13 

49.17 

2.31 

7.13 

7.07 

.7 

18.10 

17.16 

47.53 

2.20 

6.55 

6.25 

.6 

17.52 

16.12 

45.66 

2.11 

6.52 

5.87 

.6 

16.46 

15.58 

43.56 

2.01 

6.07 

5.-21 

.6 

16.59 

15.32 

42.01 

1.99 

5.42 

4.98 

.5 

21.15 

16.75 

40.85 

1.71 

5.60 

5.46 

.6 

23.64 

19.41 

38.27 

1.59 

6.65 

5.34 

1.1 

26.30 

21.71 

35.46 

1.46 

7.00 

5.08 

.   .9 

26.85 

22.37 

31.91 

1.09 

7.68 

4.91 

1.0 

27.42 

22.91 

28.66 

.96 

7.41 

4.94 

1.1 

27.08 

52.65 

26.20 

.87 

6.36 

4.44 

1.0 

27.38 

23.02 

24.50 

.84 

5.76 

4.63 

11 

27.20 

21.82 

22.34 

.79 

5.86 

4.22 

1.1 

27.84 

22.45 

20.03 

.71 

6.83 

4.56 

1.2 

28.20 

22.88 

17.72 

.65 

6.32 

4.46 

1.3 

27.06 

22.52 

15.92 

.53 

6.31 

4.88 

1.4 

26.91 

22.82 

14.22 

.47 

6.43 

5.07 

1.7 

26.28 

23.42 

13.34 

.37 

6.14 

5.73 

1.9 

26.92 

24.56 

12.93 

.35 

5.45 

5.30 

2.0 

26.21 

24.03 

12.64 

.35 

5.81 

5.78 

2.4 

26.69 

24.52 

13.30 

.38 

4.40 

5.43 

26.39 

23.20 

13.08 

.42 

4.54 

5.16 

2.fl 

25.62 

21.41 

13.60 

.49 

4.65 

5.01 

26.62 

22.87 

13.78 

.48 

4.85 

5.11 

28.43 

25.15 

14.08 

.47 

5.56 

6.07 

29.47 

25.58 

15.55 

.54 

6.94 

8.14 

30.66 

26.94 

14.52 

.44 

7.43 

6.39 

31.98 

27.98 

13.45 

.38 

7.56 

0.56 

32.45 

28.43 

12.27 

.35 

7.11 

5.96 

33.40 

29.42 

11.51 

.32 

6.93 

6.26 

S4.29 

30.77 

11.83 

.SO 

6.60 

7.11 

24.68 

31.08 

ii.&i 

.29 

6.54 

6.81 

I.7I 

REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN   TEXT-BOOK.  109 

EXPORT  DISCOUNTS. 

Free  Trade  revisionists  in  support  of  their  contention  that  the 
Tariff  is  a  robbery  have  made  use  at  different  times  of  certain 
arguments  concerning  our  industrial  conditions,  ringing  the 
changes  for  a  while  on  these  temporary  issues  till  they  have  been 
so  exploded  or  refuted  as  to  become  worthless.  Some  twenty 
years  ago,  for  instance,  much  was  made  of  the  so-called  farm 
mortgage  question  and  so  desperate  did  the  Free  Traders  be- 
come that  they  circulated  widely  for  many  weeks  a  table  pur- 
porting to  show  the  farm  mortgages  of  different  States.  Finally, 
it  was  found  that  the  figures  given  were  really  the  entire  value 
of  the  farms  of  these  States  and,  of  course,  as  soon  as  the  mat- 
ter was  exposed,  the  Free  Traders  jumped  to  another  subject. 
Such  as,  for  instance,  the  abandoned  farms  of  New  England. 
Then  they  became  very  much  worried  over  the  surplus,  and  the 
McKinley  law  was  framed  and  enacted  for  the  purpose  of  reducing 
our  redundant  revenue.  Then  various  minor  issues  were  thought 
of  and  tried  and  laid  aside,  but  during  the  past  dozen  years  the 
export  discount  question  has  assumed  in  the  Democratic  mind 
very  formidable  proportions  and  thinking  it  a  good  campaign  is- 
sue, it  has  been  made  much  of,  especially  during  the  past  three 
or  four  years.  The  real  facts  in  the  case  have  been  so  obscured 
and  confused  that  it  will  be  well  to  state  the  entire  situation  ex- 
actly as  it  stands  to-day.  The  contention  of  Jbree  Traders  is,  in 
brief,  that  certain  of  our  manufactures  are  sold  abroad  at  a  less 
i  price  than  at  home,  therefore  proving  their  contention  that 
prices  in  the  home  market  are  larger  than  they  should  be,  due  to 
'  the  fact  that  such  mills  are  protected  to  more  or  less  extent  from 
':  foreign  competition.  Protectionists  have  not  and  do  not  deny 
[that  a  small  percentage  of  our  manufactured  exports  are  sold  at 
a  discount  abroad.  They  not  only  do  not  deny  it,  but  both  Pro- 
ton lionists  and  Free  Traders  have  provided  for  just  such  a  con- 
dition of  affairs  and  just  such  sales  in  our  last  three  Tariff  laws. 
In  all  of  these  three  laws  was  the  following  paragraph: 

"That  where  imported  materials  on  which  duties  have  been 
paid  are  used  in  the  manufacture  of  articles  manufactured  or  pro- 
duced in  the  United  States,  there  shall  be  allowed  on  the  exporta- 
tion of  such  articles  a  drawback  equal  in  amount  to  the  duties 
paid  on  the  materials  used,  less  1  per  centum  of  such  duties." 

This  drawback  is  given  to  our  manufacturers  for  the  purpose  of 
competing  in  foreign  markets  on  as  nearly  equal  terms  as  pos- 
sible as  far  as  the  cost  of  imported  material  goes.  Let  it  be  un- 
derstood that  this  drawback  was  not  alone  given  by  the  McKinley 
law  and  by  the  present  Dingley  law,  but  also  by  the  Wilson-Gor- 
man law  framed  and  enacted  by  a  Democratic  Congress.  It  is 
therefore  not  a  political  question  nor  a  partisan  question,  but  a 
National  question,  an  American  provision  for  American  exports, 
buch  drawbacks  have  amounted  to  some  $10,000,000  a  year,  ard 
as  instances  of  articles  and  material  effected,  the  following  ex- 
amples are  given: 

Agricultural  machinery  and  implements  made  with  use  of  im- 
ported steel  billets  and  pig  iron. 

Sugar  and  syrups  made  from  imported  raw  sugars. 

Tin  cans  made  from  imported  tin  plate. 

Aluminum  made  wholly  from  imported  alumina. 

Aluminum  wire  rods  made  wholly  from  imported  aluminum  in- 
gots. 

Asbestos  roofing  made  with  the  use  of  imported  burlap. 


110  REPUBLICAN   CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

Locomotives  and  parts  thereof  made  with  use  of  imported  steel 
billets  and  pig  iron. 

Refined  asphalt  and  products  therefrom  made  with  the  use  of 
imported  crude  asphalt. 

Babbit  metal  made  with  the  use  of  imported  lead  and  antimony. 

Bags  made  wholly  from  imported  burlap  and  cloth. 

Beer  made  with  use  of  imported  hops. 

Black  varnish  and  japan  made  with  use  of  imported  palm  o  1 
pitch  and  Asiatic  nut  oil. 

Boots,  shoes,  etc.,  made  with  use  of  leather  from  imported 
hides. 

Bound  books  made  with  use  of  imported  printed  sheets. 

Camel's  hair  press  cloth  made  with  use  of  imported  Russian 
hair. 

Carpet  sweepers  made  with  use  of  Chinese  bristles  and  tin 
plate. 

Carpets,  mats  and  rugs  made  with  imported  wooL 

Casks  and  kegs  made  with  imported  hoop  steel. 

Chewing  gum  made  with  imported  chicle  and  sugar. 

Cigarettes  and  tobacco  made  with  imported  leaf  tobacco. 

Confectionery  made  with  imported  raw  sugar. 

Corsets  made  with  imported  coutil  and  laces. 

Diamond  and  other  dyes,  etc.,  made  with  imported  aniline  and 
coal-tar  colors  and  coal-tar  products. 

Doors  made  with  imported  white  pine  lumber. 

Electric  elevator  engines  made  with  imported  motors. 

Electrical  apparatus  made  with  imported  mica. 

Felts  made  with  imported  wool. 

Fish  nets  made  with  imported  flax  and  cotton  yarn. 

Hats  made  with  imported  furs. 

Hydraulic  hose  made  with  imported  flax  or  linen  yarn. 

Iron  castings  and  pipes  made  with  imported  pig  iron. 

Ladies'  shoes,  etc.,  made  with  imported  patent  and  enamel 
leather. 

Lard  compound  made  with  imported  oleostearin,  tallow  and 
lard. 

Lead  pipe  and  sheet  lead  made  with  imported  lead. 

Leather  belting  made  with  imported  hides. 

Medicinal  preparations  made  with  imported  alcohol. 

Mirror  plates  made  with  imported  polished  cylinder  glass. 

Plaster  of  paris  made  with  imported  rock  plaster  or  crude 
gypsum. 

Royal  baking  powder  made  with  imported  argols  and  crude 
tartar. 

Silks,  printed  or  dyed,  made  with  imported  pongee  or  habutai 
silks. 

Steam  engine  governor  tops  made  with  imported  steel  strips. 

Steel  products  made  with  imported  stabs,  billets  or  sheet  steel. 

Steel  wire  rods  made  with  imported  steel  billets. 

Sweet  chocolate  made  with  imported  sugar  and  cocoa  butter. 

Typewriter  ribbon  made  with  imported  woven-edge  cloth. 

Umbrellas  and  parasols  made  with  imported  silk  and  cotton 
cloth. 

Wire  nails  and  rods  made  with  imported  steel  billets. 

But  it  is  well  known  that  we  go  a  step  further  in  this  matter 
and  adopt  the  custom  of  every  manufacturing  nation  on  earth  of 
at  times  selling  for  a  less  price  in  foreign  markets  than  in  the 
home  market.  The  clearest  exposition  of  thi&'  matter  is  found 
in  the  report  of  the  Industrial  Commission  which  sent  a  set  of 
questions  to  all  our  manufacturers  and  which  report  says: 

The  great  majority  of  the  answers  indicated  that  prices  are 
no  lower  abroad  than  they  are  for  domestic  consumers,  and  a  con- 
siderable number  indicate  that  foreign  prices  are  higher. 

Those  who  stated  that  at  times  a  portion  of  their  goods  were 
sold  abroad  for  a  less  price  than  in  the  domestic  market  gave  the 
following  reasons  therefor: 

Cash  payments  and  large  purchases  in  the  foreign  trade,  where- 
as the  domestic  trade  is  based  on  credits  and  small  purchases. 

The  drawback  or  rebate  of  the  Tariff  on  imported  raw  material 
Of  goods  manufactured  for  export;. 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  Ill 

To  overcome  the  Tariff  of  other  countries. 

To  secure  new  markets. 

To  hold  a  market  against  new  competitors. 

To  clear  out  surplus  stock  or  to  prevent  a  shut  down  and  in- 
creased cost  of  production  by  keeping  mills  running  and  men  em- 
ployed. 

To  get  rid  of  samples  and  out  of  date  goods. 

Because  the  expense  of  selling  and  advertising  is  less  abroad 
than  at  home. 

As  to  the  proportion  of  our  goods  so  sold,  it  does  not  matter  in 
the  least.  It  is  a  question  wholly  for  the  individual  manufac- 
turer to  determine  how  far  he  may  wish  to  sell  goods  at  cost  or 
even  below  cost  in  order  to  work  off  a  surplus  product  or  to  gain 
a  foothold  abroad.  He  pays  his  workmen  the  same  wages  for 
such  goods  sold  abroad  as  for  those  sold  at  home  or  abroad  for  a 
higher  price.  He  keeps  his  factory  running  perhaps  a  week  or 
a  month  or  two  months  longer  when  otherwise  it  would  have  to 
be  closed.  He  is  able  to  work  off  surplus  stock  and  begin  the 
new  year  or  new  season  on  new  orders  to  his  own  advantage  and 
the  advantage  of  his  workingmen.  It  has  been  estimated  that 
such  sales  do  not  exceed  four  or  five  million  dollars.  It  would 
not  matter  a  particle  to  the  American  workingman  and  consumer 
if  they  amounted  to  ten  times  that  sum  or  were  only  one-tenth 
of  the  amount.  The  value  of  such  goods  vary  from  year  to  year. 
It  may  be  of  considerable  proportions  some  year  and  be  of  only 
trifling  proportions  the  following  year.  It  is  done  when  and 
where  it  is  for  the  best  interest  of  the  manufacturer  in  gaining  a 
market  or  in  keeping  his  men  employed  in  a  continuous  output 
of  his  wares.  It  must  also  be  considered  in  connection  with  this 
question  that  probably  more  goods  are  sold  abroad  at  a  higher 
price  than  the  ruling  price  at  home  than  are  sold  abroad  at  a 
lesser  price.  Of  course,  the  Free  Trader  does  not  worry  about 
this,  but  it  should  be  fully  considered  in  connection  with  this 
issue  which  has  been  dignified  into  such  importance  by  the  Demo- 
cratic party.  During  the  last  session  of  Congress  the  matter  has 
been  magnified  largely  through  the  attention  that  i^as  been  given 
to  the  so-called  sales  of  watches  by  a  Broadway,  New  York,  mer- 
chant. It  is  evidently  the  intention  of  the  Democratic  campaign 
committee  to  go  through  the  country  with  statements  to  the  ef- 
fect that  this  merchant  has  bought  abroad  thousands  and  thou- 
sands of  watches  made  in  the  United  States,  exported  to  Europe, 
reimported  by  him  and  sold  at  a  lesser  price  than  the  same 
make  and  grade  of  watches  can  be  bought  in  American  stores. 
Because  it  is  the  evident  intention  of  the  Democratic  campaign 
managers  to  make  much  of  this  issue  there  will  be  found  in  the 
following  pages  extracts  from  speeches  made  in  the  House  of 
Representatives  covering  and  explaining  every  phase  of  this 
Democratic  issue. 

The  exports  of  the  United  States  to-day  exceed  those  of  any 
other  country  in  the  world.  These  foreign  markets,  particularly 
for  our  manufactures,  have  been  gained  largely  either  because 
American  goods  are  better,  that  is,  more  durable,  or  can  be  sup- 
plied more  quickly  and  therefore  are  more  serviceable  than  the 
goods  of  any  other  manufacturing  nation.  These  foreign  markets 
have  been  gained  by  hard  work  and  by  shrewd  business  meth- 
ods; in  other  words,  by  adopting  the  methods  of  foreign  com- 
petitors whose  own  home  markets  we  have  entered  and  gained  a 
foothold  in.  If  it  has  been  done  in  the  first  instance  by  placing 
goods  in  those  markets  at  a  bottom  price  in  order  to  introduce 


112  RJIPUBUCAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT- BOOK. 

1  horn,  it  must  be  greatly  to  the  advantage  of  the  American  work- 
niuu  when  the  orders  for  such  goods  begin  to  increase  from  year 
to  year. 

There  is  no  phase  of  this  export  discount  question  whatever 
which  should  make  it  in  any  way  an  argument  for  revising  any 
of  our  Tariff  schedules.  .  We  resort  to  the  so-called  dumping  pro- 
cess less  than  any  of  our  principal  foreign  competitors.  Our 
Tariff  wall  is  the  only  protection  we  have  against  a  wholesale 
resort  to  that  method  abroad.  With  our  wages,  which  are  twice 
and  three  times  those  of  our  manufacturing  competitors  in  Eu- 
rope, it  would  be  impossible  even  with  our  machinery  and  any 
greater  efficiency  of  our  workingmen  to  compete  against  the  low 
wages  prevalent  abroad  both  in  the  production  of  the  raw  ma- 
terial and  the  manufacture  of  the  finished  product.  There  is  par- 
ticularly a  phase  of  this  export  discount  question  which  should 
be  emphasized.  It  is  well  known  that  American  genius  and 
American  invention  allows  hardly  a  year  to  pass  without  making 
improvements  in  our  machinery,  vehicles  and  articles  for  public 
use,  such  as,  for  instance,  typewriters,  etc.  Every  year  sees  a 
new  model  put  upon  the  market  and  the  buyer  of  a  new  ma- 
chine wants  the  latest  model  with  all  the  latest  improvements. 
What,  then,  shall  be  done  with  the  surplus  product  which  may 
be  in  stock?  Why,  sell  it  abroad  at  cost  price.  Keep  the  factory 
running  night  and  day  and  be  able  to  furnish  the  home  consumer 
with  the  very  latest  machine  at  a  profitable  ruling  market  price. 
The  same  principle  of  business  is  carried  on  in  our  retail  trade, 
in  our  markets  and  in  our  everyday  life  from  the  department 
store  down  to  the  vender  on  the  corner.  There  are  bargain  sales 
at  home  as  well  as  abroad  and  those  who  like  them  can,  by  watch- 
ing opportunities,  take  advantage  of  such  sales  and  satisfy  his 
desire  and  purse  to  his  heart's  content.  It  must,  however,  be  re- 
peated that  such  sales  are  but  a  very  small  fraction  of  our  great 
annual  output.  It  is  really  insignificant  and  would  not  become  a 
great  political  issue  were  it  not  for  the  fact  that  the  Demo- 
cratic party  has  seen  fit  to  misrepresent  the  facts  and  try  to 
mislead  the  people  by  wrong  premises  and  false  conclusions. 


FBOM   SPEECH  OE   HON.    CHARLES   B.    LAIQDIS   OE   IN- 
DIANA IN  THE  HOUSE  OE  REPRESENTATIVES 
MAY  23,  1906. 

Now,  Mr.  Chairman,  I  want  to  give  attention  to  this  conten- 
tion of  Democracy  that  goods  are  sold  abroad  by  American  manu- 
facturers cheaper  than  they  are  sold  at  home.  They  think  that 
they  have  discovered  a  gold  mine,  a  party  gold  mine,  and  they 
think  that  they  are  going  to  throw  the  American  people  into  a 
condition  of  hysteria  by  going  among  them  and  shouting  that  the 
American  manufacturer  is  a  plunderer  and  a  robber  because  he 
is  selling  his  goods  abroad  cheaper  than  he  is  selling  them  at 
home — a  condition  of  hysteria  similar  to  that  into  which  they 
threw  the  country  in  1892,  which  brought  upon  us  that  visitation 
of  Democratic  rinderpest  thirteen  years  ago.  [Laughter.]  Ameri- 
can manufacturers  selling  abroad  cheaper  than  at  home,  the 
Democrats  say!  How  does  that  harmonize  with  their  prophecy 
made  in  1897,  that  if  the  Dingley  bill  became  a  law  it  would  build 
a  stone  wall  around  this  country  and  absolutely  destroy  our  ex- 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  Il3 

port  trade?  They  admit  now  that  notwithstanding  that  bill  be- 
came a  law  our  manufactured  exports  have  increased  beyond  any 
former  period,  and  they  shout  to  the  country,  "Why,  they  are  sell- 
ing abroad  cheaper  than  they  are  selling  at  home." 

Mr.  Chairman,  I  say  to  you  that  that  contention,  which  I  do 
not  deny,  is  to  my  mind  the  highest  tribute  that  can  be  paid  to 
the  Dingley  law.  [Applause  on  the  Republican  side.]  Under  this 
Dingley  law,  which  started  all  the  factories  that  Democracy 
closed,  we  have  builded  thousands  and  tens  of  thousands  of  ad- 
ditional factories,  and  we  have  put  them  all  into  commission.  We 
are  consuming  92  per  cent  of  all  the  products  that  they  manufac- 
ture, and  in  addition  to  that  we  are  meeting  in  the  open  market 
of  the  world  all  the  manufacturers  of  Christendom,  and  we  are 
underselling  them — glory  be  it  to  the  American  name  and  to  the 
Dingley  law.     [Applause  on  the  Republican  side.] 

I  want  the  gentleman  from  Mississippi,  and  the  Democratic 
party  generally,  to  get  a  little  light  on  our  trade  relations  and 
how  it  has  been  possible  to  malvO  the  conquests  we  have  made. 
The  gentleman  from  Mississippi  read  from  the  report  of  the  In- 
dustrial Commission  recently,  but  he  read  only  that  part  of  the 
report  as  suited  his  argument.  I  commend  these  words  from  that 
Commission  to  him,  found  on  page  626  of  volume  19: 

"One  of  the  gratifying  conditions  of  the  last  few  years  is  the 
very  rapid  increase  in  the  export  trade  of  the  United  States. 
This  increase  is  a  matter  of  congratulation,  not  merely  because 
of  the  evidence  that  it  furnishes  of  the  increasing  industrial 
strength  and  prosperity  of  the  country,  but  because  it  furnishes 
the  means  for  keeping  the  country  well  supplied  with  the  gold 
needed  as  a  part  of  the  basis  of  our  currency  and  a  ready  means 
of  settling  our  indebtedness  abroad.  Though  nearly  65  per  cent 
of  our  exports  are  agricultural  products,  which  the  combinations 
affect  only  slightly,  the  increase  in  the  exports  of  manufacturers 
has  doubtless  been  promoted  by  the  great  industrial  combina- 
tions. With  plenty  of  capital  at  hand,  they  have  been  better  able 
than  small  concerns  to  send  agents  into  foreign  countries  to  study 
conditions,  to  open  up  branch  factories  tributary  to  the  home  fac- 
tories, and  in  other  ways  to  extend  their  trade.  In  many  in- 
stances such  trade  could  hot  have  been  secured  by  smaller  estab- 
lishments whose  strength  had  to  be  expended  in  competition  at 
home." 

And,  after  the  gentleman  from  Mississippi  gets  through  digest- 
ing those  words,  I  would  respectfully  call  his  attention  to  the 
following,  on  the  same  page,  in  the  same  volume: 

"In  order  to  gain  and  hold  foreign  trade  it  has  occasionally  been 
necessary  for  both  combinations  and  individual  exporters  to  make 
low  prices  to  foreign  purchasers.  It  is  in  evidence  before  the 
Commission  that  even  within  this  country  the  more  distant  mar- 
kets receive  concessions  in  price.  In  about  20  per  cent  of  the 
cases  covered  by  the  Commission's  returns  the  export  prices  have 
ruled  lower  than  those  charged  to  home  consumers.  Sometimes 
merely  surplus  stocks  have  been  unloaded  upon  the  foreign  mar- 
kets. At  other  times,  when  the  home  demand  has  slackened 
somewhat,  it  has  been  possible  to  keep  manufacturing  establish- 
ments employed  to  their  full  capacity  and  most  productive  effi- 
ciency only  by  finding  a  foreign  market  for  a  part  of  the  product, 
and  that  could  be  done  best  by  cutting  prices. 

"Among  the  reasons  given  by  manufacturers  in  their  admission 
that  prices  of  their  goods  in  the  foreign  markets  are  made  lower 
than  in  the  domestic  market,  are  .hese:  To  meet  foreign  competi- 
tion; to  work  off  surplus  product;  to  secure  a  permanent  foreign 
market;  taking  a  less  price  for  cash  as  against  credit  transactions 
at  home;  to  offset  foreign  duties  and  foreign  transportation 
charges,  which  the  buyer  has  to  pay;  to  allow  for  rebates  in  duties 
which  foreign  material  has  to  pay,  and  to  match  the  more  stable 
conditions  of  foreign  markets  as  against  the  fluctuations  of  the 
liome  market. 

"The  practice  is  quite  common  in  all  countries,  and  on  the  part 
of  the  separate  establishments  as  well  as  of  combinations.  Were 
this  plan  not  adopted,  it  would  often  be  necessary  to  run  the  plant 
only  part  of  the  time,  which  would  not  merely  throw  a  portion  of 
the  laborers  out  of  employment,  but  would  also  add  materially  to 
the  cost  of  production  of  the  remaining  product.    It  is  probable. 


114  REPUBUCAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

therefore,  that  when  the  export  prices  have  been  at  cost,  the  re- 
sult has  been,  by  keeping  the  plant  fully  employed,  to  hold  the 
prices  to  American  consumers  lower  than  would  have  been  pos- 
sible otherwise." 

Could  anything  be  plainer  than  that?  Why  did  not  the  gentle- 
man from  Mississippi  read  these  words  when  he  read  from  this 
volume  a  few  days  ago?  Simply  because  they  destroyed  his 
theory. 

Selling  abroad  cheaper  than  at  home!  That  is  a  principle  of 
business  that  is  followed  by  every  business  man  in  the  United 
States  and  every  manufacturing  nation  on  earth.  Come  with  me 
to  Indianapolis  and  I  will  show  you  advertisements  in  the  daily 
newspapers  that  show  that  the  business  men  in  that  city  have 
organized  and  have  a  regular  office,  where  they  pay  a  sum  of 
money  covering  the  railroad  fare  of  all  people  living  within  a  cer- 
tain distance  of  Indianapolis,  if  they  will  only  come  to  Indian- 
apolis and  buy  goods  to  a  certain  amount.  [Applause  on  the  Re- 
publican side.]  In  other  words,  the  business  men  of  Indianapolis 
are  selling  abroad  in  Indiana  cheaper  than  they  are  selling  at 
home.  It  is  a  principle  of  business,  and  the  gentlemen  on  the 
other  side  of  the  House  would  understand  it  if  they  knew  any- 
thing about  business.  [Laughter  and  applause  on  the  Republican 
side.]  I  say  now  that  there  is  not  a  manufacturing  nation  on 
earth  that  does  not  pursue  this  policy. 

I  want  to  say  to  the  gentleman  from  Mississippi  [Mr.  Williams], 
who  bears  down  so  strongly  on  this  one  proposition,  that  it  has 
been  established  by  investigation  that  Germany,  Great  Britain, 
Belgium,  France,  Australia,  and  every  other  manufacturing  coun- 
try on  earth  has  two  prices,  one  the  home  price  and  the  other  the 
export  price,  and  the  home  prices  from  $5  to  $7  higher  on  steel 
rails,  for  instance,  than  is  the  export  price;  and  in  some  cases, 
notably  in  Germany,  on  goods  for  export  the  Government  gives  a 
freight  rate  of  66  2-3  per  cent,  off;  and  in  addition  to  that,  on  some 
of  those  goods  the  German  Government  gives  a  bounty.  [Ap- 
plause on  the  Republican  side.] 

Take  steel  rails:  Great  Britain's  home  price  is  $31.50  per  ton, 
while  her  export  price  is  $25  per  ton.  Germany's  home  price  is 
$30  and  her  export  price  $24.  France's  home  price  is  $31  and 
her  export  price  $25.50.  Austria-Hungary's  home  price  is  $31  and 
her  export  price  is  $25.50.  Belgium's  home  price  is  $30  and  her 
export  price  is  $24.  United  States  home  price  is  $28  and  her  ex- 
port price  from  $25  to  $26.  The  Democratic  party  has  been  long- 
ing for  the  markets  of  the  world  for  many  years.  The  Dingley 
law  has  placed  us  in  a  condition  where  they  confess  that  we  are 
capturing  the  markets  of  the  world.  We  can  not  capture  the  mar- 
kets of  the  world  without  selling  as  good  goods  and  at  as  cheap 
a  price  as  are  offered  by  other  manufacturing  nations.  By  the 
Democratic  policy  we  will  not  only  be  able  to  enter  the  mar- 
kets of  the  world,  but  we  would  surrender  our  home  market  by 
lowering  the  tariff  wall,  and  that  would  convert  New  England 
into  a  tramp  yard,  empty  the  National  Treasury,  and  bring  again 
a  condition  of  individual  and  national  insolvency  such  as  we  ex- 
perienced in  1894.     [Applause.] 

I  would  respectfully  call  attention  to  this  table,  which  tells  its 
own  story.  It  is  a  comparison  of  present  f.  o.  b.  mill  prices,  do- 
mestic and  export,  on  iron  and  steel  in  the  principal  producing 
countries: 


, Billets ^ 

Home     Export 
price,     price. 

Structural 

shapes,  p 

r-angles, 

Home 

price. 

,  including 
lates,  bars, 
and  tees— ^ 

Country.        Home 
price. 

Export 
price. 

Export 
price. 

Great  Britain  $31.50 

$25.00 

$24.00 

$1.60 

$1.35 

Germany    ....     30.00 

24.00 

27.00 

20.50 

1.50 

125 

France    31.00 

25.00 

27.00 

20.50 

1.65 

l.lf) 

Austria-Hun- 

gary        31.00 

25.50 

27.00 

22.00 

1.50 

1.:;.^, 

Belgium     30.00 

24.00 

27.00 

19.50 

1.55 

1.35  to  1.40 

United  States.     28.00    25.00  to  26.60    24.00  to  27.00      21.00    1.60  to  1.70    1.40  to  l.r,n 

I  would  say  to  the  gentleman  from  Mississippi  [Mr.  Williams] 
that,  as  compared  with  other  nations  from  the  standpoint  of  honi*' 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  115 


price  and  export  price,  our  home  price  is  always  smaller  and  our 
export  price  is  as  large  or  larger  than  any  other  manufacturing 
nation  on  earth.  [Applause  on  the  Republican  side.]  Selling 
manufactured  products  abroad  cheaper  than  at  home!  Why,  does 
not  the  gentleman  know  that  the  Treasury  Department  every  day 
of  its  existence  has  trouble  at  the  New  York  and  Philadelphia 
custom-houses  because  of  the  invoices  presented  there,  those  in- 
voices being  so  far  below  the  price  prevailing  in  the  countries 
where  these  goods  are  bought?  The  importers  of  New  York  City 
and  Philadelphia  have  a  regular  force  of  clerks  whose  business 
it  is  to  attend  the  custom-house  and  revise  invoices  in  order  to 
bring  them  up  from  the  actual  price  paid  for  the  foreign  goods 
to  the  domestic  price  that  prevails  in  the  country  where  they  are 
purchased;  and  the  gentlemen  on  the  other  side  of  the  House,  if 
they  knew  anything  about  the  business  of  running  the  Govern- 
ment, would  know  that, 
'  Mr.  Chairman,  two  years  ago  I  received  a  letter  from  a  steel 
mill  in  my  district  asking  me  to  go  to  the  Secretary  of  the  TreaS' 
ury  and  see  if  I  could  not  have  refunded  about  $30,000  which  they 
claimed  was  excess  duty  paid  on  an  importation  of  steel  billets 
from  Germany.  I  went  to  the  Treasury  Department.  They  re- 
fused  to  do  it  on  the  ground  that  my  constituent  had  purchased 
his  goods  in  Germany  cheaper  than  the  German  manufacturer 
sold  the  same  goods  to  the  German  customer.  The  duty  was  col- 
lected upon  the  basis  of  the  price  prevailing  in  Germany,  not  on 
the  actual  price  paid.  The  proprietor  of  that  Indiana  mill  told 
me  that  he  bought  that  consignment  of  steel  billets  in  Germany, 
had  it  freighted  across  the  ocean  and  then  one-third  across  the 
continent  to  Indiana,  and  laid  down  at  the  door  of  his  factory 
cheaper  than  the  German  manufacturer  of  steel  billets  would  sell 
them  to  his  own  customers  in  Germany. 

That  is  what  Germany  does  to  get  into  Indiana.  That  is  what 
all  manufacturing  nations  are  doing  to  get  into  the  United  States. 
That  is  an  answer  to  your  cry  that  we  are  selling  abroad  cheaper 
than  at  home.  Every  other  manufacturing  nation  on  earth  does 
it  to  get  into  a  foreign  market  and  to  get  a  dumping  ground  for 
its  surplus.  Some  of  them  are  able  to  do  it  to  a  greater  extent 
than  others,  because  there  is  often  a  rebate  on  raw  material  im- 
ported and  then  exported  in  the  manufactured  product.  And  if 
every  other  country  on  earth  that  manufactures  is  encouraged  in 
this  work,  why  should  we  object  to  our  manufacturers  doing  the 
same  thing?  I  am  told  that  only  30  cents  in  every  $1,000  worth 
of  products  exported  represents  the  goods  that  are  sold  abroad 
cheaper  than  at  home.  Our  manufactured  product  last  year 
amounted  to  $14,000,000,000.  What  a  dignified,  what  a  mighty, 
contention! 

Why,  Mr.  Chairman,  when  I  was  at  Waterloo,  Iowa,  two  years 
ago  I  saw  a  heating  system  by  which  gasoline  was  converted  into 
gas  and  conducted  into  burners  and  grates  into  the  cooking  stoves. 
They  manufactured  the  plant  in  that  town,  and  I  went  to  the 
establishment  and  looked  it  over  and  asked  the  man  what  he 
would  charge  to  come  to  Delphi,  Ind.,  and  install  a  plant  in  my 
house.  He  had  put  a  plant  in  the  home  of  the  gentleman  who  ac- 
companied me  to  the  factory  and  charged  him  $150.  I  told  him 
my  house  had  the  same  number  of  rooms.  He  told  me  he  would 
come  to  Indiana,  pay  his  own  expenses,  and  put  in  the  same  plant 
for  $125,  "because,"  said  he,  "I  want  to  extend  my  business  to  In- 
diana." 

My  Waterloo  companion  said:  "That  is  business."  He  did  not 
run  out  and  get  hold  of  the  rope  to  the  fire  bell  and  ring  it  and 
summon  the  citizens  of  Waterloo.  [Laughter  on  the  Republican 
side.]  He  did  not  say:  "Burn  down  this  factory;  drive  this  man 
out  of  this  community.  He  is  selling  abroad  cheaper  than  he  is 
selling  at  home."  He  mildly  said:  "'ihat  is  business."  He  knew 
that  that  meant  more  orders  for  the  factory,  and  he  knew  that 
more  orders  meant  more  labor  in  the  factory,  and  he  knew  that 
more  labor  in  the  factory  meant  more  money  paid  out  in  Waterloo, 
and  he  was  anxious  to  get  that  business  just  as  every  loyal,  pat- 
riotic American  ought  to  be  anxious  to  get  the  business  of  the 
\\^orld,    [Applause  on  tUe  Republican  side.] 


lit;  II'  \,\  (•  \ 

FROM  SPEECH  OP  HON.  CHARLES  Q.  TIRRELL  OP  MAS- 
SACHUSETTS IN  HOUSE  OP  REPRESENTATIVES 
APRIL   11,   1906. 

Mr.  Chairman:  On  Thursday  of  last  week  the  gentleman  from 
Illinois  [Mr.  Rainey]  promulgated  certain  charges  against  the 
watch  companies  of  this  country,  and  especially  against  the 
American  Walt  ham  Watch  Company,  located  in  the  district  in 
Massachusetts  which  I  have  the  honor  to  represent.  I  propose  to 
consider  a  few  of  those  charges — not  all  of  them;  nor  shall  I  be 
diverted  to  those  I  do  not  discuss,  as  the  time  allotted  to  me  is 
entirely  inadequate  even  to  cover  thoroughly  the  points  I  propose 
to  take  up  here  to-day. 

The  first  charge  made  by  the  gentleman  from  Illinois,  which 
he  rolls  as  a  sweet  morsel  beneath  his  tongue,  is  that  the  Wal 
tham  Watch  Company  and  the  other  watch  companies  of  this 
country  are  in  a  trust.  Lest  I  misrepresent  the  gentleman,  I  de- 
sire to  call  attenion  to  his  exact  language  in  the  Record,  where 
lie  speaks  upon  this  matter.    He  says: 

"I  have  in  my  possession  some  of  the  export  catalogues  issued 
by  the  American  watch  trust — by  the  Keystone  company  and  by 
the  Waltham  company  and  by  the  rest  of  them." 

Then  further  on,  when  my  colleague  from  Massachusetts  [Mr. 
(Jnrdner]  stated  that  he  was  a  stockholder  in  the  Waltham  Com- 
pany, and  that  he  had  never  heard  that  that  company  was  con- 
nected with  any  trust,  the  gentleman  from  Illinois  refers  him  to 
the  Ways  and  Means  Committee  for  information  upon  that  sub-, 
ject  and  then  a  little  later  on  he  reiterates  what  he  said  upon 
that  point,  adding  that  when  a  certain  consignment  of  watches 
which  had  been  sent  over  from  Europe  to  this  country  arrived  at 
the  port  here,  he  adds  in  connection  with  that  matter: 

"When  they  reached  the  custom-house  in  New  York  they  were 
Diet  by  the  agents  of  the  watch  trust;  and  I  use  the  term  ad- 
visedly, in  spite  of  the  fact  that  we  have  a  plutocrat  in  this  House 
who,  by  his  own  admission,  is  a  holder  of  large  blocks  of  stock  in 
that  trust." 

Now,  I  hold  in  my  hand  a  circular  letter  which  has  just  been 
issued  by  the  Waltham  Watch  Company  and  signed  by  E.  ( '. 
Pitch,  the  president,  and  Royal  Robbins,  treasurer  of  that  com- 
pany, men  of  character,  men  of  probity,  men  of  the  highest  honor, 
men  who  are  leaders  and  captains  of  industry  in  our  section  of  the 
country,  men  who  would  not  attach  their  names  to  a  statement 
unless  it  was  absolutely  true.  Now,  let  me  read  to  you  what 
these  men  say  on  that  very  point. 

Mr.  Gilbert  of  Kentucky:  From  what  paper  is  the  gentleman 
about  to  read? 

Mr.  Tirrell:  This  is  the  Boston  Advertiser,  of  April  7,  1906,  and 
the  same  statement  is  also  published  in  other  papers  in  Boston  of 
the  same  date.    They  say: 

"First,  we  wish  most  emphatically  to  state  that,  so  far  as  we 
know  or  are  concerned,  there  is  no  watch  trust  in  the  United 
States  and  there  never  has  been.  The  various  American  com- 
panies are,  so  far  as  we  have  any  knowledge,  absolutely  independ- 
ent, and  operate  entirely  and  solely  with  regard  to  their  own  sep- 
arate interests.  This  is  not  only  the  condition  here  to-day,  but 
has  always  been  so." 

Now,  do  you  suppose  that  these  men  will  attach  their  signa- 
tures to  a  statement  like  that,  to  be  circulated  and  disseminated 
all  over  this  country,  unless  it  is  absolutely  true?  And  do  you 
not  believe  that  these  men  know  whether  their  own  company  is 
in  a  trust?  And  would  they  not  be  likely  to  know,  in  the  acute 
competition  that  there  is  in  the  watch  business  in  this  country, 
and,  indeed,  throughout  the  world  to-day,  whether  there  is  any 
watch  company  in  this  country  m  any  trust? 

Now,  I  take  up  the  second  allegation  of  the  gentleman  from 
Illinois  [Mr.  Rainey],  which "  is  that  while  there  are,  he  says, 
15  per  cent,  (and  I  do  not  know  where  he  gets  that  figure),  while 
there  are  15  per  cent,  more  men  employed  in  the  watch  factories 
of  this  country  than  there  were  in  1880,  yet  the  character  of  the 
labor  employed  has  deteriorated,  because  there  are  more  women 


REPUBLICAN   CAMPAIGN   TEXT-BOOK.  117 

and  200  per  cent,  mpre  children  employed  in  the  watch  factories  of 
the  country  than  there  were  twenty  years  ago. 

Now,  I  read  to  you  from  the  letter  of  the  president  and  treas- 
urer of  the  Waltham  Watch  Company  upon  that  particular  point, 
in  which  they  say: 

"The  Waltham  company  never  employed  children  in  any  ca- 
pacity whatever.  On  the  other  hand,  the  employment  of  children 
in  watch  manufacturing  is  common  in  Switzerland.  In  spite  of 
this  fact,  a  recent  slight  advance  in  Swiss  wages  was  promtly 
followed  by  an  increase  in  the  price  of  Swiss  watches  throughout 
their  home  market." 

But  I  am  not  relying  on  the  statement  of  the  American 
Watch  Company  to  corroborate  what  I  have  said.  I  hold  in  my 
hand  the  census  bulletin  issued  May  21,  1902,  giving  full  particu- 
lars in  regard  to  the  watch  industry  of  this  country,  and  on  the 
fourth  page  thereof  I  read  as  follows: 

"There  are  practically  no  children  employed  in  the  industry." 

Then,  in  searching  over  the  tables  in  this  bulletin,  I  find  that 
in  all  the  establishments  throughout  the  whole  of  the  United 
States  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  watches  there  are  at  the 
present  time  just  twenty-six  persons  employed  who  are  under  16 
years  of  age.  . 

Then  go  back  to  the  statistics  of  twenty  years  ago,  and  I  find 
there  were  twenty-four  employed.  You  can  not  find,  in  my  judg- 
ment, a  manufacturing  industry  in  this  country,  and  possibly  in 
the  world,  where  there  are  so  few  in.  comparison  with  the  entire 
number  of  employees  who  are  under  16  years  of  age,  for  there 
are  employed  of  men  alone  in  the  watch  industry  in  this  country 
6,880  persons. 

Now,  I  take  up  the  third  charge  made  by  the  gentleman  from 
Illinois,  and  that  is  that  the  tariff  has  not  been  instrumental  in 
increasing  the  wages  of  employees  in  the  watch  factories  in  this 
country.  In  regard  to  that  I  have  here  the  statement  made  by 
the  American  Watch  Company  that  the  wages  paid  in  our  watch 
factories  in  the  United  States  are  from  two  and  one-half  to  three 
times  the  wages  paid  to  the  Swiss  workmen.  There  are  40,000 
people  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  watches  in  Switzerland. 
Those  40,000  people  produce  40  watches  apiece  a  year.  We  are 
employing  in  our  watch  factories  6,880  and  in  collateral  branches 
of  the  business  3,000  or  4,000  more,  in  round  numbers  10,000  peo- 
ple, and  we  produce  in  this  country  to  each  one  of  these  employees 
250  watches  a  year. 

The  statement  made  by  the  gentleman  from  Illinois  that  there 
has  been  no  substantial  increase  under  the  fostering  influences 
of  our  tariff  in  the  development  of  the  watch  industry  in  this 
country  is  contradicted  in  toto  by  the  census  bulletin  to  which 
I  have  referred,  for  I  find  that  the  total  value  of  the  assets  in 
the  watch  business  in  this  country  in  1870  was  $2,686,133,  and  in 
1900  it  was  $14,235,191,  an  increase  of  over  500  per  cent.  Not  only 
that,  but  I  find  by  still  further  investigation  that  the  business  has 
so  increased  that  our  exportation  of  watches  to  foreign  lands  dur- 
ing this  same  period  has  rolle.d  up  180  per  cent.,  while  there  has 
been  a  decrease  of  the  imports  of  foreign  watches  of  53.5  per  cent, 
all  along  the  line. 

Now,  as  to  the  amount  of  wages  paid.  The  wages  of  the 
women  employed  in  the  watch  factories  of  this  country  year 
after  year,  not  allowing  for  a  single  holiday,  not  allowing  for 
any  stoppage  of  the  business  or  any  breakdown  or  depression  in 
the  trade,  the  average  earnings  of  the  women  employed  in  the 
watch  factories  in  this  country  is  almost  $400  a  year,  or  $385. 
Just  think  of  that!  If  you  take  out  the  days  when  the  factory 
must  necessarily  be  stopped  for  repairs  for  certain  periods  dur- 
ing this  long  lapse  of  years  since  1880,  when  statistics  began,  then 
you  will  have  the  facts  as  stated  in  the  census  bulletin,  that 
the  women  in  the  factories  are  receiving  nearly  $400  a  year. 
Duplicate  that,  if  you  can,  in  any  other  industry  either  in  a  for- 
eign country  or  in  our  own  land. 

What  are  the  wages  of  the  men  in  the  watch  factories  returned 
in  the  same  manner?  Seven  hundred  dollars  a  year  is  their 
average  wage.  So,  then,  we  have  this  condition  of  things — an  in- 
dustry which  in  its  capitalization  has  increased  500  per  cent.,  and 
since  the  prortective  tariff  policy  of  the  Republican  party  has  been 


118  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

in  operation  an  increase  of  foreign  exportation  of  180  per  cent., 
and  wages  two  and  a  half  to  three  times  that  paid  in  Switzerland 
to-day,  and  the  employment  of  the  large  amount  of  capital,  adding 
to  the  taxable  assets  of  the  country  what  I  have  stated. 

There  is  one  more  charge — because  in  my  limited  time  I  can 
not  dwell  upon  these  things  as  I  want  to — and  that  is  the  charge 
that  the  American  watches  are  sold  cheaper  in  foreign  markets 
than  here.  It  seems  that  my  friend  from  Illinois  must  be 
strangely  ignorant  of  the  economic  and  business  principles  which 
govern  all  our  American  manufactures  in  placing  their  products 
in  foreign  lands.  I  want  to  illustrate  this  by  a  concrete  ex- 
ample with  which  I  am  conversant.  I  am  interested  as  trustee  in 
the  manufacture  of  wood  pulp,  representing  as  trustee  one  of  the 
largest  mills  in  this  country.  This  is  an  industry  of  which  we 
knew  comparatively  little  twenty-five  years  ago. 

Our  pulp  mills,  except  the  outer  walls,  have  been  remodeled 
and  torn  to  pieces  twice  du  ung  that  time,  but  the  ingenuity  and 
genius  of  the  American  people  in  a  very  few  years  placed  it  on  a 
permanent  basis,  and  not  only  upon  a  permanent  basis,  but  en- 
abled them  to  manufacture  pulp  in  such  quantities  that  it  was  im- 
possible to  place  the  whole  of  our  pulp  here.  Now,  when  any 
manufacturing  industry  produces  more  than  the  home  market  can 
consume  one  of  two  things  inevitably  follows.  You  must  either 
shut  down  your  factory  until  that  surplus  supply  which  has  ac- 
cumulated in  the  warehouses  has  been  disposed  of  in  the  domestic 
market  or  else  you  must  sell  it  abroad.  Now,  if  you  sell  your 
product  abroad — 

Mr.  Gilbert  of  Kentucky:   Will  the  gentleman  yield? 

The  Chairman:    Does  the  gentleman  yield? 

Mr.  Tirrell:    I  do. 

Mr.  Gilbert  of  Kentucky:  Will  it  profit  the  home  industry  to 
sell  a  manufactured  product  abroad  cheaper  than  it  costs  to 
produce  and  ship  it  abroad? 

Mr.  Tirrell:  Yes,  sir;  in  some  cases  it  will;  and  if  I  have  time 
enough  I  will  demonstrate  that  here  by  my  own  practical  ex- 
perience in  business,  which  is  the  experience  of  other  manufac- 
turers in  other  industries.  It  has  to  be  done  if  you  keep  your  fac- 
tories open.  The  factories  which  produce  more  than  the  domestic 
demand  can  take  care  of — 

Mr.  Gilbert  of  Kentucky:  How  will  it  pay  the  home  industry  to 
sell  it  at  less  to  the  foreigner  abroad? 

Mr.  Tirrell:  I  will  show  exactly  how  it  can  be  done.  Now, 
wait  one  moment,  gentlemen,  and  I  will  illustrate  it. 

Mr.  Wlliams:  Before  the  gentleman  answers  that  queston,  be- 
cause I  desire  to  ask  another  in  that  connection  which  is  cognate 
or  akin  to  it — if  you  reach  that  stage  of  production  where  you 
have  produced  a  surplus  which  it  pays  you  to  sell  at  less  than  it 
cost  rather  than  close  down  your  factory  for  a  time,  why  should 
you  ship  that  surplus  to  the  foreign  market  to  benefit  the  foreign 
consumer  at  les^  than  the  cost?  In  other  words,  why  should  you 
give  the  foreigner  the  benefit  of  that  surplus  production  rather 
than  give  it  to  your  .own  people?  , 

Mr.  Tirrell:  In  making  that  remark  the  gentleman  knows  very 
little  in  regard  to  the  pulp  business  I  am  talking  about — a  great 
business  which  produces  the  paper  which  is  put  into  our  books 
and  magazines — because,  now,  sir,  the  margin  of  profit  is  so  small 
upon  paper  and  pulp  that  it  is  a  slight  fraction  of  a  per  cent., 
and  it  is  only  by  the  manufacture  of  an  enormous  quantity  of  out- 
put, and  running  your  factory  day  and  night,  that  the  paper  mak- 
ers and  the  pulp  makers  of  this  country  can  make  even  a  modest 
dividend,  and  most  of  them  during  the  past  ten  or  fifteen  years 
have  been  running  on  such  a  small  margin  as  to  make  no  divi- 
dend at  all. 

The  Chairman:    The  time  of  the  gentleman  has  expired. 

Mr.  Overstreet:    I  yield  five  minutes  more  to  the  gentleman. 

Mr.  Williams:  The  gentleman  does  not  seem  to  have  under- 
stood my  question. 

Mr.  Tirrell:  If  I  can  only  get  ten  or  fifteen  minutes  I  will  an- 
swer it  fully,  Mr.  Williams;  but  I  ought  not  to  be  diverted,  as  I 
said  in  the  first  place;  I  am  only  allowed  a  very  short  time,  but 
I  will  try  to  illustrate  it  to  you.  I  beg  the  gentleman's  pardon,  I 
woulcl  be  very  glad  to  answer  questions,  but  only  being  allowed 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  119 

five  minutes  I  must  conclude  at  that  time  unless  my  time  is  fur- 
ther extended,  which  I  shall  be  glad  to  have  done  to  answer  these 
questions.  I  want  now  to  attempt  to  illustrate  why  the  manufac- 
turers do  that  thing  and  why  it  is  necessary  to  do  that  thing. 
Now,  we  will  suppose,  for  example,  a  pulp  mill  costs  $1,000,000. 
We  will  suppose  that  they  manufacture  25  per  cent,  more  than  can 
be  disposed  of  in  this  country,  which  is  practically  the  case  in  re- 
gard to  that  industry.  Now,  then,  that  25  per  cent,  must  lie  in 
the  warehouse  until  it  is  sold  at  a  small  fraction  of  a  profit  and 
the  mill  be  closed  up  or  else  it  must  be  sent  abroad  and  sold  at 
some  price  over  there. 

Mr.  Williams:    Why  not  sell  it  at  some  price  here? 

Mr.  Tirrell:  Wait  a  minute,  sir.  The  demand  and  supply  makes 
a  very  small  margin  of  profit,  and  do  you  ask  that  the  American 
manufacturer  in  our  own  country  shall  sell  his  product  at  a  loss? 
Is  he  not  entitled  to  a  small  margin  of  profit,  instead  of  going 
and  dumping  all  of  his  surplus  product  on  the  market  and  lower- 
ing the  whole  price  of  that  manufacture? 

Mr.  Williams:  I  do  not  ask  him  to  sell  at  a  less  price  than  he 
does  elsewhere. 

Mr.  Tirrell:  Now,  the  reason  why  that  is  done  is  this:  The 
fixed  charges  on  the  plant  are  running  all  the  time.  We  will  sup- 
pose the  plant  cost  $1,000,000.  Now,  it  is  idle,  say,  for  two  and 
one-half  months.  The  fixed  charges  are  running  on;  the  price  of 
everything  is  running  on;  all  except  the  day  labor  is  running  on. 
The  manufacturer's  cost  is  increased  by  the  mill  lying  idle  in 
that  way  with  all  of  these  fixed  charges  running  on  and  no  prod- 
uct being  obtained  from  the  mill.  So  that  if  the  accumulated 
surplus  is  sold  in  this  country  two  results  will  follow.  First,  the 
home  market  being  fully  supplied  purchases  will  not  be  made, 
that  surplus  can  not  be  placed  unless  it  is  sold  at  a  reduced  price, 
which  means,  in  the  case  to  which  I  am  alluding,  at  less  than 
cost.  Second,  the  mill  will  soon  have  to  be  shut  down  again,  for 
it  is  the  surplus  above  the  home  demand  of  which  we  are  speak- 
ing, and  the  market  having  been  already  supplied  here  at  home 
with  all  the  product  it  can  handle,  and  the  manufacturer  pro- 
ducing 25  per  cent,  more  than  the  home  market  can  handle,  it  is 
inevitable  that  the  mill  must  close  until  its  production  again  cor- 
responds with  the  demand.  Thus  its  wage  employees  are  thrown 
out  of  employment  and  the  manufacturing  cost  largely  increased 
under  the  condition  suggested  by  the  able  and  versatile  gentle- 
man from  Mississippi. 

The  American  manufacturer,  when  he  produces  more  than 
the  country  requires,  in  order  to  make  this  small  margin  of 
profit  has  got  to  keep  his  mill  going  day  and  night  in  many 
industries.  He  must  do  so  in  the  case  I  have  cited.  It  is  the 
only  way  he  can  make  money  and  pay  any  dividend  whatever, 
because  the  shutting  down  of  his  mill  entails  a  large  loss  on 
account  of  the  conditions  attached  to  the  business,  and  in  order 
that  he  may  do  this  and  meet  expenditures  the  American  manu- 
facturer sells  his  surplus  product  at  some  price  upon  the  other 
side. 

Now,  when  he  goes  into  a  new  country,  when  the  people  do 
not  know  the  character  of  our  goods  abroad,  they  sell  them  for  a 
loss,  but  when  their  establishments  are  planted  in  Belgium,  Eng- 
land, and  other  countries  they  make  a  fair  profit;  and  if  you  read 
that  circular  of  the  Waltham  company,  which  I  propose  to  have 
published  in  the  Record,  you  will  find  they  do  the  same  thing  over 
there  when  they  are  establishing  their  trade.  They  do  not  at 
first  make  a  profit  on  their  goods.  It  is  only  where  they  are 
seeking  to  establish  trade,  where  they  have  got  to  compete  against 
conditions  that  exist,  where  there  are  diherent  kinds  of  credit 
and  difference  in  methods  of  sale,  and  difference  in  transporta- 
tion, difference  in  method  of  carrying  on  the  business,  and  where 
these  things  must  be  overcome,  and  can  not  be  overcome  unless 
you  put  the  prices  on  your  goods  so  low  that  the  people  will  buy 
anyway,  on  the  theory  that  men  will  buy  where  they  can  buy 
the  cheapest,  that  this  course  is  pursued;  only  in  such  cases 
are  goods  sold  at  or  under  cost.  But  after  the  trade  is  estab- 
lished, after  the  houses  are  planted  after  they  have  obtained 
salesmen  who  speak  the  language  to  sell  the  goods,  after  they 
have  gotten  over  the  difficulties  of  the  transportation  question. 


120  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

and  after  the  American  product  has  become  firmly  fixed  in  the  ap- 
proval of  the  people  by  the  use  of  the  article  introduced  in  this 
way,  then  it  is  necessary,  for  the  foreign  purchaser  will  then 
buy  the  goods  anyway,  and  the  American  manufacturer  gets  the 
profit. 

Mr.  Sterling:  They  do  the  same  thing  in  this  country  in  lo- 
calities wherever  they  introduce  their  business. 

Mr.  TirreJl:  Certainly;  that  can  be  easily  demonstrated,  and 
that  is  the  reason,  and  the  only  reason,  why  the  American  manu- 
facturer ever  sells  at  less  than  cost  abroad.  It  is  to  establish 
its  trade;  it  is  to  fill  up  a  gap,  so  that  he  can  keep  his  mill  run- 
ning, so  that  he  can  sell  the  domestic  product  here  at  home  at 
a  small  margin,  as  he  is  obliged  to  do  with  the  acute  competition 
that  exists  in  the  United  States. 

This  is  the  course  the  Waltham  company  has  followed.  That 
it  results  as  I  have  stated  is  evidenced  by  the  fact  that  that  com- 
pany states  that  manufacturers  and  merchants  doing  an  export 
business  must  necessarily  make  considerable  price  reductions  to 
induce  foreign  buyers  to  substitute  the  new  for  the  old,  em- 
phatically, however,  asserting  that  Waltham  watches  are  not 
sold,  except  in  such  cases  as  I  have  called  attention  to,  at 
lower  prices  than  those  prevailing  here. 

Germany,  whose  wonderful  industrial  development  since  Bis- 
marck abandoned  his  free-trade  propaganda  and  advocated  a 
protective  tariff  has  excited  the  wonder  of  the  world,  has  con- 
spicuously followed  this  practice.  It  will  not  soon  be  forgotten 
by  many  of  us  who  heard  the  debate  on  Cuban  reciprocity  in  the 
Fifty-seventh  Congress,  how  that  was  illustrated  by  the  sugar 
schedule,  by  which,  in  order  to  dispose  of  their  surplus  sugar 
abroad,  so  low  an  export  price  was  fixed  in  Germany  that  the 
home  price  was  about  double  the  foreign,  and  bounties  and  dif- 
ferentials were  paid  to  equalize  the  trade. 

I  do  not  approve  of  a  policy  that  would  increase  the  price  to 
the  home  consumer  like  that;  such  a  policy  is  sacrificing  a 
home  market  for  a  foreign.  It  illustrates,  however  ,the  extremity 
to  which  Germany  has  gone  to  secure  our  trade.  It  proves  that 
our  export  trade  can  not  be  limited  by  the  prices  and  terms 
that  govern  at  home.  How  much  wiser  and  more  farsighted 
the  American  policy  that  sells  here  its  products  on  small  mar- 
gins and  great  output,  disposing  of  its  surplus  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  insure  a  permanent  business  abroad.  [Loud  applause  on 
the  Republican  side.] 

FROM  SPEECH  OF  HON.  HENRY  S.  BOUTELL,  OF  ILLI- 
NOIS.—HOUSE   OE    REPRESENTATIVES, 
APRIL  26,  1906. 

Now  I  pass  to  another  subject.  My  colleague  asserts  on  the 
strength  of  Keene's  advertisement  that  the  various  watch  move- 
ments made  by  the  Elgin  Watch  Company  and  the  Waltham 
Watch  Company  are  sold  at  Keene's  at  a  price  greatly  below 
those  for  which  the  same  movements  can  be  purchased  from  the 
ordinary  retail  dealers.  He  quotes  one  advertisement  of  Febru- 
ary 2,  1906,  but  fails  to  call  attention  to  a  phrase  near  the  end, 
which  reads  as  follows:  "The  prices  quoted  below  are  for 
movements  alone;  I  do  not  sell  movements  without  cases  or  cases 
without  movements." 

Now,  we  all  know  that  the  watch  consists  of  two  parts,  the 
movement  and  the  case,  and  it  is  immaterial  in  a  certain  meas- 
ure what  the  price  fixed  on  the  works  is  if  the  price  on  the  case 
makes  an  abnormal  or  an  unreasonable  price  o^or  the  complete 
v.atch.  I  have  here  in  my  possession  two  bills  of  Keene's,  of 
Broadway,  the  one  to  Mr.  W.  Russ  and  another  to  Theodore 
Weigele,  ordinary  citizens,  who  purchased  these  advertised 
warches.  I  have  no  doubt  they  went  in  there  pursuant  to  these 
advertisements. 

Mr.  Rainey:     I  would  like  to  ask  the  gentleman  a  question. 

Mr.  Boutell:     I  will  yield  to  the  gentleman. 

Mr.  Rainey:  I  would  like  to  ask  my  colleague  if  it  is  not 
true  that  the  Waltham  Company  does  not  make  cases? 

Mr.  Boutell:     Neither  the  Elgin  Company  nor  the  Waltham 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  121 

Company  makes  cases.  These  two  men  evidently  went  into 
the  hospitable  shop  of  Mr.  Keene  and  asked  him  for  one  of 
those  anti-protection,  trust-busting,  tariff-smashing  watches  he 
advertised,  and  they  were  shown  the  watches  to  which  I  now 
refer.  They  bought  them,  paid  for  them,  and  took  them  away. 
Then  they  inquired  of  ordinary  retail  dealers  and  found  that  they 
had  been  defrauded;  then  they  went  to  the  Elgin  Company  and 
submitted  these  bills.  Mr.  Russ  wrote  a  letter  to  the  Elgin  Com- 
pany, which  I  will  here  insert  in  the  Record: 

Hoboken,  N.   J.,  March  19,  1906. 
The  Elgin  National  Watch  Company,  11  John  Street,  New  York  City,  N.  Y.: 

Gentlemen:  I  recently  purchased  an  Elgin  watch  of  Charles  A. 
Keene,  180  Broadway,  New  York  City.  This  dealer  has  been  advertising 
cut  prices  on  Elgin  and  Waltham  movements  in  the  New  York  Herald  and 
New  York  Press  for  some  time,  which  attracted  my  attention,  as  I  had  in 
mind  to  purchase  a  watch.  I  went  into  his  place  of  business  at  180  Broad- 
way March  14  with  the  intention  of  purchasing  a  cheap  Elgin  watch.  A 
salesman  showed  me  several  makes,  and,  upon  request,  showed  me  an  Elgin, 
No.  11285859,  in  a  twenty-year  Dueber  case.  No.  5917320,  which  he  said  would 
cost  $25.  Being  satisfied  to  pay  that  much  for  a  good  watch,  and  feeling 
certain  that  I  struck  a  bargain,  I  purchased  this  watch  at  that  price.  Sev- 
eral days  later  I  heard  different  reports  as  to  the  character  of  this  dealer, 
and  at  once  became  suspicious.  After  taking  it  to  several  other  dealers,  I 
found   that  I   could   purchase  the   identical   watch   for   $15. 

I  trust  that  my  experience,  as  related  above,  will  be  interesting  to  you, 
and  sincerely  hope  that  you  will  do  something  to  stop  this  dealer  from 
further  robbing  the  public,  as  I  presume  I  am  only  one  of  many  who  have 
gone  into  this  store  with  the  intention  of  buying  a  "cheap  watch." 

Very   truly   yours,  Walter  Russ. 

Here  we  have  the  receipted  bill,  dated  March  14,  1906,  made 
by  Charles  A.  Keene  to  Mr.  Russ,  for  an  Elgin  watch,  17  jewels, 
open  face,  18  size,  twenty-year  filled  case.  It  is  billed  at  $25  for 
the  completed  watch.  This  watch,  it  appears  from  the  statement 
of  Mr.  Kinna,  can  be  purchased  as  follaws:  The  works,  $5.0^; 
case,  $3.50;  complete  watch  to  ordinary  retailers  in  the  trade, 
$8.50;  profit  at  $25,  $16.42,  or  a  profit  of  1911-2  per  aent. 
(Laughter.)  As  shown  by  the  record  of  the  Elgin  Watch  Com- 
pany, that  keeps  a  record  of  all  of  its  watches,  neither  of  these 
watches  was  ever  sold  abroad. 

The  next  is  a  similar  receipted  bill  from  Charles  A.  Keene  to 
Theodore  Weigele,  Hoboken,  N.  J.,  March  17,  1906,  for  a  15-jewel 
Elgin  watch,  twenty-five  year  gold-filled  case,  which  is  likewise 
billed  and  sold  at  $25.  Mr.  Kinna  states  that  this  watch  just  as 
it  stands,  movement  and  case,  can  be  purchaed  by  retail  jewelers 
at  $9.13.  So  the  profit  on  the  price  at  which  Keene  sold  it  is 
175  per  cent.  I  repeat  that  neither  of  these  watches,  notwith- 
standing the  advertisement,  ever  went  abroad. 

Mr.  Williams:  Mr.  Chairman,  I  would  ask  the  gentleman  upon 
whose  authority  he  is  stating  that  these  watches  were  sold  at 
these  percentages  of  profit  that  he  has  just  stated? 

Mr.  Boutell:  The  opinion  given  by  the  officers  of  these  com- 
panies from  the  retail  dealers  to  whom  they  were  submitted. 

Mr,  Williams:  The  officers  of  these  companies  submitted  these 
receipts  to  retail  dealers? 

Mr.  Boutell :     Submitted  these  watches  to  retail  dealers. 

Mr.  Williams:  Did  they  have  the  watches  that  these  men  had 
bought? 

Mr.  Boutell:     I  understand  they  had  the  watches  themselves. 

Mr.  Williams:  And  officers  of  the  companies  submitted  them 
to  the  retailers  and  tne  retailers  gave  tnis  opinion? 

Mr.  Boutell:     Yes. 

Mr.  Williams:  Did  the  officers  of  the  companies  send  the  gen- 
tlemen the  names  of  the  retailers  to  whom  they  were  submitted? 

Mr.  Boutcil:  I  think  I  have  the  names  of  the  retailers  and 
the  affidavits  of  the  retailers  relating  to  the  watches,  and  if  so, 
I  will  insert  them  in  the  appendix  to  my  remarks. 

Mr.  Lacey:  Mr.  Chairman,  I  would  like  to  ask  the  gentleman 
if  these  are  the  original  receipted  bills? 

Mr.  Boutell:     They  are  the  original  receipted  bills. 

Mr,  Dalzell:     By  Keene? 

Mr.  Boutell:  There  is  no  question  about  it.  There  is  no  at- 
tempt to  get  at  anything  except  the  actual  facts  in  the  case.  The 
watches  as  advertised  had  not  been  exported.  The  watches  as  ad- 
vertised were  sold  in  cases  at  much  more  than  their  value. 

Mr.  Williams:  Mr.  Chairman,  I  desire  to  get  at  the  truth,  and 
I  know  at  the  same  time  that  the  gentleman  desires  to  get  at  the 


122  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

truth.  The  gentleman  Is  stating  nothing  of  his  own  knowledge, 
and  I  want  to  get  at  the  source  of  the  gentleman's  information. 
What  is  the  source  of  the  gentleman's  statement  that  these 
watches  were  never  exported? 

Mr.  Boutell:  The  statement  of  the  officers  of  the  Elgin  Watch 
Company  from  their  own  records.  They  keep  a  record  of  all 
their  sales  of  watches  and  of  all  watches  exported. 

Mr.  Lacey:  Mr.  Chairman,  I  will  ask  the  gentleman  if  he  will 
give  us  the  cable  address  of  this  man  Keene 

Mr.  Boutell:  The  cable  address  of  this  man  was  given  earlier 
in  my  remarks,  but  this  would  seem  to  be  a  proper  place  for 
repeating  it,  in  answer  to  the  gentlemen's  question.  It  is  "Keen- 
ness," and  as  I  remarked  before,  as  appears  from  all  the  examina- 
tions, I  have  been  able  to  make,  lor  keenness  he  is  a  veritable 
stem-winder. 

Now,  the  time  is  passing  rapidly  by,  and  I  can  not  go  into  the 
details  of  the  subject  to  which  I  would  like  now  to  briefly  call 
the  attention  of  gentlemen  of  the  committee. 

Several  members  on  the  Republican  side:     Take  the  time. 

Mr.  Boutell:  Gentlemen  are  very  kind,  but  I  must  not  weary 
the  patience  of  the  committee.  My  colleague  from  Illinois — 
and  those  of  you  who  heard  it  can  bear  me  out  and  those  of  you 
who  did  not  can  see  it  in  the  Record — made  another  positive  as- 
sertion that  all  these  watches  are  imported  from  abroad— all 
these  watches  in  the  stock  of  Keene,  of  Broadway.  The  Waltham 
Company,  seeing  this  advertisement  of  their  own  watches  which 
were  said  to  have  been  exported  and  reimported,  giving  the  num- 
bers, sent  men,  unknown  to  Keene,  to  buy  some  of  the  watches, 
and  they  have  purchased  in  this  way,  in  the  ordinary  course  of 
business,  six  of  these  watches.  Tbis  was  a  mere  business  step, 
of  course,  on  their  part,  to  see  what  truth,  if  any,  there  was  in 
this  statement  that  their  watches  in  this  stock  were  all  reim- 
ported watches,  and  of  course  we  are  simply  interested  in  knowing 
what  truth  there  is  in  the  statement  confidently  made  by  my  col- 
league, that  all  of  them  have  been  reimported.  These  watches 
I  have  just  referred  to,  I  will  state,  are  now  in  the  committee 
room  of  the  committee  on  Ways  and  Means — if  any  one  has  any 
curiosity  at  all  to  examine  them — with  the  numbers  attached  to 
them,  and  most  of  them  have  the  private  mark  of  Keene,  of  Broad- 
way, on  the  inside  of  the  case,  discernible  with  a  glass. 

Mr.  Smith,  of  Kentucky:  Mr,  Chairman,  I  rise  to  ask  the  gen- 
tleman a  question — whether  or  not  his  colleague  from  Illinois 
in  speaking  of  the  reimportation  of  watches,  did  not  refer  to  the 
watches  that  he  was  exhibiting  here? 

Mr,  Boutell:  Mr,  Chairman,  my  colleague's  statement,  I  think, 
is  such  that  there  can  be  no  mistake  in  respect  to  its  interpre- 
tation, as  we  read  the  language  in  the  Record.  He  was  referring 
to  the  stock  of  watches  as  advertised  by  Keene,  of  Broadway, 

Mr.  Smith,  of  Kentucky:  I  did  not  so  under jtana  it  at  that 
time.  , 

Mr.  Boutell:  He  said:  "Remember  all  these  watches  have 
been  reimported." 

Mr.  Rainey:  All  the  watches  embraced  in  his  so-called  "pro- 
tection" sale.     That  is  what  I  said. 

Mr.  Boutell:     Absolutely;  that  is  it  exactly, 

Mr.  Price:  Mr,  Chairman,  as  I  understood  my  colleague  from 
Illinois  (Mr,  Rainey),  he  held  up  certain  watches  and  gave 
the  numbers  of  those  watches  and  said  that  they -were  made  in 
Illinois  at  the  Elgin  Watch  Company,  or  at  Waltham,  Mass,,  by 
the  Waltham  Watch  Company;  that  those  identical  watches  were 
sent  abroad  and  returned  and  sold  here  cheaper.  Has  my  col- 
league from  Illinois  (Mr.  Boutell)  investigated  as  to  the  truth 
fulness  of  those  statements  with  reference  to  the  watches  that 
my  colleague  from  Illinois  (Mr,  Rainey)  held  up  in  the  presence 
of  the  Committee  of  the  Whole  House 

Mr,  Boutell:  Mr,  Chairman,  the  watches  referred  to  and 
held  up  here  as  reimported  watches  may  have  been  such.  I  be- 
lieve that  few  of  the  high-grade  watcnes  were  ever  exported  as 
advertised.  In  one  of  these  advertisements  Keene  says  he  suc- 
ceeded in  getting  hold  of  thousand s-^notice  the  language  in  the 
advertisements — of  watches  of  the  Elgin  company  of  certain 
of  their  best  makes.     Tbe  record  of  the  Elgin  company  shows 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  123 

that  in  five  years  only  thirty-seven  of  that  particular  make  of 
watches  were   sold   for  export. 

All  the  statements  that  1  have  made  in  regard  to  these  exhibits 
of  Waltham  watches  are  sworn  to,  and  the  affidavits  and  bills 
are  here  for  inspection  by  any  member. 

Where  Mr.  Keene  has  advertised  a  complete  watch  at  an  ap- 
parently low  price,  it  appears  that  he  makes  it  practically  im- 
possible for  anybody  to  purchase  one,  and  that  the  offer  is  really 
fictitious.  I  have  here  three  affidavits,  one  of  J.  V.  V.  Boss, 
another  of  John  T.  McGovern,  and  a  third  from  Robert  E.  Da- 
vidson, referring  to  Mr.  Keene's  advertisements  of  cased  Elgin 
watches  at  $5.98,  and  stating  that  they  called  at  Mr.  Keene's  store 
and  endeavored  to  purchase  one  of  such  watches,  but  were  told 
in  one  case  that  they  were  out  of  such  watches,  and  in  each  in- 
stance the  salesman  endeavored  to  sell  to  these  affiants  watches 
of   another   manufacture. 

From  these  exhibits  it  may  be  seen  how  much  reliance  may  be 
placed  upon  the  attractively  low  prices  quoted  by  Mr.  Keene  for 
various  watch  movements. 

On  page  9412,  in  the  second  column,  my  colleague  said,  and  I 
quote  here  his  remarks: 

Now  all  of  these  watches  in  this  store  at  180  Broadway  have  been  reim- 
ported  from  England.    Every  one   of   them  has   been   reimported. 

That  is  the  end  of  the  quotation.  I  want  to  call  the  attention 
of  my  friend  from  Mississippi  to  that,  also  my  friend  from  Ken- 
tucky, who  asked  about  that  point.  I  have  quoted  the  language 
exactly  from  the  Record,  and  in  that  blunt,  confident,  positive 
assertion,  without  an)'^  corroboration  from  any  authority,  he 
states  that  all  of  these  watches  in  this  store  at  180  Broadway 
have  been  reimported  from  England. 

Mr.  Gaines,  of  Tennessee:  Will  my  friend  allow  me  to  ask 
a  question?  I  have  been  detained  from  the  Chamber  and  missed 
a  greater  portion  of  the  gentleman's  valuable  speech,  and  now 
I  would  ask  that  he  permit  me  to  ask  him  this  question:  Do  you 
claim  that  watches  are  not  made  in  Amerca  and  sold  to  for- 
eigners cheaper  than  to  the  people  over  here? 

Mr.  Boutell:  I  would  say,  in  answer  to  the  gentleman  from 
Tennessee,  that  he  puts  that  question  in  just  the  form  in  which 
we  sometimes  hear  on  the  floor  of  this  House  a  question  put  and 
the  demand  made  that  it  should  be  answered  "yes"  or  "no." 
and  the  assertion  that  you  can  always  answer  any  question  "yes" 
or  "no."  Now,  I  answer  the  question  from  the  information  I  have, 
gotten  from  these  men.acquainted  with  the  watch  business  that  no 
watches  are  manufactured  in  this  country  and  sold  abroad  to  con- 
sumers cheaper  than  they  are  to  consumers  here.  I  would  say 
further  that  I  have  statements  and  affidavits  here  to  corroborate 
this  opinion.  First,  you  must  bear  in  mind  that  there  are  three 
transactions  in  the  watch  trade,  as  we  learn  from  the  correspond- 
ence has  been  read.  The  manufacturer  sells  to  the  wholesaler 
— he  calls  him  the  jobber.  The  jobber  sells  to  the  retailer,  and 
the  retailer  sells  to  the  customer.  That  is  on  the  good  old  princi- 
ple, "live  and  let  live."  And  I  understand  that  according  to  a 
code  of  honor  in  business  all  first-class  manufacturers,  jobbers, 
and  retailers,  try  to  live  up  to  this  rule.  So  that  when  the  gen- 
tleman from  Tennessee  asked  the  question  whether  watches  are 
made  and  sold  abroad  cheaper  than  they  are  here,  he  can  quite 
readily  see  that  any  intelligent  answer  needs  explanation.  The 
real  question  is  not  whether  the  watch  is  sold  cheaper  to  the 
jobber  or  the  retailer,  but  does  the  consumer,  the  real  one  in 
whom  w^e  are  interested,  get  it  cheaper?  The  affidavits  I  have 
here  and  their  reference  to  the  several  American  watches  show 
that  a  retailer  in  London,  England,  sells  an  American  watch, 
if  he  sells  it  at  all,  at  a  higher  price  than  the  American  con- 
sumer gets  it  in  this  country. 

If  a  tarifE  law  has  on  the  whole  worked  well,  and  if  business 
has  prospered  under  it  and  is  prospering-,  it  may  be  better  to 
endure  some  inconveniences  and  inequalities  for  a  time  than 
by  making  changes  to  risk  causing  disturbance  and  perhaps 
paralysis  in  the  industries  and  business  of  the  country. — 
President  Roosevelt  at  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  April  4,  1903. 


t  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

EXPORT    DISCOUNTS. 

From  the  Speech  of  Hen.  John  Dalzeil  of  Pennsylvania  in  the 
House  of  Representatives,  May  24,  1906. 

I  want  to  say,  as  others  have  said  before,  that  if  we  sold  all 
our  three  per  cent,  of  surplus  abroad  at  a  less  price  than  we  sell  t 
at  home,  Instead  of  selling  three-tenths  of  one  per  cent,  at  a 
lower  price,  we  could  better  afford  to  throw  the  whole  surplus 
into  the  Atlantic,  rather  than  close  up  our  factories  and  turn  our 
men  to  idleness.  [Applause  on  the  Republican  side.]  And  I 
want  to  say  further  that  there  is  not  a  dollar's  worth  of  American 
product  sold  in  a  foreign  market  at  any  price  that  is  not  the  re- 
sult of  the  labor  of  an  American  workman,  who  was  paid  an 
American  wage.     [Applause.] 

I  want  to  say,  further,  that  it  is  the  very  mystery  of  mysteries 
to  me  that  partisan  bigotry  and  rancor  should  assault  those, 
whether  corporations  or  individuals,  who,  with  characteristic 
American  enterprise,  are  attempting  to  conquer  foreign  markets. 
[Applause  on  the  Republican  side.]  It  is  the  very  infamy  of 
demagogy  to  misrepresent  them,  but  they  will  not  suffer,  for  be- 
hind them  is  the  great  body  of  patriotic  people  who  glory  in  and 
encourage  American  pluck  and  believe  in  its  ultimate  triumph. 
[Applause  on  the  Republican  side,] 


In  connection  with  Mr.  Gary's  testimon,  I  submit  herewith  a 
table  which  he  put  in  evidence,  being  a  comparison  of  the  f.  o.  b. 
mill  prices,  domestic  and  export,  on  iron  and  steel  in  the  principal 
producing  countries  of  the  world. 

Comparison  of  present  f.  o.  b.  mill  prices,  domestic  and  export,  on 
iron  and  steel  in  the  principal  producing  countries. 


--Rails 


Structural,  in- 

cluding bars. 

shapes,  p] 

lates, 

angles,  a 

nd 

s , 

, — Billets , 

, tees- 

■ > 

U 

U 

p.  <-' 

xo. 

O  p, 

HP. 

o  p, 

X  o, 

H 

w 

H 

ffl 

W 

$25.00 

$24.00 

$1.60 

$1.35 

33.00 

24.00 

27.00 

$20.00 

1.50 

1.25 

25.r>0 

27.00 

20.50 

1.65 

1.45 

25.50 

27.00 

22.00 

1.50 

1.35 
1.35 

24.00 

27.00 

19.50 

1.55 

to 

1.40 

25.00 

24.00 

1.60 

1.40 

to 

to 

21.00 

to 

to 

26.60 

27.00 

1.70 

1.50 

Country.  Bt, 

o  p. 

a 

Great   Britain $31. .50 

.Canada 33.00 

Germany    30.00 

France   31.00 

Austria-Hungary    31.00 

Belgium   30.00 

United   States 28.00 


Mr.  Chairman,  the  practice  of  selling  cheaper  in  the  export 
market  than  in  the  home  market  is  in  conformity  with  that  of 
every  nation  which  malvcs  goods  to  sell.  The  gentleman  from 
Iowa  [Mr.  Hepburn]  the  other  day  put  into  the  Record  proofs  of 
this  fact  from  standard  publications. 

I  do  not  propose  to  add  to  that  character  of  testimony,  but  I 
do  submit  to  you  testimony  from  recognized  industrial  journals  of 
the  world  upon  that  subject.  I  have  here — and  I  am  not  going  to 
stop  to  read  them  at  length,  because  I  am  occupying  much  more 
time  than  I  wanted  to — extracts  from  leading  trades  journals  giv- 
ing the  home  and  export  prices  of  foreign  countries  for  basic 
steel  bars,  joists,  and  Bessemer  steel  rails,  and  other  things, 
showing  the  wide  difference  between  the  home  and  the  export 
prices. 

Now,  I  have  shown  you  by  competent  testimony,  by  testimony 
that  would  be  admissible  in  any  court,  and  unless  rebutted  would 
be  conclusive,  that  this  is  a  universal  business  custom  indulged 
in  by  all  trading  nations,  free  trade  nations  or  protective.  The 
custom  prevails  in  England,  as  I  have  shown  you. 


REPUBLICAN   CAMPAIGN   TEXT-BOOK. 


125 


I  say  this  is  a  wise  policy.  In  the  great  commercial  war  in 
whjcli  all  nations  are  now  engaged,  if  we  would  gain  a  toolhold 
in  foreign  markets  we  must  compete  with  foreign  prices.  1  recall 
vividly  an  instance  in  point,  ^nd  1  have  no  doubt  many  of  you  do 
also.  A  few  years  ago  we  had  in  this  House  discussion  over  tlie 
question  of  the  price  of  armor  plate. 

It  turned  out  in  that  discussion  that  the  Bethlehem  Steel  Com- 
pany, of  Pennsylvania,  conceded  that  it  had  sold  a  lot  of  armor 
abroad  at  a  less  price  than  it  was  asking  the  United  States  for  it. 
And  it  defended  its  action  upon  two  grounds.  First  and  foremost, 
upon  the  ground  that  it  was  necessary  if  they  would  keep  their 
works  in  operation  and  their  men  at  work,  and,  secondly,  on  the 
ground  that  they  were  desirous  oi  securing  a  market  for  their 
armor  plate  abroad.  Now,  what  has  been  the  result?  The  re- 
sult has  been  that  we  are  getting  armor  plate  in  the  United 
States  to-day  at  a  less  price  than  any  other  country  in  the  world, 
and  that  within  the  last  ten  years  we  have  constructed  no  small 
number  of  Russian  and  Japanese  battle  shipL,  all  of  which  have 
been  covered  with  armor  made  by  the  Bethlehem  Steel  Company, 
in  Pennsylvania,  and  sold  to  Russia  and  Japan  at  a  higher  price 
than  the  same  article  is  sold  for  to  the  United  States.  [Applause 
on  the  Republican  side.] 

It  is  the  workingmen  who  have  been  the  benfficiaries  of  that 
policy,  and  it  is  only  necessary  that  you  should  take  the  statistics 
of  our  exports  to  ascertain  to  what  extent  in  the  line  of  various 
manufactures  in  the  pursuit  of  this  policy  we  have  already  estab- 
lished ourselves  in  foreign  markets. 

It  is  not  only  a  wise  policy,  but  it  is  a  necessary  one.  In  this 
same  commercial  contest  to  which  I  have  referred  we  go  out  to 
meet  foreign  tariffs,  foreign  syndicates,  cartels,  bounties,  all  of 
which  were  made  for  the  purpose  of  excluding  us  irom  the  for- 
eign markets.  I  am  not  going  to  weary  you  by  reading  to  you  all 
of  the  proof.     I  will  put  it  in  the  Recoid. 

I  say  no  evidence  has  been  offered,  and  none  can  be,  that  it 
costs  the  American  consumer  anything  because  we  sell  abroad  at 
a  lower  price  than  we  do  at  home. 

In  proof  of  that  proposition  I  am  going  to  confine  myself  to  a 
single  article,  and  I  will  do  so  simply  because  it  seems  to  be  the 
chief  object  of  attack,  and  that  is  steel  rails. 

England  is  a  free-trade  country.  A  comparison  of  the  prices 
of  steel  rails  in  that  country  and  in  our  own  country  in  the  last 
ten  years  does  not,  however,  show  that,  because  we  have  protected 
our  steel-rail  industry  or  for  any  other  reason,  American  railroad 
managers  have  paid  any  more  for  steel  rails  made  at  home  than 
the  managers  of  English  railroads  have  paid  for  English  rails. 
In  the  following  table  the  prices  for  the  United  States  are  given 
upon  the  authority  of  the  American  Iron  and  Steel  Association 
and  for  England  upon  the  authority  of  Mr.  J.  S.  Jeans,  the  secre- 
tary of  the  British  Iron  Trade  Association.  English  prices  have 
been  reduced  to  theif  equivalents  in  American  currency. 


Average 
Years.            United   Statog.         prices. 

1S95 ,                                     «'U  P5 

Years. 
1895    . . . 

England. 

Average 

prices. 

$21.89 

1S96 

28  GO 

189C 

21.69 

1897 

18  75 

1897 

23.35 

189S 

1899 

17.62 
28  12 

1898 

1S99 

23.49 
26.80 

1900 

32  29 

1900 

36.01 

1901 

.     .                       27  33 

1901  .... 

29.45 

1002 

28  00 

1902  .... 

27.37 

1903 

28.00 

1903 

27.97 

1904 

28.00 

1904 

22.48 

Average  for  ten  years. 


$26.04 


Average  for  ten  years. 


$26.05 


In  1904  the  steel-rail  industry  in  England  was  depressed  and 
prices  fell.  In  1905  the  demand  for  steel  rails  improved.  On 
October  6,  1905,  the  London  Iron  and  Coal  Trades  Review  re- 
ported the  price  at  Middlesbrough  to  be  £5  7s.  6d.,  whch  is  the 
equivalent  of  $26.15. 


126  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

So  that  so  far  as  that  particular  item  of  laiU;  is  < Diuoinod.  it 
Is  manifest  that  there  have  been  no  uiik  wsonahlc  pii(<s  since 
those  of  our  own  and  ol  tlic  I'^iikH^Ii  market  conform.  J  I'  tlit-i-e 
had  been  any  unreasonahic  priiOB  in  lOnKlaiid,  we  certainly  would 
have  heard  of  it.  No  complaints  are  made  there.  No  one  ever 
hrars  of  unreasonable  prices  for  steel  rails  in  the  United  States 
except  from  two  sources,  and  they  are  Democratic  politicians  and 
the  Democratic  press. 

Railroad  managers  do  not  complain;  nor  do  the  customers  of 
railroads,  for  our  rates  are  the  lowest  in  the  world. 

Mr.  Chairman,  I  repeat,  we  are  a  great,  practical  people.  We 
are  not  accustomed  to  take  our  economics  from  college  professors 
and  dreamers  of  other  times,  amidst  now  obsolete  conditions.  We 
do  not  read  our  tpHff  lessons  out  of  books;  we  read  them  by  the 
blazing  light  of  open  rurnace  doors,  amid  the  noise  of  industrial 
activities,  and  in  the  sweat  of  our  brows  that  we  coin  into 
wealth.  And  God  help  the  man  or  the  party  that  would  put  out 
those  fires,  still  the  music  of  that  noise,  and  send  the  workman 
home  to  a  foodless  and  hungry  household.  [Prolonged  applause 
on  the  Republican  side.]  For,  after  all,  Mr.  Chairman,  the  ques- 
tion of  protection  is  only  a  question  of  labor.  It  is  the  man  who 
works  that  is  its  beneficiary,  his  wife  and  his  children,  and  their 
future.  It  is,  in  the  last  analysis,  the  question  of  an  adequate 
wage,  measuring  up  to  the  severe  demands  of  manhood  citizen- 
ship. It  is  a  question  in  which  we  are  all  interested,  on  that  side 
of  the  House  as  well  as  on  this.  I  would  to  God  that  we  could 
clasp  hands  across  that  aisle  in  the  common  cause  of  the  Ameri- 
can workingman. 
"Oh,  East  is  East,  and  West  is  West,  and  never  the  twain  shall 

meet 
Till  earth  and  sky  stand  presently  at  God's  great  judgment  seat. 
But  there  is  neither  East  nor  West,  Border,  nor  Breed  nor  Birth, 
When  two  strong  men  stand  face  to  face,  though  they  come  from 
the  ends  of  the  earth." 

[Prolonged  applausie  on  the  Kepublican  side.] 


Iron  and  Steel  Prices  for  Export. 

On  Wednesday,  April  11,  1906,  Judge  E.  H.  Gary,  chairman  of 
the  board  of  directors  of  the  United  States  Steel  Corporation,  ap- 
peared before  the  House  Committee  on  the  Merchant  Marine  and 
Fisheries,  and  in  response  to  inquiries  propounded  by  the  vari- 
ous members  of  the  committee  gave  some  interesting  and  valuable 
information  concerning  the  domestic  and  export  prices  of  steel 
rails,  structural  shapes,  and  ship  plates  in  the  United  States  and 
in  the  leading  foreign  iron  and  steel  producing  countries.  We 
give  below  a  few  extracts  from  Judge  Gary's  testimony: 

"Steel  rails  enter  into  the  figures  that  you  have  already  given 
us,  I  suppose?"  suggested  Representative  Littlefield. 

"Yes.  I  think  the  average  price  of  export  steel  rails  at  the 
present  time  is  almost  equal  to  the  domestic  price.  The  present 
domestic  price  is  about  $28  per  ton,  and  I  should  say  slightly  un- 
der $27  for  foreign  trade.  The  prices  that  I  have  quoted  are  f.  o. 
b.  the  mill  in  all  cases." 

"If  you  did  not  have  this  avenue  of  export  trade  by  which  you 
could  dispose  of  the  surplus  product  which  is  in  excess  of  the  do- 
mestic demand,"  said  Representative  Littlefield,  "you  would 
either  have  to  stop  producing  and  therefore  lose  the  use  of  your 
mills  and  sustain  a  loss  in  that  respect,  or  you  would  have  to 
carry  the  surplus  product  on  hand  until  the  demand  was  created 
for  it  elsewhere?" 

"Yes;  but  I  do  not  think  it  would  be  practicable  to  manufacture 
and  carry  the  surplus;  it  runs  into  money  so  fast.  I  think  we 
would  have  to  shut  down  our  mills,  and  you  know  what  that 
means  in  the  disorganization  of  forces.  So  it  really  comes  to 
this:  That  we  would  be  obliged  to  increase  the  cost  of  manufac- 
ture if  we  could  not  run  at  full  capacity.  That  would  be  the  in- 
evitable result." 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  127 

"I  would  like  to  ask  you  this  question,"  said  Representative 
Spight:  "Has  your  company  ever  delivered  your  product  in  for- 
eign yards  at  a  cheaper  rate  than  you  sell  to  the  domestic  customer 
at  your  mills?" 

"The  United  States  Steel  Corporation  is  not  an  operating  com- 
pany," replied  Judge  Gary,  "but  I  suppose  you  refer  to  our  sub- 
sidiary companies,  I  have  already  stated  that  we  h-ave  sold  some 
of  our  products  for  export  at  certain  prices,  but  those  prices  were 
f.  o.  b.  the  mill,  and  we  have  never  delivered  our  products  abroad 
for  less  than  the  cost  to  the  domestic  customer  at  our  mill." 

"Do  you  know  of  any  steel  company  that  has  delivered  goods 
in  foreign  yards  cheaper  than  they  sold  them  at  the  mill  to  do- 
mestic customers?"    "I  do  not.    I  know  of  no  such  case." 

"About  what  is  the  freight  on  steel  from  your  mills  to  Eng- 
land?"    "At  the  present  time  about  10  shillings  per  ton." 

"So  that  if  the  price  is  $27  per  ton,  f.  o.  b.  at  your  mills,  with 
the  freight  added  it  would  be  $29.50  at  English  ports?"  asked  Mr. 
Hinshaw.    "Yes." 

"And  what  is  the  price  of  steel  there,  f.  o.  b.  their  mills?" 

"It  depends  upon  the  commodity.  The  Great  Britain  home 
price  of  rails,  for  instance,  is  $31.50  per  ton  and  the  export  price 
of  Great  Britain  is  $25,  f.  o.  b,  their  mills.  In  Canada  the  home 
price  of  rails  is  $33  and  the  export  price  the  same;  in  Germany 
the  home  price  is  $30  and  the  export  price  $24;  in  France  the 
home  price  is  $31  and  the  export  price  $25.50;  in  Austria  the  home 
price  is  $31  and  the  export  price  $25.50;  in  Belgium  the  home 
price  is  $30  and  the  export  price  $24;  in  the  United  States  the 
home  price  is  $28  and  the  export  price  about  $26.60.  There  is  less 
margin  in  this  country  than  anywhere  else,  and  the  home  prices 
abroad,  you  will  observe,  are  invariably  larger  than  our  home 
prices. 

"Now,  take  the  structural  material,  including  shapes,  plates, 
bars,  angles  and  tees.  In  Great  Britain  the  home  price  is  $1.60  per 
100  pounds  and  the  export  price  $1.35;  in  Germany  the  home  price 
is  $1.50  and  the  export  price  $1.25;  in  France  the  home  price  is 
$1.65  and  the  export  price  $1.35;  in  Austria  the  home  price  is 
$1.50  and  the  export  price  $1.35;  in  Belgium  the  home  price  is 
$1.55  and  the  export  price  $1.35;  in  the  United  States  the  home 
price  is  $1.60  and  the  export  price  $1.40.  Our  price  of  plates  lately 
has  slightly  increased  because  of  the  demand.  Our  customers 
generally,  however,  are  covered  for  the  season  at  about  $1.40. 
These  figures  are  taken  from  authoritative  sources,  and  I  think 
there  is  no  doubt  that  they  are  reliable.  They  are  the  figures 
upon  Which  we  are  doing  our  business  right  along  every  day." 

"Do  you  sell  to  the  foreign  customer  upon  orders  received  by 
mail?"  asked  Chairman  Grosvenor,  "or  do  the  agents  of  the  for- 
eign buyer  come  here?  What  I  am  trying  to  get  at  is  this:  If  you 
have  sufficient  demand  for  all  of  your  products,  do  you  sell  abroad 
at  all,  or  do  you  only  sell  abroad  when  you  can  supply  both  de- 
mands?" 

"Answering  the  first  part  of  your  question,"  replied  the  wit- 
ness, "I  would  say  we  have  some  agents  abroad  to  take  care  of 
the  field  for  us,  and  who  receive  orders.  We  also  receive  orders 
here  at  home.  For  instance,  the  Japanese  have  been  pretty  good 
customers  and  have  had  representatives  in  this  country.  They 
pay  cash  in  advance,  and  come  to  our  office  and  do  their  business. 
Answering  the  other  part  of  your  question,  I  would  say  that,  of 
course,  it  is  our  policy  from  a  business  standpoint  to  take  care  of 
our  own  customers  first.  In  looking  after  their  interests  we  think 
it  is  wise  to  keep  a  foothold  in  the  foreign  countries— not  to  lose 
our  connection  with  the  foreign  business;  and  therefore  when  the 
demand  is  very  great  we  sometimes  sell  abroad  to  some  extent  at 
a  little  sacrifice  so  as  to  keep  our  position.  But  so  far  as  we  can 
maintain  our  business  relations  abroad  we  take  care  of  our  do- 
mestic customers  first." 

The  people  are  doing  business  on  business  principles,  and 
should  be  let  alone — encouraged  rather  than  hindered  in  their 
efforts  to  increase  the  trade  of  the  country  and  find  new  and 
profitable  markets  for  their  products.— President  McKinley 
at  Richmond,  Va.,  Oct.  31,  1899. 


128  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

WAGES  AND  PRICES. 
For  a  number  of  years  Republican  Campaign  Text-Books  have 
devoted  many  pages  to  tables  showing  the  difference  in  wages  in 
this  and  other  countries.  While  the  comparison  is  always  inter- 
esting, yet  it  is  not  necessary.  No  one  disputes  or  even  questions 
that  wages  in  the  United  States  are  fully  twice  as  largo  as  in 
England,  over  three  times  as  large  as  in  continental  Europe  and 
ten  times  as  large  as  in  other  parts  of  the  world.  In  most  of 
these  comparisons,  too,  it  could  be  shown  that  the  hours  of  labor 
are  less  in  this  country  than  abroad,  making  the  relative  wages 
per  hour  still  more.  Just  prior  to  the  election  of  1892,  wages  in 
the  United  States  had  reached  their  highest  point.  From  the 
time  that  a  Free-Trade  law  was  assured,  employment  decreased 
and  wages  were  constantly  reduced.  Samuel  Gompers  said,  on 
December  11,  1893. 

Since  August  of  this  year  we  have  been  in  the  greatest  industrial  de- 
pression this  country  has  ever  experienced.  It  is  no  exaggeration  to  say 
thnt  more  than  3,000,000  of  our  fellow-toilers  throughout  the  country  are 
without  employment,  and  have  been  so  since  the  time  named. 

All  who  had  any  work  whatever  were  getting  reduced 
wages.  With  the  assurance  of  a  return  to  Protection  in 
1897,  and  with  the  actual  enactment  of  the  Dingley  law,  came, 
month  after  month,  a  return  to  employment  and  an  increase  of 
wages.  Since  the  year  1897  wages  have  been  constantly  advanc- 
ing in  all  industries.  There  have  been,  it  is  true,  a  handful  of 
reductions  here  and  there,  owing  to  some  special  cause,  but 
these  reductions  have  now  all  been  restored,  and  we  are  to-day 
paying  the  highest  wages  which  have  ever  been  paid  to  Ameri- 
can workingmen,  taken  in  the  aggregate,  the  average,  or  indi- 
vidually. There  has  probably  not  been  'a  week  in  the  last  five 
years  when  the  wages  of  some  group  of  men  somewhere  in  the 
United  Stateg  have  not  been  increased.  The  Census  Bulletin  show- 
ing the  progress  in  manufacturing  in  1905  as  compared  with 
1900  gives  the  increase  in  number  of  wage-earners  as  16  per  cent., 
while  the  increase  in  wages  is  just  doubled,  or  32  per  cent.  It 
will  be  remembered  that  the  coraparative  summary  of  manufac- 
tures given  in  1900  in  connection  with  those  of  1890  showed  that 
while  the  average  number  of  wage-earners  had  increased  25  per 
cent.,  the  total  wages  had  increased  but  23  per  cent.  This  slight 
difference  was  made  very  much  of  by  Free-Trade  editors  and 
speakers  during  the  last  campaign.  Whole  speeches  in  Congress 
were  devoted  to  arguments  fitted  around  these  comparisons.  It 
will  now  be  in  order  for  the  Democratic  Free-Trade  orators  dur- 
ing the  coming  campaign  to  explain  why  it  is  that  during  the 
last  five  years  the  average  number  of  wage-earners  has  increased 
16  per  cent.,  while  the  total  wages  have  increased  twice  that 
amount,  or  32  per  cent.,  and  these  increases,  it  must  be  remem- 
bered, are  based  upon  the  large  increase  which  took  place  be- 
tween 1897  and  1900.  A  few  tables  will  follow,  showing  a  general 
comparison  of  wages  and  prices. 

The  fact  that  prices  have  advanced  materially  since  1897  is 
constantly  being  made  much  of  by  the  advocates  of  cheap  prices, 
cheap  labor  and  cheap  men.  Although  the  price  of  no  commod- 
ity has  advanced  to  such  a  degree  as  the  price  of  labor,  which 
has  reaped  the  greatest  benefit  from  advanced  prices,  yet  it  will 
be  freely  admitted  that  the  cost  of  living  has,  together  with  the 
advance  in  prices,  made  a  considerable  advance.  It  is  not  true, 
however,  and  the  statement  cannot  be  too  clearly  emphasized, 
that  the  real  cost  of  living  has  advanced  as  much  as  wages.     The 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  129 

American   people   are   to-day   buying  and   consuming   so    many 
things,  so  many  articles  of  comfort  and  luxury  in  addition  to 
necessaries,  that  it  is  most  difficult  to  draw  the  line  as  to  what 
the  term  "cost  of  living"  embraces.    We  do  not  merely  "exist"  in 
this  country,  as  do  the  wage-earners  of  Free-Trade  Great  Britain, 
or  the  working  people  of  the  cheaply  paid  laboring  Continental 
countries.     We  who   live   in   the   United    States   live  well    and 
comfortably.     We  are  well  housed,  well  clothed,  well  fed,  and, 
besides  this,  we  are  saving  more  money,  putting  more  of  our 
surplus  earnings  into  homes  and  making  larger  investments  than 
ever  before  in  our  history.    This  very  fact  refutes  all  claims  that 
wages  have  not  increased  faster  than  cost  of  living.     Moreover, 
it  is  not  alone  the  wages  of  so-called  laboring  people  that  have 
advanced  so  largely,  but  the  incomes  and  salaries  of  our  pro- 
fessional people  and  the  officials  in  our  industrial  concerns  have 
advanced  amazingly  during  the  past  seven  or  eight  years.     It  is, 
in  fact,  safe  to  say  that  on  the  average  they  have  doubled  dur- 
ing that  period,  while  their  expenses,  that  is,  their  necessary  ex- 
penses, have  certainly  not  increased  more  than  33  1-3  per  cent. 
.    It  will  be  well,  before  presenting  figures  on  this  subject,  to 
make  a  general  statement  of  the  transition  in  wages  and  prices 
since  the  Republican   Party  came  into   power  in   1861.     Recent 
calculations  made  by  experts  have  shown  that  wages  as  a  whole 
and  on  the  average  have  fully  doubled  since  that  time.     In  the 
meanwhile  the  prices  of  all  manufactured  articles  have   either 
been  reduced  as  much  as  one-half  or  else  they  are  made  twice 
as  durable  and  serviceable,  so  that  their  value  is  fully  double 
what  it  was  at  that  time.     Here  is  an  apparent  fourfold  gain, 
and  it  must  be  seen  that  the  people  of  the  United  States  are  liv- 
ing two  or  three  times  as  well  as  they  were  half  a  century  ago. 
What  were  then  considered  luxuries  and  out  of  reach,  are  to-day 
necessaries  and  every-day  articles  of  consumption.    Our  standard 
of  living  is  vastly  better  than,  and  on  a  much  more  liberal  scale 
than,  when  the  Republican  Party  came  into  being.    We  must  at 
ill  times  consider  this  phase  of  our  industrial  and  social  and 
lome  life  when  upon  the  matter  of  wages  and  prices.     We  must 
ionsider  what  we  are  getting,  not  in  the  way  of  mere  dwelling 
md  food  and  clothing,  but  in  the  way  of  happiness  and  comfort 
md  education,  and  of  the  thousand  and  one  pleasures  for  our  fam- 
ly,  and  particularly  for  our  children,  which  could  not  have  been 
ieciired  fifty  years  ago  under  Free-Trade  then,  or  even  ten  years 
.go  under  Free-Trade  then.  The  improvements  in  all  utilities  for 
he  workshop,  the  office,  the  home,  transportation,  the  church, 
he  school  and  all  forms  of  recreation  are  simply  a  revelation  to 
oreign  people,  and  particularly  foreign  working  people  who  visit 
ur  country.     They  are  found  nowhere  else  on  earth  to  such  an 
xtent  as  they  are  found  here.     Nowhere  do  the  working  people 
wn  so  many  homes  as  here  in  our  prosperous  country,  and  so 
tie  subject  can  be  pursued  to  show  that  a  country  and  a  people 
ho  do  their  own  work,  who  build  up  and  maintain  their  own 
ome  market,  can  and  do  enjoy  a  standard  of  living  that  can- 
ot  be  approached  or  even  thought  of  in  a  country  whose  people 
re  idle  because  there  is  no  wall  to  protect  them  against  foreign 
>mpetition. 


The  success  of  the  capitalist,  and  especially  of  the  banker, 
conditioned  upon  the  prosperity  of  both  workingman  and 
irmer.— President  Roosevelt,  on  the  Law  of  Civilization  and 
ecay— American  Ideals,  p.  367. 


132  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

remained  unchanged,  wages  per  hour  increased  1.6  per  cent, 
weekly  earnings  per  employee  increased  l.G  per  cent.,  the  tola 
weekly  earnings  of  all  employees  increased  8.0  per  cent,  retai 
prices  of  food  increased  0.6  per  cent.,  the  wages  of  one  hour  wouk 
purchase  1.0  per  cent,  more  food,  and  the  earnings  per  employe< 
in  a  week  would  purchase  1.0  per  cent,  more  food. 


ADVANCING    PBICES. 
German  Hotels  Forced  to  Charge  Higher  Prices. 

Consul  Joseph  I.  Brittain  advises  from  Kehl  that  a  joint  meet 
ing  of  the  Hotel  Proprietors'  Association  and  Restaurant  Keep 
ers'  Union  in  Strassburg  all  prices  on  the  bills-of-fare  were  ad 
vanced  from  10  to  20  per  cent,  from  May  1. 

One  restaurant  proprietor  who  was  interviewed  said  they  wer< 
obliged  to  increase  their  prices  to  customers  in  consequence  o 
the  continual  advance  in  the  prices  of  meat,  vegetables,  and  othe: 
food  products  in  Strassburg.  He  stated  that  they  were  als< 
obliged  to  pay  higher  prices  for  labor;  this  advance,  he  claimed 
was  in  some  cases  equal  to  50  per  cent.,  and  cited  as  an  exampL 
his  cook  who  now  receives  120  marks  (mark  equals  23.8  cents; 
per  month  whose  former  wages  were  but  80  marks.  He  als( 
stated  there  had  been  an  advance  in  the  prices  for  cooking  uten 
sils.  It  is  said  similar  advances  have  been  made  by  hotels  anc 
restaurants  in  various  parts  of  Germany.  There  appears  to  b< 
a  decided  upward  tendency  in  prices  in  Germany,  which  wii 
doubtless  make  it  more  difficult  for  German  exporters  to  com 
pete  with  other  countries  in  foreign  markets.  These  advance; 
pertain  to  raw  materials,  manufactured  products,  and  labor. 


LOW    WAGES    IN    GERMANY. 

Questions  relating  to  the  improvement  of  the  conditions  con 
nected  with  home  industries  in  Germany  are  being  eagerly  dis 
cussed.  A  commission  of  inquiry,  appointed  by  the  King  o 
Saxony,  has  recently  published  its  report.  The  industries  ii 
which  the  conditions  are  the  worst  are  passementerie,  lace,  arti 
ficial  flowers,  and  toys.  Among  the  passementerie  workers  th< 
highest  possible  earnings  seem  to  be  8  cents  an  hour,  and  th< 
average  only  4  cents  in  American  money.  The  lace  workers,  wh( 
earn  10  pfennigs  (100  pfennigs  are  equal  to  25  cents),  considei 
that  good,  but  2  and  3  pfennigs  are  not  unusual.  In  the  towi 
of  Pirna  women  are  making  artificial  flowers  for  4%  pfennigs 
an  hour,  and  in  the  toy  industry  an  hour's  work  is  paid  witl 
5  Ms  pfennigs.  In  a  vast  number  of  cases  the  workroom  servej 
as  kitchen  and  bedroom  as  well,  and  the  low  rate  of  pay  obliges 
parents  to  insist  on  their  children's  assistance.  Ninety  hours  £ 
week  are  not  unusual  for  adults,  and  for  children  sixty  to  sixty 
six  hours. 


CHILD  LABOR  IN  GERMANY. 

Another  Home  Industry  exposition  is  to  be  held  in  Germany 
writes  Consul  Brittain,  of  Kehl.  It  will  cover  the  provinces  o 
Alsace-Lorraine  and  open  at  Strassburg  in  the  near  future  witl 
a  similar  exhibit  to  that  now  in  progress  at  Berlin.  Mr.  Brittaii, 
states  that  it  is  yet  the  custom  in  Germany  for  factory  product; 
to  be  made  in  the  home,  where  entire  families  join  in  the  work 
even  the  three-year-old  child  having  its  share.  It  is  claimet 
that  there  are  upward  of  350,000  German  children  employed  a 
this  home  work,  and  of  these  79,183  are  spinning  and  weaving 
40,000  in  the  woodwork  industry,  26,190  at  bead  work,  12,160  a 
knitting,  11,000  at  sewing  and  needlework.  Children  help  mak 
toys  at  three-fourths  to  one  cent  per  hour,  working  fifty-t*vo  t 
sixtj'^-five  hours  per  week,  with  similar  pay  in  other  lines. 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  133 

f  PROOFS  OF  PROSPERITY. 

Average  Wages  and  Earnings  Largely  Increased. 

The  official  figures  of  the  New  York  State  Department  of  Labor 
give  the  average  earnings  in  three  months  of  the  present  year 
of  333,000  workmen,  which  were  $2.3^  a  day  each,  or  $212  for  the 
quarter.  These  figures  are  said  to  be  considerably  above  the 
average  earning:-  of  wage-earners  generally,  because  they  relate 
chieflS'  to  skilled  work.  No  women,  and  few  minors,  are  included 
in  the  report.  The  average  wage  for  a  day's  work  in  this  period 
was  $3.  Last  year  the  average  daily  wage,  calculated  by  the 
same  period,  was  $2.85.  A  year  ago  the  average  quarterly  earn- 
ings of  organized  wage-workers  were  only  $187  as  compared  with 
the  present  figure  of  $212.  Wage-workers  have  shared  with  all 
others  in  the  general  prosperity  of  the  nation. 

Records  of  banks,  railroads,  real  estate,  and  other  interests, 
according  to  a  Chicago  dispatch,  have,  for  the  half  year  ending 
June  30,  confirmed  predictions  from  week  to  week  that  the  year 
1906  in  the  West  will  prove  to  be  the  greatest  year  of  prosperity 
in  the  history  of  the  country.  Clearings  of  Chicago  banks  for 
June  show  an  increase  of  $77,100,000,  or  9.4  per  cent.,  over  the 
clearings  in  the  same  month  last  year.  The  June  figures  raise  the 
total  clearings  for  six  months  to  $5,433,000,000,  an  increase  of 
$540,000,000,  or  11  per  cent,  as  compared  with  the  clearings  for 
the  first  half  of  1905,  and  the  railroad  statenuents  for  the  period, 
it  is  said,  will  show  the  largest  earnings  ever  reported  by  Ameri- 
can railroads. 


Foreign  Wages  and  Industrial  Competition. 
{^New  York  Journal  of  Commerce.) 

A  recent  bulletin  of  the  Bureau  of  Labor  presents  a  series  of 
statements  exhibiting  the  rates  of  wages  paid  in  the  United 
States,  Great  Britain,  Germany  and  Belgium  which  is  full  of  sug- 
gestive interest.  The  comparisons  extend  over  each  of  the  thir- 
teen years  from  1890  to  1903,  inclusive,  and  are  expressed  in 
rates  per  hour,  so  as  to  avoid  inequality  in  factors  arising  from 
differences  in  the  period  of  work  covered  by  the  wage  quotation 
and  thereby  simplify  statistical  processes  and  evade  occasion  for 
needless  cavil.  It  may  seem  unfortunate  that  the  statistics  cover 
only  thirteen  branches  of  labor  and  they  not  the  most  prominent; 
but  there  is  quite  a  possibility  of  undue  prolixity  in  Government 
exhibits  intended  for  popular  information,  and  so  long  as  the  lim- 
ited number  of  trades  selected  fairly  reflect  the  course  of  move- 
ments common  to  the  industries  at  large,  little  is  lost  to  trust- 
worthiness of  data  in  limiting  the  number  of  employments  cited. 

The  following  tabulation  shows  the  wages  per  hour  paid,  in 
the  three  leading  industrial  nations,  in  twelve  common  employ- 
ments, during  the  year  1903,  the  figures  expressing  decimals  of  a 
dollar  per  one  hour's  work: 

Ger- 
Employment.  many. 

Blacksmiths     $0.1237 

1 '.oiler  makers 1123 

Bricklayers   1328 

Carpenters    1301 

Compositors   1411 

Hod    carriers 0849 

Iron   molders 1140 

General    laborers 0797 

Machinists  131i> 

Painters    1194 

Plumbers    1148 

Stone   masons 1328 


Great 

United 

Britain. 

States. 

$0.1740 

$0.2951 

.1719 

.2848 

.2060 

.5472 

.2028 

.3594 

.1795 

.4487 

.1250 

.2863 

.1787 

.3036 

.1019 

.1675 

.1677 

.2707 

.1774 

.3450 

.2027 

.4429 

.2078 

.4579 

Total  wages  per  hour  for  12  classes  of  labor.  .$1.4166  $2.0954  $4.2071 


It  will  be  seen  from  these  data  that,  in  the  case  of  Germany, 
I  on  an  average  of  the  twelve  trades  cited,  one  hour's  work  repre- 
sents approximately  12  cents  of  earnings;  in  the  case  of  Great 
Britain  liy^  cents  per  hour;  and,  in  the  United  States,  35  cents 
per  hour.  Or,  to  express  the  same  ratios  in  percentages,  the 
x^ritish  employer  has  to  pay,  on  the  average  of  these  trades,  46 


132  REPUBUCAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

remained  unchanged,  wages  per  hour  increased  1.6  per  cent., 
weekly  earnings  per  employee  increased  1.6  per  cent,  the  total 
weekly  earnings  of  all  employees  increased  8.0  per  cent.,  retail 
prices  of  food  increased  0.6  per  cent,  the  wages  of  one  hour  would 
purchase  1.0  per  cent,  more  food,  and  the  earnings  per  employee 
in  a  week  would  purchase  1.0  per  cent,  more  food. 


ADVANCING    PRICES. 

German  Hotels  Forced  to  Charge  Higher  Prices. 

Consul  Joseph  I.  Brittain  advises  from  Kehl  that  a  joint  meet- 
ing of  the  Hotel  Proprietors'  Association  and  Restaurant  Keep- 
ers' Union  In  Strassburg  all  prices  on  the  bills-of-fare  were  ad- 
vanced from  10  to  20  per  cent  from  May  1. 

One  restaurant  proprietor  who  was  interviewed  said  they  were 
obliged  to  increase  their  prices  to  customers  in  consequence  of 
the  continual  advance  in  the  prices  of  meat,  vegetables,  and  other 
food  products  in  Strassburg.  He  stated  that  they  were  also 
obliged  to  pay  higher  prices  for  labor;  this  advance,  he  claimed, 
was  in  some  cases  equal  to  50  per  cent.,  and  cited  as  an  example 
his  cook  who  now  receives  120  marks  (mark  equals  23.8  cents) 
per  month  whose  former  wages  were  but  80  marks.  He  also 
stated  there  had  been  an  advance  in  the  prices  for  cooking  uten- 
sils. It  is  said  similar  advances  have  been  made  by  hotels  and 
restaurants  in  various  parts  of  Germany.  There  appears  to  be 
a  decided  upward  tendency  in  prices  in  Germany,  which  will 
doubtless  make  it  more  difficult  for  German  exporters  to  com- 
pete with  other  countries  in  foreign  markets.  These  advances 
pertain  to  raw  materials,  manufactured  products,  and  labor. 


LOW    WAGES    IN    GERMANY. 

Questions  relating  to  the  improvement  of  the  conditions  con- 
nected with  home  industries  in  Germany  are  being  eagerly  dis- 
cussed. A  commission  of  inquiry,  appointed  by  the  King  of 
Saxony,  has  recently  published  its  report.  The  industries  in 
which  the  conditions  are  the  worst  are  passementerie,  lace,  arti- 
ficial flowers,  and  toys.  Among  the  passementerie  workers  the 
highest  possible  earnings  seem  to  be  8  cents  an  hour,  and  the 
average  only  4  cents  in  American  money.  The  lace  workers,  who 
earn  10  pfennigs  (100  pfennigs  are  equal  to  25  cents),  consider 
that  good,  but  2  and  3  pfennigs  are  not  unusual.  In  the  town 
of  Pirna  women  are  making  artificial  flowers  for  4^2  pfennigs 
an  hour,  and  in  the  toy  industry  an  hour's  work  is  paid  with 
5i/{5  pfennigs.  In  a  vast  number  of  cases  the  workroom  serves 
as  kitchen  and  bedroom  as  well,  and  the  low  rate  of  pay  obliges 
parents  to  insist  on  their  children's  assistance.  Ninety  hours  a 
week  are  not  unusual  for  adults,  and  for  children  sixty  to  sixty- 
six  hours. 


CHILD   LABOR  IN   GERMANY.  i 

Another  Home  Industry  exposition  is  to  be  held  in  Germany, 
writes  Consul  Brittain,  of  Kehl.  It  will  cover  the  provinces  of 
Alsace-Lorraine  and  open  at  Strassburg  in  the  near  future  with 
a  similar  exhibit  to  that  now  in  progress  at  Berlin.  Mr.  Brittain 
states  that  it  is  yet  the  custom  in  Germany  for  factory  products 
to  be  made  in  the  home,  where  entire  families  join  in  the  work, 
even  the  three-year-old  child  having  its  share.  It  is  claimed 
that  there  are  upward  of  350,000  German  children  employed  at 
this  home  work,  and  of  these  79,183  are  spinning  and  weaving, 
40,000  in  the  woodwork  industry,  26,190  at  bead  work,  12,160  at 
knitting,  11,000  at  sewing  and  needlework.  Children  help  make 
toys  at  three-fourths  to  one  cent  per  hour,  working  fifty-t*vo  tc 
sixty-five  hours  per  week,  with  similar  pay  in  other  lines. 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  133 

PROOFS  OF   PROSPERITY. 
Average  Wages  and  Earnings  Largely  Increased. 

The  official  figures  of  the  New  York  State  Department  of  Labor 
give  the  average  earnings  in  three  months  of  the  present  year 
of  333,000  workmen,  which  were  $2. 3a  a  day  each,  or  $212  for  the 
quarter.  These  figures  are  said  to  be  considerably  above  the 
average  earnings  of  wage-earners  generally,  because  they  relate 
chieflj'  to  skilled  work.  No  women,  and  few  minors,  are  included 
in  the  report.  The  average  wage  for  a  day's  work  in  this  period 
was  $3.  Last  year  the  average  daily  wage,  calculated  by  the 
same  period,  was  $2.85.  A  year  ago  the  average  quarterly  earn- 
ings of  organized  wage-workers  were  only  $187  as  compared  with 
the  present  figure  of  $212.  Wage-workers  have  shared  with  all 
others  in  the  general  prosperity  of  the  nation. 

Records  of  banks,  railroads,  real  estate,  and  other  interests, 
according  to  a  Chicago  dispatch,  have,  for  the  half  year  ending 
June  30,  confirmed  predictions  from  week  to  week  that  the  year 
1906  in  the  West  will  prove  to  be  the  greatest  year  of  prosperity 
in  the  history  of  the  country.  Clearings  of  Chicago  banks  for 
June  show  an  increase  of  $77,100,000,  or  9.4  per  cent.,  over  the 
clearings  in  the  same  month  last  year.  The  June  figures  raise  the 
total  clearings  for  six  months  to  $5,433,000,000,  an  increase  of 
$540,000,000,  or  11  per  cent,  as  compared  with  the  clearings  for 
the  first  half  of  1905,  and  the  railroad  statenuents  for  the  period, 
it  is  said,  will  show  the  largest  earnings  ever  reported  by  Ameri- 
can railroads. 


Foreign  Wages  and  Industrial  Competition. 


(New  York  Journal  of  Commerce.) 


istatements  exhibiting  the  rates  of  wages  paid  in  the  United 
States,  Great  Britain,  Germany  and  Belgium  which  is  full  of  sug- 
gestive interest.  The  comparisons  extend  over  each  of  the  thir- 
teen years  from  1890  to  1903,  inclusive,  and  are  expressed  in 
rates  per  hour,  so  as  to  avoid  inequality  in  factors  arising  from 
differences  in  the  period  of  work  covered  by  the  wage  quotation 
and  thereby  simplify  statistical  processes  and  evade  occasion  for 
needless  cavil.  It  may  seem  unfortunate  that  the  statistics  cover 
only  thirteen  branches  of  labor  and  they  not  the  most  prominent; 
but  there  is  quite  a  possibility  of  undue  prolixity  in  Government 
exhibits  intended  for  popular  information,  and  so  long  as  the  lim- 
ited number  of  trades  selected  fairly  reflect  the  course  of  move- 
ments common  to  the  industries  at  large,  little  is  lost  to  trust- 
worthiness of  data  in  limiting  the  number  of  employments  cited. 
The  following  tabulation  shows  the  wages  per  hour  paid,  in 
the  three  leading  industrial  nations,  in  twelve  common  employ- 
ments, during  the  year  1903,  the  figures  expressing  decimals  of  a 
dollar  per  one  hour's  work: 

Ger-  Great  United 

Employment.  many.  Britain.         States. 

Blacksmiths     $0.1237  $0.1740  $0.2951 

Boiler  makers 1123  .1719  .2848 

Bricklayers   1328  .2060  .5472 

Carpenters    1301  .2028  .3594 

Compositors   1411  .1795  .4487 

Hod    carriers 0849  .1250  .2863 

Iron   molders 1140  .1787  .3036 

General    laborers 0797  .1019  .1675 

Machinists  131a  .1677  .2707 

Painters    1194  .1774  .3450 

Plumbers    1148  .2027  .4429 

Stone  masons 1328  .2078  .4579 

Total  wages  per  hour  for  12  classes  of  labor.  .$1.4166  $2.0954  $4.2071 

It  will  be  seen  from  these  data  that,  in  the  case  of  Germany, 

on  an  average  of  the  twelve  trades  cited,  one  hour's  work  repre- 

I  sents  approximately  12  cents  of  earnings;    in  the  case  of  Great 

I  Britain  17l^  cents  per   hour;  and,  in  the  United    States,  35  cents 

per  hour.     Or,  to  express  the  same  ratios   in   percentages,   the 

i-.ritish  employer  has  to  pay,  on  the  average  of  these  trades,  46 


134  REPUBUCAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

per  cent,  more  for  labor  than  the  German  employer  pays,  while 
the  difference  as  against  the  American  employer  is  191  per  cent. 
Such  was  the  condition  of  the  comparative  rates  of  wages  in 
these  largest  industrial  countries,  in  1903.  The  following  tabula- 
tion compares  the  wage  conditions  for  that  year  with  those  of 
1890,  and  at  the  same  time  shows  the  advances  in  rates  during 
the  thirteen  years'  interval: 

Ger-  Great  United 

^.     ,                                                                                    many.  Britain.  6tatGs. 

Blacksmiths— 1890  $0.1175  $0.1652  $0.2677 

1903    1237               .1740  .2951 

Advance   0062               .0088  .0274 

Boiler    makers— 1890 0986  .1595  .2594 

1903    1123  .1719  .2848 

Advance   0137  .0124  .0254 

Bricklayers— 1890  1103  .1757  .4316 

1903    1328  .2060  .5474 

Advance    0225  .0303  .1158 

Carpenters— 1890  1025  .1690  .2713 

1903    1301  .2028  .3594 

Advance    0276  .0338  .0881 

Compositors— 1890   1065  .1572  .3980 

1903    1411  ,1795  .4467 

Advance   0346  .0223  .0487 

Hod   carriers— 1890 0675  .1217  .2259 

1903    0849  .1250  .2863 

Advance   0174  .0033  .0604 

Iron  molders— 1890 1009  .1678  .2540 

1903    1140  .1787  .3036 

Advance   0131  .0109  .0496 

General   laborers— 1890 - 0641  .0948  .1507 

1903    0797  .1019  .1675 

Advance   0156  .0071  .0168 

Machinists— 1890 0973  .1534  .2409 

1903    1310  .1677  .27(i7 

Advance   0337  .0143  .0298 

Painters— 1890    0934  .1554  .2680 

1903    1194  .1774  .3450 

Advance   0260  .0220  .0770 

Plumbers— 1890  •. 0946  .1757  .3464 

1903    1148  .2027  .4429 

Advance 0202  .0270  .0965 

Stone   masons— 1890 1103  .1774  .3722 

1903    1328  .2078  .4597 

Advance   0225  .0304  .0875 

The  total  wages  per  hour  for  the  twelve  industries  compare  as 
follows,  for  the  three  countries,  in  1890  and  1903,  respectively: 

1890.  1903.  Inc. 

Germany    $1.1635  $1.4166  $0.2531 

Great  Britain 1.8728  2.0954  .2226 

United    States 3.4861  4.2071  .7210: 

This  comparison  shows  that  wages  have  risen  during  the  thir-  ; 
teen  years,  on  the  average  of  21.8  per  cent,  in  Germany,  11.9  per  | 
cent,  in  Great  Britain  and  20.7  per  cent,  in  the  United  States.  In  \ 
each  country  there  have  been  conspicuous  cases  of  industries  in  • 
which  the  rise  of  wages  has  been  considerably  higher  than  the  ■ 
foregoing  figures  indicate;  but  nevertheless  the  trades  selected  ; 
may  be  assumed  to  approximate  the  general  average  course  of  ' 
prices.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  rise  has  been  in  an  almost  equal : 
ratio  of  percentage  in  Germany  and  the  United  States.  In  Great ; 
Britain  the  rate  of  advance  has  been  only  a  little  over  one-half  '■ 
that  which  has  occurred  in  the  two  other  nations;  which  indicates ;| 
a  mild  tendency  on  the  part  of  Germany  towards  an  assimilation] 
in  its  wages  towards  the  British  standard.  | 


''The  more  work  there  is  to  do  in  this  country,  the  higher? 
the  wages  that  will  be  paid  for  doing  it.  That  policy  which 
secures  the  largest  amount  of  work  to  be  done  at  home  is  the 
policy  which  will  secure  to  our  laboring  men  steady  employ- 
ment at  the  best  wages.  A  policy  which  will  transfer  work 
from  our  mines  and  factories  to  foreign  mines  and  foreign  fac- 
tories inevitably  tends  to  the  depression  of  wages  here." — 
Benjamin  Harrison,  1888. 


-oa 

.£3 

B 

-o 

o 

c3  a 

-^ 

11 

t,  O  aj 

ll 

S^ 

a> 

o 

a 
a 

Si 

5o 

C3« 

M.2 

3^ 

a  2  a3 

3^1 

"3 

3-> 

3.Q-M 

U  « 

s" 

s'-3 

fe 

u 

fe 

§ 

iJ 

O 

K 

S 

< 

112.4 

113.5 

104.7 

119.2 

111.8 

110.2 

111.1 

110.3 

112.9 

115.7 

111.3 

102.7 

111.7 

108.4 

103.6 

110.2 

109.4 

111.7 

103.6 

109.0 

101.1 

106.0 

102.8 

102.9 

106.5 

106.2 

106.1 

110.2 

107.2 

100.0 

100.7 

101.9 

100.5 

104.9 

105.9 

105.6 

99.8 

96.1 

92.4 

90.7 

96.3 

89.8 

100.1 

99.8 

96.1 

94.6 

92.7 

98.1 

92.0 

94.1 

87.9 

96.5 

94.5 

93.6 

83.8 

91.3 

104.3 

.    93.7 

93.4 

92.6 

94.0 

91.4 

90.4 

87.7 

91.1 

96.4 

86.6 

90.4 

94.4 

89.8 

92.1 

89.7 

94.4 

93.4 

95.4 

86.4 

95.8 

106.6 

92.0 

92.4 

93.4 

98.3 

96.7 

105.0 

114.7 

105.8 

111.3 

95.1 

97.7 

101.7 

104.2 

106.8 

120.9 

120.5 

115.7 

115.7 

106.1 

109.8 

110.5 

105.9 

101.0 

119.5 

111.9 

116.7 

115.2 

110.9 

107.4 

108.5 

111.3 

102.0 

134.3 

117.2 

118.8 

114.2 

112.2 

114.1 

112.9 

107.1 

106.6 

149.3 

117.6 

121.4 

112.6 

113.0 

113.6 

113.6 

107.2 

109.8 

132.6 

109.6 

122.7 

110.0 

111.7 

111.7 

113.0 

108.7 

112.0 

128.8 

122.5 

127.8 

109.1 

109.1 

112.8 

115.9 

REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  135 

I       COURSE   OF  WHOLESALE  PRICES,    1890  TO    1905. 

Summary   of  Relative   Prices   of  Comm.odities,    1890   to    1905, 
by  Groups. 

(Average  price  for  1890-1899=:100.) 


to 

y 

1890 110.0 

1891 121.5 

1892 111.7 

1893 107.9 

1894 95.9 

1895 93.3 

1896 78.3 

1897 85.2 

1898 96.1 

1899 100.0 

19;j0 109.5 

1901 116.9 

1902 130.5 

1893 118.8 

1904 126.2 

1905 124.2 

In  this  table  the  average  relative  prices  of  farm  products  are 
based  on  16  articles;  of  food,  etc.,  on  53  articles  from  1890  to  1892 
and  1904  and  1905,  and  54  from  1893  to  1903;  of  cloths  and  cloth- 
ing, on  70  articles  in  1890  and  1891,  72  in  1892,  73  in  1893  and 

1894,  75  in  1895  and  1896,  and  76  from  1897  to  1905;  of  fuel 
and  lighting,  on  13  articles;  of  metals  and  implements,  on  37 
articles  from  1890  to  1893,  38  in  1894  and  1895  and  from  1899  to 
1905,  and  39  from  1896  to  1898;  of  lumber  and  building  ma- 
terials, on  26  articles  from  1890  to  1894,  and  27  from  1895  to 
1905;  of  drugs  and  chemicals,  oji  9  articles;  of  house  furnishing 
goods,  on  14  articles,  and  of  miscellaneous,  on  13  articles.  The 
average  relative  prices  of  all  commodities  are  based  on  251 
articles  in  1890  and  1891,  on  253  in  1892,  on  255  in  1893,  on  256 
in  1894,  on  259  in  1895,  1904  and  1905,  on  260  in  1896  and  from 
1899  to  1903,  and  on  261  in  1897  and  1898. 

A  study  of  the  table  shows  that  the  group  of  farm  products 
reached  the  lowest  average  in  1896  and  the  highest  in  1902;  that 
of  food,  etc.,  the  lowest  in  1896  and  the  highest  in  1891;  that  of 
cloths  and  clothing,  the  lowest  in  1897  and  the  highest  in  1890; 
that  of  fuel  and  lighting,  the  lowest  in  1894  and  the  highest  in 
1903;  that  of  metals  and  implements,  the  lowest  in  1898  and  the 
highest  in  1905;  that  of  lumber  and  building  materials,  the  low- 
est in  1897  and  the  highest  in  1905;  that  of  drugs  and  chemicals, 
the  lowest  in  1895  and  the  highest  in  1900;  that  of  house  furnish- 
ing goods,  the  lowest  in  1897  and  the  highest  in  1903,  while  in 
the  miscellaneous  group  the  lowest  average  was  reached  in  1896 
and  the  highest  in  1902.  The  average  for  all  commodities  com- 
bined was  the  lowest  in  1897  and  the  highest  in  1905.  Of  the  nine 
groups  it  is  seen  that  one  reached  its  lowest  point  in  1894,  one  in 

1895,  three  in  1896,  three  in  1897,  and  one  in  1898.  The  highest 
point  was  reached  by  one  group  in  1890,  by  one  in  1891,  by 
one  in  1900,  by  two  in  1902,  by  two  in  1903,  and  by  two  in  1905. 


"The  Western  farmer's  instinct  is  wiser  than  Mr.  Glad- 
stone's philosophy.  The  farmer  knows  that  the  larger  the 
home  market  the  better  are  his  prices,  and  that  as  the  home 
market  is  narrowed  his  prices  fall." — James  G.  Blaine. 


The  present  phenomenal  prosperity  has  been  won  under  a 
tariff  which  was  made  to  protect  the  interests  of  the  American 
producer,  business  man,  wage-worker  and  farmer  alike. — 
President  Roosevelt  at  Minneapolis,  April  4,  1903. 


136 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 


Course  of  Wholesale  Prices,  1890  to  1905. 
(Prom  Bulletin  of  th«  Bureau  of  Labor,  March,  1906.) 

To  assist  In  making  easy  a  comparison  of  1905  prices  of  the 
general  groups  and  of  all  commodities  with  prices  of  the  other 
years  the  opposite  table  has  been  prepared,  showing  the  per  cent. 
of  increase  of  1905  prices  over  the  prices  of  each  year  from  1890 
to  1904: 

From  this  table  it  is  seen  that  the  group  farm  products  in  1905 
was  12.9  per  cent,  higher  than  in  1890,  2.2  per  cent,  higher  than  in 
1891,  11.2  per  cent,  higher  than  in  1892,  15.1  per  cent,  higher  than 
in  1893,  29.5  per  cent,  higher  than  in  1894,  33.1  per  cent,  higher 
than  in  1895,  58.6  per  cent,  higher  than  in  1896,  45.8  per  cent, 
higher  than  in  1897,  29.2  per  cent,  higher  than  in  1898,  24.2  per 
cent,  higher  than  in  1899,  13.4  per  cent,  higher  than  in  1900,  6.2 
per  cent,  higher  than  1901,  4.8  per  cent,  lower  than  in  1902,  4.5 
per  cent,  higher  than  in  1903,  and  1.6  per  cent,  lower  than  in  1904. 

The  average  for  all  commodities  combined  in  1905  was  2.7  per 
cent,  higher  than  in  1890,  3.8  per  cent,  higher  than  in  1891,  9.2  per 
cent,  higher  than  in  1892,  9.8  per  cent,  higher  than  in  1893,  20.6 
per  cent,  higher  than  1894,  23.8  per  cent,  higher  than  in  1895, 
28.2  per  cent,  higher  than  in  1896,  29.2  per  cent,  higher  than  in 
1897,  24.1  per  cent,  higher  than  in  1898,  14  per  cent,  higher  than 
in  1899,  4,9  per  cent,  higher  than  in  1900,  6.8  per  cent,  higher  than 
in  1901,  2.7  per  cent,  higher  than  in  1902,  2  per  cent,  higher  than 
in  1903,  and  2.6  per  cent,  higher  than  in  1904. 


PRICE  OF  SILVER  AND  RATIO   TO  GOLD. 

Annual  Price  of  Silver  in  London,  Per  Ounce,  and  Commercial 
Ratio  of  Silver  to  Gold:    1833  to  1905. 

(From  the  Report  of  the  Director  of  th*e  Mint  on  the  Production  of  Precious 
Metals  in   the  United   States.) 


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Dollars. 

1833... 

59t^ 

1.297 

15.93 

1870.... 

60  A 

1.328 

15.57 

1834... 

59}§ 

1.313 

15.73 

1871.... 

60% 

1.326 

15.57 

1835... 

591g 

1.308 

15.80 

1872.... 

60A 

1.322 

15.63 

1836... 

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1.315 

15.72 

1873.... 

59j% 

1.29769 

15.93 

1837... 

59 1% 

1.305 

15.83 

1874.... 

58 1% 

1.27883 

16.16 

1838... 

591^ 

1.304 

15.85 

1875.... 

56H 

1.24233 

16.64 

1839... 

60% 

1.323 

15.62 

1876.... 

53% 

1.16414 

17.75 

1840... 

60% 

1.323 

15.62 

1877.... 

54ig 

1.20189 

17.20 

1841... 

mie 

1.316 

15.70 

1878.... 

52% 

1.1.5358 

17.92 

1842... 

59/5 

1.303 

15.87 

1879.... 

51% 

1.12392 

18.39 

1843... 

59^ 

1.297 

15.93 

1880.... 

52% 

1.14507 

18.05 

1844... 

59% 

1.304 

15.85 

1881.... 

51% 

1.13229 

18.2,-, 

1845... 

59y4 

1.298 

15.92 

1882.... 

51H 

1.13562 

18.20 

1846... 

59ftj 

1.30 

15.90 

1883.... 

50  H 

1.10874 

18.(14 

1847... 

59|J 

1.308 

15.80 

1884.... 

1.11068 

18.61 

1848... 

59y2 

1.304 

15.85 

1885.... 

'ISt^ 

1.06.510 

19.41 

1849... 

59% 

1.309 

15.78 

1886.... 

45% 

.99467 

20.78 

1850... 

61A 

1.316 

15.70 

1887.... 

44  H 

.97946 

21.10 

1851... 

61 

1.337 

15.46 

1888.... 

42% 

.93974 

22.00 

1852... 

60M! 

1.326 

15.59 

1889.... 

42U 

.93511 

22.10 

1853... 

61% 

1.348 

15.33 

1890.... 

ml 

1.04634 

19.75 

18.54... 

61% 

1.348 

15.33 

1891.... 

tip. 

.98800 

20.92  , 

1855... 

61^5 

1..344 

15.38 

1892.... 

.87145 

23.72 

1856... 

61 T^ 

61% 

1.344 

15.38 

1893.... 

25  j% 

.78030 

26.49  s 

18.57... 

1.353 

15.27 

1894.... 

28- 

1 

.63479 

32.56  J 

18.58... 

61^ 

l.?,U 

15.38 

1895.... 

29 

i 

.65406 

31.60 j 

18.59... 

62t»b 

1.36 

15.19 

1896.... 

30 

.67565 

30.. 59  5 

1860... 

61 H 

1..352 

.  15.29 

1897.... 

27 

i 

.60483 

34.20. 

1861... 

6013 

1.333 

15.50 

1898.... 

26- 

3 

.59010 

35.03 

1862... 

61i^ 

1.346 

15.35 

1899.... 

27^ 

.60154 

34.36 

1863... 

61% 

1.345 

15.37 

1900.... 

28^ 

.62007 

33.. 33 

1864... 

61% 

1.345 

15.37 

1901.... 

27S 

.59595 

34.68 

1865... 

6lT»ft 

1.338 

15.44 

1902.... 

24r's 
24% 

.52795 

.39.15 

1866... 

61% 

1.339 

15.43 

1903.... 

.54257 

38.10 

1867... 

ss 

1.328 

15.57 

1904.... 

26M 

.57876 

35.70 

1868... 

1.326 

15.59 

1905... 

27U 

.61027 

33.87 

1869... 

60^ 

1.325 

15.60 

REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 


137 


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138  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

PRICES   PROPORTIONED   TO   CONSUMPTION. 

Leading  Classes  of  Necessary  Articles  of  Daily  Consumption: 
Prices,  in  New  York  City,  from  July  1,  1860,  to  January  1, 
1906. 

(Index  Number,  from  Dun's  Review.)* 


Date.  o>iH 

«w 

July  1—  Dol's. 

1860 20.530 

1861 15.749 

1862 18.057 

1863 26.154 

•1864 45.616 

1865 25.404 

1866 31.471 

1867. 36.537 

1868 38.416 

1869 29.116 

1870 25.322 

1871 24.809 

1872 22.171 

1873 20.460 

1874 25.657 

1875 24.848 

1876 18.777 

1877 21.812 

1878 15.672 

1879 17.054 

1880 17.461 

1881 20.369 

18S2 25.494 

1883 19.018 

1884 17.871 

1885 16.370 

1886 15.311 

1887 15.156 

1888 ,  16.984 

1889 14.351 

1890 14.867 

1891 19.782 

1892 17.426 

1893 14.963 

1894 15.115 

1895 14.765 

1896 10.504 

1897— Jan.  1 11.729 

July  1  (low)..  10.587 

1898— Jan.  1 13.511 

July  1 12.783 

1899— Jan.  1 13.816 

July  1 13.483 

1900— Jan.  1 13.254 

July  1 14.898 

1901— Jan.  1 14.486 

July  1 14.904 

1902— Jan.  1 20.002 

July  1 20.534 

1903— Jan.  1 17.104 

July  1 17.473 

1904— Jan.  1 17.102 

July  1 18.244 

1905— Jan.  1 18.278 

July  1 18.831 

X906— Jan.  1 16.554 

Feb.  1 16.058 

Mar.l 15.715 

Apr.  1 16.294 

Mayl 17.050 

Junel 17.379 

Julyl 17.923 

Aug.l 16,434 

Note. — In  the  above  table  the  course  of  prices  of  commodities  is  show 
and  in  each  case  the  price  is  multiplied  by  the  annual  per  capita  consumptiii 
which  precludes  any  one  commodity  having  more  than  its  proper  weight 
the  aggregate.     Breadstuffs   include   many   quotations   of   wheat,    corn,    oai 
rye,  barley,  beans,  and  pease;  meats  include  live  hogs,  beef,  sheep,  and  mai 
provisions,  lard,  tallow,  etc.;  dairy  and  garden  products  embrace  eggs,  ve;: 
tables,    fruits,    milk,    butter,    cheese,    etc.;    other  food    includes- fish,    liquor 
condiments,   sugar,    rice,   tobacco,   etc. ;   clothing  covers  the  raw  material    < 
each  industry,  and  many  quotations  of  woOlen,  cotton,  silk,  and  rubbrr  good 
as  well  as  hides,  leather,  boots,  and  shoes;  metals  include  various  quotation 
of  pig  iron  and  partially  manufactured  and  finished  products,  as  well  as  the 
minor  metals,  tin,  lead,  copper,  etc.,  and  coal  and  petroleum;   miscellaneous 
includes  many  grades  of  hard  and  soft  lumber,  laths,  brick,  lime,  glass,  tur- 
pentine, hemp,  linseed  oil,  paints,   fertilizers,  and  drugs.     The  third  decimal' 
is  given  for  accuracy  of  comparison. 


z 
2 

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i 

01 

w  o 

s 

oa 

O 

^. 

Dol's. 

Dol's. 

Dol's. 

Dol's. 

Dol's. 

Dol's. 

8.973 

12.662 

8.894 

22.439 

25.851 

15.842 

7.485 

10.813 

7.653 

21.147 

22.500 

16.573 

7.150 

13.406 

10.987 

28.413 

23.207 

17.290 

10.115 

13.530 

16.359 

45.679 

37.079 

24.264 

15.685 

26.053 

27.303 

73.485 

59.192 

31.{i53 

16.112 

18.049 

21.057 

49.307 

38.956 

25.551 

17.153 

23.472 

20.821 

45.377 

41.762 

27.922 

14.278 

18.418 

20.167 

38.169 

35.426 

25.529 

13.210 

23.614 

19.720 

35.694 

27.385 

24.786 

13.181 

18.121 

16.347 

35.309 

28.355 

24.201 

14.161 

16.112 

13.308 

31.480 

26.612 

21.786 

12.177 

20.799 

13.823 

30.624 

27.371 

21.907 

11.055 

16.019 

14.845 

32.427 

32.643 

21.. 319 

10.114 

15.629 

13.625 

29.411 

32.298 

21.552 

11.. 560 

19.142 

13.678 

27.260 

25.254 

19.582 

13.287 

14.918 

14.418 

25.318 

23.515 

18.398 

10.726 

15.912 

12.914 

21.747 

20.452 

15.951 

10.0:^6 

11.790 

13.321 

21.850 

15.578 

15.160 

8.181 

10.608 

11.346 

19.836 

15.789 

14.836 

8.239 

10.253 

9.884 

20.420 

15.149 

16.286 

9.230 

12.594 

11.539 

21.984 

18.708 

17.139 

11.381 

11.311 

11.663 

20.982 

19.295 

16.900 

13.740 

14.685 

11.627 

21.202 

19.832 

16.650 

11.210 

12.250 

10.726 

20.209 

18.071 

15.764 

11.172 

11.369 

9.323 

19.014 

16.272 

14.685 

9.205 

10.872 

8.712 

17.740 

14.132 

13.666 

8.906 

10.241 

8.570 

18.063 

14.466 

13.669 

8.667 

11.188 

9.252 

18.174 

16.035 

15.153 

9.416 

11.849 

9.917 

17.447 

15.366 

14.155 

8.244 

9.695 

10.912 

17.107 

14.782 

14.600 

8.036 

10.711 

9.749 

17.264 

15.506 

15.416 

9.217 

12.455 

9.339 

16.501 

15.107 

13.691 

8.700 

10.403 

8.733 

15.648 

14.827 

14.252 

10.135 

11.710 

9.188 

15.871 

14.030 

14.716 

9.389 

10.394 

8.478 

13.860 
15.315 

12.015 

14.041 

8.622 

9.874 

8.689 

11.021 

13.233 

7.058 

7.872 

8.529 

13.602 

13.232 

13.520 

7.327 

10.456 

8.170 

12.407 

13.014 

12.399 

7.529 

8.714 

7.887 

13.808 

11.642 

12.288 

7.336 

12.371 

8.312 

14.654 

11.572 

12.184 

7.694 

9.437 

8.826 

14.663 

11.843 

12.522 

7.520 

11.458 

9.096 

14.150 

11.843 

12.540 

7.988 

10.974 

9.157 

15.021 

15.635 

12.969 

7.258 

12.702 

9.200 

17.484 

18.085 

16.312 

8.906 

10.901 

9.482 

16.324 

14.834 

16.070 

8.407 

15.556 

9.504 

16.024 

15.810 

15.881 

9.430 

11.030 

9.086 

15.098 

15.344 

16.617 

9.670 

15.248 

8.952 

15.547 

15.375 

16.793 

11.628 

12.557 

8.748 

15.533 

16.084 

16.826 

9.522 

14.613 

9.418 

15.938 

17.185 

16.578 

9.269 

13.083 

9.186 

17.136 

16.544 

16.765 

8.138 

15.287 

9.653 

17.316 

15.887 

16.759 

9.033 

10.648 

10.406 

16.514 

15.428 

16.919 

7.950 

13.948 

10.699 

16.319 

16.188 

16.936 

8.614 

9.982 

9.922 

17.986 

15.916 

17.061 

8.426 

14.399 

9.822 

19.313 

17.141 

18.809 

8.690 

13.977 

9.688 

19.139 

17.042 

19.417 

9.152 

13.644 

9.626 

19.015 

16.973 

20.079 

9.335 

14.738 

9.419 

19.125 

16.927 

20.228 

9.295 

13.842 

9.464 

19.192 

16.948 

20.268 

9.452 

14.350 

9.477 

19.128 

16.. 591 

20.417 

9.677 

12.590 

9.645 

19.177 

16.649 

19.5.55 

9.712 

11.968 

9.760 

18.970 

16.786 

19.355 

REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT- BOOK. 
THE  TARIFF  AND  PRICES. 


139 


Those  Free-Traders  who  are  so  much  concerned  over  the  higher 
prices  of  commodities  should  read  the  speech  of  Representative 
Hill  of  Connecticut,  delivered  in  the  House  February  18,  1904. 
In  this  speech  Mr.  Hill  presents  the  two  tables  below  as  showing 
the  difference  in  the  prices  of  certain  commodities  July,  1896, 
and  since.  He  takes  a  certain  number  of  articles  on  the  free  list 
and  a  certain  number  of  the  dutiable  list  in  order  to  show  what 
effect  the  Tariff  may  have  had  upon  the  change  in  prices.  The 
two  tables  are  as  follows: 


Items  on  Free  List. 


July, 
1S96. 
Anthracite   stove  coal    (f.o.b. 

N.   Y.),  ton  $3,881 

Anthracite        broken         coal 

(f.o.b.   N.  Y.),  ton 3.228 

Copper,      lake,      ingot     (New 
York),  per  pound.. 115 


Flax,  Kentucky,  per  pound.. 
Jute,  spot,  per  pound 


.08 
.035 


Petroleum,  crude  (at  v/ell), 
per    barrel 1.0825 

Petroleum,  refined,  per  gal- 
lon     0G9 

Petroleum,  ref.  (150  p.  c.  test, 
for  exp.),  per  gallon 1087 

Rubber,  island,  per  pound...      .84 

Sisal,  spot,  per  pound 0362 

Binder  twine,  per  pound 0675 


July, 
1901. 

$4,236 

3.509 

.17 

.10 

.035 

1.1337 
.069 
.1075 
.86 
.0562 
.0975 


July, 

1902. 


$0.1225 
.095 
.0325 

1.22 

.074 

.11 

.77 

.095 

.1425 


July, 
1903. 

$4.80 

4.55 

.1425 

.045 

1.50 
.14 
.1005 
.87 
.0762 
.145 


January, 

1904. 

$4.75 
5.00 
.125 


.045 

L.85 
.15 
.1405 
.94 
.075 
.145 


Items  on  Dutiable  List. 


July, 
1896. 
Alcohol    (94   p.    c),  per 
gallon    $2.31 

Brick,    per  thousand 5.25 

Bread,  Boston  crackers, 

pound    065 

Cotton       flannels,       per 

yard    065 

Cement,   Rosendale,   per 

barrel    85 

Fish,      canned     salmon, 

per  ,  dozen 1.65 

Ginghams,   per  yard 0425 

Glassware,  pitchers,  per 
dozen  1.25 

Wire  nails,   per  keg....  3.15 

Cut  nails,  per  keg......  2.90 

Fresh  beef  sides,  per 
pound    075 

i  Salt  beef,  per  barrel 16.00 

Salt  pork,  per  barrel...  8.25 

Hams,  smoked,  per  bar- 
rel   10 

Pig  iron,  foundry, 
Philadelphia,   ton 12.75 

Rice,  per  pound 0525 

Sugar,    centrifugal,    per 

pound    035 

Sugar,    granulated,    per 

pound    046 

Steel     rails,     Pittsburg, 

per  ton 28.00 

Ashton  salt,  per  bushel.  2.10 
Tin  plate,  per  cwt 3.45 


July, 

1901. 

$2.43 

5.75 

.08 

.0625 

1.00 

1.70 

.0475 
1.30 
2.40 
2.10 
.09 
21.50 
16.75 

.115 
15.87 
.0537 
.0425 
.0524 
28.00 
2.25 
4.19 


July, 
1902. 

$2.51 
6.25 


.95 


July,  January, 
1904. 


1903. 
$2.48 

5.25 
.08 
.08 
.90 

1.65 
.08 


$2.40 


.05 
1.65 


2.10 
2.05 

22.50 
19.75 

.125 
22.75 
.0575 
.0337 
.0475 
28.00 
2.25 
4.19 


2. 05 

2.20 

.125 
11.50 
17.75 

.1375 
18.50 
.55 
.0356 
.047 
28.00 
2.25 
4.00 


2.00 
1.95 

.125 
11.00 
13.50 

.12 


Duty. 
$2.25  per  gall. 
25  p.  c. 
20  p.  c. 
50  p.  c.  &  up. 
8c.  per  lb. 
30  p.  c. 
45  p.  c. 
40   p.    c. 
V2C.  per  lb. 
6-lOc.  per  lb. 
2c.  per  lb. 
5c.  per  lb. 
25  p.  c. 


15.00 
.04 


5c.  per  lb. 
$4  per  ton. 
2c.  per  lb. 
.0347    $1,825  per  cwt. 
.0436    $1.95  per  cwt. 
28.00       $7.84  per  ton. 
2.25       12c.  pe»  lb. 
3.80       IVaC.  per  lb. 


Of  the  eleven  items  on  the  free  list,  every  one  of  them  has  greatly  ad- 
vi'ioed  in  price  since  1896,  the  average  advance  on  all  being  53.54  per  cent. 

Of  the  twenty-one  Items  on  the  dutiable  list  twelve  have  advanced  in 
pn-e,  three  are  the  same  now  as  then,  and  six  have  been  reduced. 

The  average  advance  on  the  dutiable  list  is  8.6  per  cent.,  as  against  53.54 
per  cent,  on  the  free  list. 

The  articles  are  all  taken  from  the  list  of  articles  controlled  by  trusts, 

found   m   the   Democratic   campaign   text-book,    beginning   on    page    369,    and 

mcludes  every  article  named  therein   as  free  and  twenty-one  dutiable  ones. 

The  prices  from  1896  to  1902  are   as  therein  given,   and   the   1903   ajad  1904 

;  prices  are  from  the  Bureau  of  Statistics. 


140 


REPUBUCAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 


BELATIVE  WAGES,   PRICES,   ETC. 

The  accompanying  diagram  shows  at  a  glance  the  movement 
from  1890  to  1905  of  wages,  hours  of  work,  number  of  employees 
and  retail  prices  of  food,  as  compared  with  the  average  for  1890- 
1899.  The  lines  show  most  vividly  the  remarkable  increase  in 
work  and  wages— both  much  in  excess  of  the  increase  in  price 
of  food,  while  the  hours  per  week  show  a  substantial  decline. 
The  lines  also  show  how  employment  fell  off  in  1893-1897,  as  well 
as  wages,  to  more  than  offset  the  decline  in  prices  of  food.  The 
diagram  is  based  on  a  similar  one  just  issued  by  the  Bureau  of 
Labor  of  the  Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor,  after  an  in- 
vestigation covering  349  occupations,  4,121  establishments  and 
314,009  employees. 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN   TEXT-BOOK. 
PRICES  OF  COMMODITIES. 


141 


Middling   Cotton   and   Staple   Manufactures   of   Cotton   in   the 
New  York  Market:    Average  Prices,   1858  to  1905. 

(Prepared  by  Mr.  Joshua  Reece,   Jr.,  to  1892;   since  then  by  Mr.   Alfred  B. 
Shepperson,   of  New  York.) 


Calendar  year. 


a 

^  o  d 

Cents. 


bo -a 
Cents. 


1858 12.23  8.25 

1859 12.08  8.50 

1860 11.00  8.73 

1861 13.01  10.00 

1862 31.29  18.55 

1863 67.21  36.04 

1864 101.50  52.07 

1865  83.38  38.04 

1866 43.20  24.31 

1867 31.59  18.28 

1868 24.85  16.79 

1869 29.01  16.19 

1870 23.98  14.58 

1871 16.95  13.00 

1872 22.19  14.27 

1873 20.14  13.31 

1874 17.95  11.42 

1875 15.46  10.41 

1876 12.98  8.85 

1877... 11.82  8.46 

1878 11.22  7.80 

1879 10.84  7.97 

1880 11.51  8.51 

1881 12.03  8.51 

1882 11.56  8.45 

1883 11.88  8.32 

1884 10.88  7.28 

1885 10.45  6.75 

1886 9.28  6.75 

1887 10.21  7.15 

1888 10.03  7.25 

1889 10.65  7.00 

1890 11.07  7.00 

1891 8.60  6.83 

1892 7.71  6.50 

1893 8.56  5.90 

1894 6.94  5.11 

1895 7.44  5.74 

1896 7.93  5.45 

1897 7.0Q  4.73 

1898 5.94  4.20 

1899 6.88  5.28 

1900 9.25  6.05 

1901 8.75  5.54 

1902 9.00  5.48 

1903 11.18  6.25 

1904 11.75  7.13 

1905 9.80  7.00 

♦Including  1881   and    since,    the   prices   of 
cotton   prices  are  also  net  for   the   entire 


bo's 


lit. 

W      fcH      <U 

R  1-  <y 

by  6 
print 
cloth 
yard. 

j«T3  a 

oS.Q   M  ft 

^  ftft 

«2 

^ 

zn 

«r> 

Cents. 

Cents. 

Cents. 

Cents. 

8.70 

15.00 

9.50 

5.60 
5.67 

8.82 

15.42 

9.50 

8.92 

15.50 

9.50 

5.44 

9.58 

15.33 

9.71 

5.33 

18.94 

21.00 

14.40 

9.81 

33.41 

35.33 

21.24 

15.20 

53.02 

48.35 

33.25 

23.42 

37.33 

49.58 

29.00 

20.24 

25.14 

45.90 

21.15 

14.13 

18.79 

35.21 

16.58 

9.12 

16.49 

26.65 

13.83 

8.18 

16.49 

24.79 

14.00 

8.30 

14.98 

22.50 

12.41 

7.14 

13.64 

20.83 

11.62 

7.41 

15.14 

20.66 

12.00 
ll.§7 

7.88 

14.13 

19.41 

6.69 

11.75 

18.04 

9.75 

5.57 

11.12 

15.12 

8.71 

5.33 

8.71 

13.. 58 

7.06 

4.10 

8.46 

12.46 

6.77 

4.38 

7.65 

11.00 

6.09 

3.44 

7.57 

11.62 

6.25 

3.93 

8.51 

12.74 

7.41 

4.51 

8.06 

12.74 

7.00 

3.95 

8.25 

12.95 

6.50 

3.76 

7.11 

12.93 

6.00 

3.60 

6.86 

10.46 

6.00 

3.36 

6.36 

10.S7 

6.00 

3.12 

6.25 

10.65 

6.00 

3.31 

6.58 

10.88 

6.00 

3.33 

6.75 

10.94 

6.50 

3.81 

6.75 

10.50 

6.50 

3.81 

6.75 

10.90 

6.00 

3.34 

6.41 

10.64 

6.00 

2.95 

5.60 

10.25 

6.25 

3.39 

5.72 

9.75 

5.25 

3.30 

5.07 

9.50 

4.90 

2.75 

5.09 

9.85 

5.25 

2.86 

5.48 

9.50 

4.66 

2.60 

4.75 

9.25 

4.70 

2.48 

4.10 

8.00 

3.96 

2.06 

5.13 

9.50 

4.25 

2.69 

5.95 

10.75 

5.00 

3.21 

5.48 

10.25 

4.62 

2.84 

5.52 

10.50 

5.00 

3.11 

6.37 

10.75 

5.00 

3.25 

7.31 

10.50 

5.00, 

3.44 

7.00 

9.00 

4.75 

3.13 

standard 
period. 


drillings  are   net;    raw 


Free  trade  will  offer  free  raw  materials  without  power  to 
use  them,  which  is  no  more  than  to  give  a  man  rufH.es  who 
wants  a  shirt. — Senator  Justin  S.  Morrill. 

When  I  talk  about  wages  I  use  the  word  in  its  broadest 
sense,  as  the  price  and  value  of  service,  whether  of  brain  or 
muscle. — Hon.  Thomas  B.  Reed. 


Under  our  policy  of  free  trade  we  have  lost  that  commercial 
and  industrial  superiority  we  acquired  under  the  policy  of 
strict  protection.  Our  policy  of  direct  taxation  bears  heavily 
upon  our  industries  and  reacts  on  the  working  classes  in  re- 
duction of  wages  and  employment.  Our  agriculture  has  been 
ruined  and  our  industries  are  struggling  hard  for  existence. 
Other  nations,  under  a  policy  of  strict  protection,  are  beating 
us  in  the  race  of  competition,  not  only  in  neutral,  but  in  our 
own  markets.— Sir  Guilford  L.  Molesworth  on  Free  Trade  ia 
England, 


142  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

FBICES  OF  FLEECE  WOOL. 

Fine,  Medium  and  Coarse  Washed  Clothing  Ohio  Fleece  Wool 
in  the  Eastern  Markets:  Prices  at  the  Beginning  of  January, 
April,  July  and  October,  1860  to  1905. 

(Data  furnished  by  Messrs.  Mauger  &  Avery,  New  York.) 

f — January — ,      , April ^  , July »      , — October — ^ 


a 

6 

a 

a 

aj 

a 

6 

Year. 

i 

1 

U 

3 

i 

s 

3 

9 

Cts. 

cts. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

cts. 

cts. 

cts. 

cts. 

cts. 

cts. 

cts. 

Cts. 

I860.... 

60 

60 

42 

52 

45 

40 

55 

50 

40 

50 

45 

40 

1861.... 

45 

40 

37 

45 

37 

32 

38 

30 

22 

47 

48 

50 

1862.... 

48 

50 

50 

46 

46 

43 

48 

47 

45 

60 

60 

63 

1863.... 

75 

68 

70 

80 

85 

80 

75 

70 

65 

85 

80 

76 

18644... 

80 

78 

76 

78 

77 

72 

100 

100 

90 

103 

95 

100 

1865.... 

102 

100 

96 

80 

80 

75 

75 

73 

65 

75 

75 

65 

1866.... 

70 

65 

50 

65 

60 

48 

70 

67 

60 

63 

60 

56 

1867.... 

68 

63 

50 

60 

65 

50 

65 

49 

45 

48 

46 

40 

1868.... 

48 

43 

38 

50 

48 

45 

46 

45 

43 

48 

48 

45 

1869.... 

50 

50 

48 

50 

50 

48 

48 

48 

47 

48 

48 

46 

1870.... 

48 

46 

44 

48 

47 

46 

46 

45 

43 

48 

48 

44 

187] 

47 

46 

43 

50 

52 

47 

62 

60 

55 

63 

62 

58 

1873.... 

70 

72 

66 

80 

80 

76 

72 

70 

65 

66 

60 

57 

1873.... 

70 

68 

65 

56 

53 

48 

50 

48 

44 

54 

53 

47 

1874.... 

68 

54 

47 

56 

56 

47 

53 

53 

46 

54 

54 

47 

1875.... 

55 

56 

47 

54 

52 

46 

52 

49 

46 

48 

50 

42 

1876.... 

48 

63 

42 

46 

49 

40 

38 

35 

31 

45 

40 

33 

1877.... 

46 

43 

36 

45 

40 

33 

50 

44 

37 

48 

44 

36 

1878.... 

t 

45 

38 

40 

43 

35 

36 

36 

32 

35 

37 

32 

1879.... 

35 

32 

34 

34 

31 

37 

38 

34 

41 

43 

38 

1880.... 

60 

55 

48 

55 

60 

52 

46 

48 

42 

46 

48 

42 

1881.... 

47 

49 

43 

40 

44 

37 

42 

44 

36 

43 

46 

36 

1882.... 

44 

46 

37 

42 

45 

34 

42 

45 

34 

42 

45 

34 

1883.... 

40 

43 

33 

44 

44 

37 

39 

41 

33 

39 

40 

34 

1S84.... 

40 

40 

34 

38 

38 

34 

35 

34 

30 

35 

34 

30 

1885... 

34 

33 

29 

32 

32 

28 

32 

31 

28 

33 

35 

32 

1886.... 

26 

36 

32 

33 

34 

30 

33 

33 

29 

35 

38 

34 

1887.... 

33 

38 

34 

33 

37 

33 

34 

37 

34 

32 

36 

34 

1888.... 

31 

35 

33 

31 

34 

33 

29 

33 

31 

31 

34 

31 

1889.... 

34 

33 

33 

33 

37 

31 

35 

39 

32 

33 

37 

31 

1890.... 

33 

37 

29 

32 

36 

29 

33 

37 

29 

33 

37 

31 

1891.... 

33 

37 

31 

32 

37 

31 

31 

35 

29 

31 

35 

30 

1892... 

30 

35 

31 

29 

34 

31 

28 

34 

30 

29 

33 

29 

1893... 

29 

33 

29 

30 

32 

31 

24 

26 

25 

23 

24 

21 

1894... 

23 

24 

21 

21 

23 

20 

20 

21 

18 

19 

21 

19 

1S95... 

17% 

20 

19 

16% 

20 

18 

18 

21 

19 

18 

21 

19 

1896... 

19 

21% 

19 

19 

21 

18 

17 

18 

17 

18 

19 

18 

1897... 

19 

21 

19 

21 

22% 

20 

21% 

23% 

21 

27 

29 

25 

1898... 

29 

30 

26 

29 

29% 

25% 

28 

29 

24% 

28% 

30 

24% 

1899... 

26% 

29 

24 

25% 

28 

24 

29 

31% 

27 

31 

33% 

29 

1900... 

35 

36% 

31% 

32% 

35% 

30% 

28% 

31% 

271/2 

26% 

28% 

26% 

1901... 

27 

29 

26 

25 

27 

24% 

25 

26 

22 

25 

26% 

23 

1902... 

25% 

26% 

24 

25 

26% 

24 

26 

26% 

25 

28 

28% 

25% 

lOO.'^... 

30 

31 

27 

29% 

30% 

26 

31% 

31% 

27 

32 

31% 

28 

1904... 

33% 

32% 

29% 

33% 

32% 

29% 

32% 

32% 

30% 

32% 

33% 

31% 

1905... 

34 

35 

36 

34 

36 

36 

36 

39 

86 

35 

35 

34 

Note  by  Messrs.  Mauger  &  Avery.— This  table  exhibits  in  a  concise  form 
the  prices  of  the  three  grades  of  a  standard  domestic  fleece  wool  in  the  sea- 
Ijoard  markets  at  the  beginning  of  each  quarter.  In  its  present  shape  it  is 
deemed  to  be  intelligible  to  all  interested  in  wool.  In  the  special  features 
of  character  and  condition,  "washed  Ohio  fleece  wool"  is  less  subject  to 
variation  than  any  other  description,  and  thus  is  more  a  basis  pf  value 
than  any  other  class.  Wool,  owing  to  its  wide  variety,  difference  in  character 
and  condition,  and  liability  to  shrink  in  cleaning,  is  precluded  from  specula- 
tive operations  which  apply  to  products  which  may  be  dealt  in  as  "futures." 
For  these  reasons  the  prices  of  wool  are  not  liable  to  the  same  changes  as 
cotton,  wheat,  etc. 


Commerce  of  the  Lakes. 

The  commerce  on  the  Great  Lakes  during  April  and  the  first 
four  months  of  this  year  exceeded  that  of  like  periods  in  any 
earlier  years,  and  suggests  a  new  record  for  lake  tonnage  for 
1906,  and  that  notwithstanding  the  labor  troubles  affecting  that 
trade.  For  the  month  of  April  shipments  from  all  points  on  these 
great  bodies  of  water,  according  to  the  Railway  World,  amounted 
to  4,365,505  net  tons,  while  for  the  year  1906  to  April  30  they  ag- 
gregated 5,418,481  tons,  a  gain  for  the  month  of  1,275,042,  and 
for  the  four  months  of  1,592,656  net  tons,  as  compared  with  the 
OOrresnoildiug  movoments  of  1905. 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK 
PRICES   OF   DOMESTIC   IRON. 

Pig  Iron,  Rolled  Bar  Iron,  Iron  and  Steel  Rails,  Steel  Billets, 
Per  Ton,  and  Cut  and  Wire  Nails,  Per  Keg  of  100  Pounds: 
Prices,   1858  to  1905. 

(Furnished  by  the  American  Iron  and  Steel  Association.) 

Bar  iron, 
, Pig   iron ^    , rolled ^  ^Rails  (d)-,,       r-Nails-^ 


Calen- 
dar 
year. 


1858. 
1859. 
1860. 
1861, 
1862. 
18G3. 
1864. 
1865. 
1866. 
1867. 
1868. 
1869. 
1870. 
1871. 
1872. 
1873. 
1874. 
1875. 
1876. 
1877. 
1878, 
1879. 
1880. 
1881. 
1882. 
Ii83. 
1884. 
1885. 
1886. 
1887. 
1888. 
1889. 
1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 
1897. 
1898. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902; 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 


22.60 
19.33 
17.71 
15.58 
16.40 
17.79 
16.21 
15.48 
15.82 
14.52 
13.54 
12.73 
10.73 
11.49 
11.09 
10.48 
10.23 
16.60 
16.49 
14.08 
19.20 
17.13 
13.67 
15.58 


0.5 


Dol.    Dol.      Dol 


22.19 
23.33 
22.70 
20.26 
23.92 
35.24 
59.22 
46.08 
46.84 
44.08 
39.25 
40.61 
33.23 
35.08 
48.94 
42.79 
30.19 
25.53 
22.19 
18.92 
17.67 
21.72 
28.48 
25.17 
25.77 
22.42 
19.81 
17.99 
18.71 
20.93 
18.88 
17.76 
18.41 
17.52 
15.75 
14.52 
12.66 
13.10 
12.95 
12.10 
11.66 
19.36 
19.98 
15.87 
22.19 
19.92 
15.57 
17.88 


Dol. 


35.80 
27.16 
23.67 
21,74 
20.60 
18.09 
22.15 
27.98 
22.94 
23,84 
19.04 
17.17 
15.27 
16.58 
19.02 
15.99 
15.35 
15.78 
14.06 
12.81 
11.77 
9.75 
10.94 
10.39 
9.03 
9.18 
16.72 
16.90 
14.20 
19.49 
17.52 
12.89 
15.62 


18.96 
21.37 
17.38 
18.00 
18.87 
15.95 
14.37 
12.87 
11.88 
12.72 
12.14 
10.13 
10.33 
19.03 
19.49 
15.93 
20.67 
18.98 
13.76 
16.36 


Ptpl 


Dol.  Dol. 

62.29  

60.00  ..... 

58.75  

60.83  

70.42  

91.04  

146.46  

106.46  

98.13  

87.08  

85.63  

81.67  

78.96  

78.54  

97.63  

86.43  

67.95  

60.85  

52.08  

45.55  

44.24  

51.85  

62.04  

58.05  

61.41 
50.31 
44.05 
40.32 
43.12 
49.37 
44.99 
43.40 
45.83 
42.56 
41.81 


29.96 
32.29 
31.36 
29.40 
28.65 
46.29 
44.00 
41.16 
47.79 
44.83 
38.49 
42.97 


54.51 
44.24 
38.45 
36.59 
38.08 
43.59 
39.67 
38.30 
41.25 
38.38 
36.79 
33.53 
26.88 
28.09 
27.22 
24.73 
23.93 
43.75 
48.12 
40.38 
43.53 
39.59 
33.17 
41.89 


Dol 


31.75 
32.55 
28.78 
29.45 
30.32 
25.33 
23.63 
20.44 
16.58 
18.48 
18.83 
15.08 
15.31 
31.12 
25.06 
24.13 
30.57 
27.91 
22.18 
24.03 


Dol. 
50.00 
49.38 
48.00 
42.38 
41.75 
76.88 
126.00 
98.63 
86.75 
83.13 
78.88 
77.25 
72.25 
?0.38 
85.13 
76.67 
58.75 
47.75 
41.25 
35.25 
33.75 
41.25 
49.25 
47.13 
45.50 
(h) 
(h) 
(h) 
(h) 
(h) 
(h) 
(h) 
(h) 
(b) 
(h) 
(li) 
(h) 
(h) 
(h) 
(h) 
(h) 
(h) 
ih) 
(b) 
(h) 
(h) 
(h) 
(H) 


a  o 


Dol. 


166.00 
158.46 
132.19 
106.79 
102.52 
111.94 
120.58 
94.28 
68.75 
59.25 
45.58 
42.21 
48.21 
67.52 
61.08 
48.50 
37.75 
30.75 
28.52 
34.52 
37.08 
29.83 
29.25 
31.78 
29.92 
30.00 
28.12 
24.00 
24.33 
28.00 
18.75 
17.62 
28.12 
32.29 
27.33 
28.00 
28.00 
28.00 
28.00 


5       ^ 

Dol.    Dol. 
3.53 


3.13 
2.75 
3.47 
5.13 
7.85 
7.08 
6.97 
5.92 
5.17 
4.85 
4.40 
4.52 
5.46 
4.90 
3.99 
3.42 
2.98 
2.57 
2.31 
2.69 
3.68 
3.09 
3.47 
3.06 
2.39 
2.33 
2.27 
2.30 
2.03 
2.00 
2.00 
1,86 
1.83 
il.44 
il.08 
il.56 
12.36 
11.47 
11.31 
2.21 
2.46 
2.29 
2.29 
2.36 
2.01 
2.00 


3.15 
2.55 
2.49 
2.51 
2.04 
1.70 
1.49 
1.11 
1.69 
2.54 
1.46 
1.45 
2.60 
2.76 
2.41 
2.15 
2.13 
1.96 
1.93 


(a) At  Philadelphia.  (b)At  Pittsburg.  (c)Net  price  from  store  at  Phila- 
delphia, (d) At  mills  in  Pennsylvania.  (e)Pirst  made  in  commercial  quantities 
in  the  United  States  in  1867.  (f) Wholesale  base  prices  at  store,  Philadelphia. 
(g)Base  prices  from  factory,  f.o.b.  Chicago,  in  carload  lots,  (h) Superseded 
by  the  manufacture  of  steel  rails.  (i)Prices  based  on  a  new  classification 
adopted  in  1893,  the  base  price  and  scltedule  of  extras  being  changed  ta 
correspond  with  the  wire-nail  schedule.  In  December,  1896,  the  schedule  for 
cut  and  wire  nails  was  again  changed. 


The  tariff  affects  trusts  only  as  it  affects  all  other  interests. 
It  makes  all  these  interests,  large  or  small,  profitable;  and  its 
benefits  can  be  taken  from  the  large  only  under  penalty  of 
taking   them    from    tlio    small    also. — President    Roosevelt    at 


Minneapolis,  Minn,,  April  7,   1903. 


We  ought  to  let  tile  tariff  alone;  we  ought  to  defend  it 
against  all  come..s  fcx  the  good  of  the  nation.  We  are  doing 
more  than  well  and  need  not  hunt  for  disaster.  That  will 
come  in  due  time. — Eon.  Thos.  B.  Reed,  in  the  North  American 
Review  for  December,   1902. 


144  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

LUXURIES  AND  NECESSITIES. 

(From  Dun's  Review.) 

Many  erroneous  statements  appear  regarding  the  course  of 
prices  and  economic  conditions  bearing  on  this  point.  It  Is  be- 
yond the  limits  of  this  paper  to  controvert  all  the  inaccuracies,  or 
even  to  straighten  out  those  who  are  honestly  mistaken  through 
misplaced  confidence  in  distorted  versions  of  trustworthy  statis- 
tics. But  there  are  times  when  the  extravagance  of  an  error  at- 
tains such  magnitude  that  prompt  correction  is  needed  lest  unin- 
formed readers  be  deceived. 

Recently  a  prominent  metropolitan  daily  newspaper  commented 
editorially  on  a  letter  it  had  received,  but,  unfortunately,  only 
quoted  a  few  sentences  from  its  correspondent.  It  dwelt  upon 
the  mysterious  inaccuracies  of  elaborate  computations,  showing 
that  the  cost  of  living  had  steadily  declined  during  recent  years, 
and  proceeded  to  explain  why  the  statistics  failed  to  coincide  with 
the  general  impession  that  prices  had  actually  advanced  during 
the  past  decade. 

Dun's  Index  Number  of  prices  proportioned  to  consumption  has 
not  only  received  oiRcial  endorsement  by  reproduction  each  month 
in  the  report  of  the  Bureau  of  Statistics  of  the  Treasury  Depart- 
ment at  Washingtoa,  but  was  awarded  a  silver  medal  in  the  De- 
partment of  Social  Economy  at  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposi- 
tion, and  is  therefore  entitled  to  consideration  in  a  matter  of 
this  nature.  Its  figures  do  not  show  that  the  "cost  of  living  has 
decreased  in  recent  years,"  although  it  has  furnished  "elaborate 
computations"  on  the  subject.  Taking  the  last  ten  years,  which 
is  the  period  under  discussion,  it  is  found  that  wholesale  prices 
of  all  the  ordinary  necessaries  of  life  have  risen  from  $74.31  to 
$104.20,  or  almost  exactly  40  per  cent.  These  figures  cover  the 
same  quantities  of  the  same  articles  on  both  dates,  and  each  one 
of  many  hundred  articles  is  included  to  the  extent  of  its  annual 
per  capita  consumption  during  a  period  of  normal  prosperity.  In 
other  words,  each  commodity  is  given  its  proper  relative  propor- 
tion.    These  are  the  exact  statistics  for  the  last  decade. 

It  is  also  implied,  if  not  stated  directly  in  the  editorial,  that 
the  upward  tendency  of  prices  has  proved  a  hardship  to  the  con- 
sumer, but  this  position  is  by  no  means  established.  Granting 
that  the  cost  of  living  has  risen  materially,  on  the  other  hand, 
wages  have  not  remained  stationary.  Nothing  like  complete  fig- 
ures are  available  on  this  point,  but  one  official  comparison  shows 
that  during  the  thirteen  years  ending  with  1903,  the  average  ad- 
vance in  wages  in  thirteen  different  occupations  amounted  to 
20.7  per  cent.  This  proportion  would  be  greatly  increased  were  it 
possible  to  secure  figures  for  the  last  decade,  because  wages 
have  risen  still  further  since  1903,  and,  moreover,  there 
was  a  sharp  decline  from  1890  to  1906,  owing  to 
less  prosperous  conditions  throughout  the  nation  at  the  latter 
date.  Furthermore,  the  ratio  should  include  an  allowance  for  the 
millions  who  were  unable  to  obtain  work  of  any  kind  ten  years 
ago,  whereas,  at  the  present  time,  no  one  need  be  idle  who  is  will- 
ing to  work,  especially  among  those  possessed  of  any  mechanical 
training. 

One  important  sociological  truth  was  presented  by  the  corre- 
spondent, whose  letter  was  only  quoted  briefly,  when  he  referred 
to  the  tendency  of  recent  years  to  transfer  items  from  the  cate- 
gory of  luxuries  to  the  list  of  necessities.  This  is  an  economic 
fact,  and  not  a  theory,  as  stated  by  the  editorial.  Increasing 
prosperity  throughout  this  nation  has  brought  an  almost  uni- 
versal demand  for  commodities  formerly  only  consumed  by  the 
fortunate  few,  and  improved  methods  of  manufacture  and  trans- 
portation have  brought  many  things  within  the  reach  of  the 
masses  that  a  few  years  ago  were  of  restricted  consumption.  The 
whole  standard  of  living  has  risen  materially,  and  this  country 
is  to  that  extent  ahead  of  all  other  nations  on  earth.  It  is  pos- 
sible to  demonstrate  this  point  by  a  few  comparisons  of  imports 
last  year  and  in  1898,  which  is  the  nearest  that  figures  for  a 
decade  can  fairly  be  presented,  owing  to  the  changes  in  tariffs 
that  became  effective  July  1,   1897.     The  list  embraces  fifteen 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  145 

articles  that  were  formerly  luxuries  and  are  now  of  general  con- 
sumption, as  shown  by  the  phenomenal  increase  of  more  than  one 
hundred  per  cent,  in  only  seven  years.  These  articles  all  pay 
duty,  except  raw  silks,  and  part  of  the  books,  fruits,  furs  and 
jewelry: 

1905.  1898. 

Art   works $4,634,464  $2,014,193 

Books    5,268,207  2,961,763 

Watches   2,565,853  902,990 

Laces  and    Embroideries 28,636,043  12,954,894 

China  and  Porcelain 12,199,605  7,273,471 

Linens   30,940,743  7,091,411 

Fruits    19,824,581  12,922,060 

Furs   20,180,791  8,768,330 

Jewelry   '. 38,732,737  11,979,364 

Silk,    raw 56,239.380  27,187,989 

Silk,   manufactured 33,591,144  25,287,419 

Liquors  18,472,430  10,202,507 

Tobacco    22,713,706  10,370,911 

Toys    5,465,822  2,365,636 

Wool,   manufactured 21,373,742  15,207,738 

Total    ■ $323,839,248  $157,481,676 

Increase $166,357,572 

Conservative  students  of  national  problems  recognize  the  fact 
that  this  habit  of  living  more  luxuriously  may  easily  be  carried 
to  excess,  and  that  a  season  of  reaction  will  bring  greater  hard- 
ship if  all  the  nation's  surplus  is  expended,  but  it  is  also  capable 
of  statistical  demonstration  that  deposits  in  savings  banks  and 
other  preparations  for  rainy  days  are  beyond  precedent. 


Most  Prosperous  Workmen  in  the  World. 

From  Leslie's  Weekly.   June  14,  1906. 

American  workmen  have  long  held  pre-eminence  among  the 
workers  of  the  world  as  the  best  paid  and  most  prosperous.  A 
recent  bulletin  of  the  Department  of  Labor  adds  official  weight  to 
the  general  statements  to  this  effect,  and  shows  by  how  much  the 
wage-earner  of  the  United  States  is  better  off  than  his  European 
fellows  in  the  two  countries  which  are  America's  chief  industrial 
rivals.  The  following  table  gives  the  wages  in  twelve  common 
employments  during  the  year  1903,  the  figures  expressing  in  deci- 
mals of  a  dollar  the  rate  for  one  hour's  work: 

Ger-  Great  United 

Employments.                                                   many.  Britain.  States. 

Blacksmiths    $0.1237  $0.1740  $0.2951 

Boiler   makers    1123  .1719  .2848 

Bricklayers    1328  .2060  .5472 

Carpenters    1301  .2028  .3594 

Compositors     1411  .1795  .4487 

Hod   carriers   0849  .1250  .2863 

Iron   moulders   1140  .1787  .3036 

General  laborers  0797  1019  .1675 

Machinists    1310  1677  .2707 

Painters    1194  .1774  .3450 

Plumbers     1148  .2027  .4429 

Stonemasons  1328  .2078  .4579 

Total  wages  per  hour  for  12  classes. ..  .$1.4166  $2.0954  $4.2071 

It  will  thus  be  seen  that  in  the  case  of  Germany,  taking  the 
average  of  the  twelve  trades  cited,  one  hour's  work  represents, 
approximately,  12  cents,of  earnings;  in  Great  Britain,  17  1-2  cents, 
and  in  the  United  States,  35  cents.  The  British  employer  pays  46 
per  cent,  more  for  labor  than  the  German,  and  191  per  cent,  less 
than  the  American.  In  the  thirteen  years  from  1890  to  1903, 
wages  rose  on  an  average  21.8  per  cent,  m  Germany,  11.9  per  cent, 
in  Great  Britain,  and  20.7  per  cent,  in  the  United  States. 

Those  pessimists  who  are  continually  crying  out  about  the  in- 
creased cost  of  living  in  America  and  trying  to  show  that  the 
prosperity  of  the  workingman  is  more  apparent  than  real,  might 
profitably  study  the  report  of  the  consul  at  Zittau,  Saxony.  Mr. 
Pike  says  that  the  worst  form  of  German  industrial  misery  ex- 
ists in  the  district  of  the  Erzgebirge,  in  the  trimming,  lace  and 
flower  trades.  While  up  to  7  cents  an  hour  may  be  earned  in  the 
trimming  industry,  a  wage  of  2i/^  cents  an  hour  is  considered  high 


148  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT- BOOK. 

Liverpool.  So  the  price  of  wheat  at  Pembina  and  thronghoiil  the 
United  States  is  fixed  almost  wholly  in  the  American  market  and 
is  practically  independent  of  the  Liverpool  market.  As  to  many 
other  farm  products  we  have  long  been  thus  independent.  In 
concluding  his  consideration  of  this  question  Congressman  Mc- 
Cleary  says: 

"And,  sir,  one  of  the  prominent  purposes  of  the  protective  tariff 
is  to  render  our  American  farmers  independent  of  the  uncertain 
and  fluctuating  foreign  markets,  where  they  have  to  meet  the 
competition  of  all  the  other  countries  of  the  world,  and  give  them 
at  home  the  best  market  on  earth." 

The  question  whether  or  not  the  price  of  American  farm 
products  is  fixed  in  Liverpool  has  never  been  more  logically  con- 
sidered or  more  ably  answered  than  by  Minnesota's  member  of 
the  House  Committee  on  Ways  and  Means.  The  answer  is  one 
that  will  appeal  to  every  American  farmer.  It  tells  him  precisely 
what  the  protective  tariff  on  competitive  imports  of  farm  products 
does  for  him.  It  completely  demolishes  the  free  trade  contention 
that  the  American  farmer  would  be  better  off  if  there  was  no  pro- 
tective tariff. — From  the  "American  Economist,"  Friday,  June 
8.  1906. 


Pauperism  in  the  United  Kingdom.        t 

England  and  Wales. 

The  rise  in  the  total  number  of  paupers  which  took  place  in 
each  of  the  three  years  1901-1903  was  followed  by  a  much  larger 
increase  during  1904,  the  numbers  relieved  on  .January  1,  1905, 
being  7.3  per  cent,  greater  than  for  the  corresponding  time  in 
1904.  The  average  rate  of  increase  in  the  previous  three  years 
was^only  2.8  per  cent.  The  mean  number,  including  casual  and 
insane  paupers,  receiving  indoor  relief  in  1905  was  222,217,  while 
542,891  persons  received  outdoor  relief.  The  total  mean  number 
relieved  during  1905,  including  casual  and  insane,  aggregated 
884,365.  In  1904  the  number  receiving  indoor  relief  was  211,019, 
and  the  number  of  outdoor  relief  511,441  (both  these  classes  in- 
cluding casual  and  insane),  while  all  classes  relieved  during  1904 
(including  casual)  numbered  837,680. 

The  aggregate  expenditure  of  poor  relief  and  the  rate  per  head 
of  the  population  were  higher  in  1903-04  than  in  any  previous 
year.  The  total  expenditure  for  the  year  ending  March  25,  1904, 
amounted  to  over  thirteen  and  one-third  million  pounds  (about 
$65,000,000),  each  pauper  accounting  for  nearly  £16  (77.86)  on 
the  average,  which  amounted  to  8s  ($1.95)  per  head  of  the  popu- 
lation. 

Scotland. 

The  total  number  of  paupers  of  all  classes  in  Scotland  on  May 
15,  1904,  was  105,624,  an  increase  of  2,608  over  the  corresponding 
figure  for  the  previous  year.  The  numbvjr  of  indoor  ordinary  poor 
was  12,827,  outdoor  poor  78,413,  lunatic  poor  14,384;  total  poor, 
105,624. 

The  total  expenditure  on  poor  relief  in  the  year  ending  May 
15.  1904,  was  £1,300,743  ($6,329,415),  equivalent  to  5s.  7y2d. 
($1.37)  per  head  of  the  population,  or  £12  6s.  3i^d.  ($59.92)  per 
person  relieved. 

Ireland. 

The  daily  average  number  of  all  persons  in  receipt  of  relief  in 
Ireland  for  the  year  ending  April  1,  1905,  was  101,251,  represent- 
ing nearly  23  per  1,000  of  the  population.  For  the  year  ending 
March,  1904,  the  indoor  relief  included  43,561  persons,  the  out- 
door 56,672,  showing  a  total  of  100,233  persons  relieved.  The 
number  was  slightly  increased  in  1905.  The  indoor  poor  num- 
bered 43,586,  the  outdoor  poor  57,665,  the  aggregate  being  101,251 
persons.  The  total  expenditure  of  poor  relief  in  Ireland  in  the 
year  ending  September  30,  1904,  was  £1,012,970  ($4,929,112),  giv- 
ing £10  2s.  7i4d.  ($49.29)  per  person  relieved,  or  4s.  IV^d.  ($1.12) 
per  head  of  the  population,— Board  of  Trade  Labor  Gazette,  De- 
cember, 1905. 


REPUBLICAN   CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  149 

RECIPROCITY. 

In  the  McKinley  law  or  tariff  of  1890  provision  was  made  for 
the  negotiation  of  so-called  reciprocity  treaties  with  certain  coun- 
tries, particularly  those  south  of  us.  These  reciprocity  treaties 
were  entered  into  and  carried  out  entirely  upon  a  basis  of  non- 
competing  products,  and  the  result  of  such  treaties  proved  largely 
advantageous  to  our  exporting  classes. 

The  law  of  1894,  known  as  the  Gorman-Wilson  Tariff,  repealed 
the  reciprocity  features  of  the  McKinley  law,  the  Democratic 
platform  of  1892  having  denounced  them  and  demanded  their  re- 
peal, and  most  of  the  treaties  which  had  been  entered  into  under 
the  reciprocity  section  of  the  McKinley  law  were  soon  abrogated. 

The  Dingley  law  again  made  provision  for  certain  so-called 
reciprocity  treaties,  if  such  should  be  entered  into  within  two 
years,  but  as  that  time  expired  before  any  treaties  were  ratified, 
there  has  been  no  reciprocity  legislation  except  the  so-called 
Cuban  reciprocity  treaty.  The  free-trade  press,  however,  despair- 
ing of  any  immediate  change  in  the  tariff,  have  sought  most  vig- 
orously during  the  past  two  or  three  years  to  foster  a  sentiment 
toward  reciprocity  treaties  with  other  countries,  and  particularly 
with  Canada.  The  American  Free-Trade  League  frankly  acknowl- 
edges that  such  reciprocity  treaties  would  be  a  long  step  toward 
free  trade,  and  has  even  said  that  reciprocity  is  free  trade,  and 
in  this  case  Protectionists  are  quite  willing  for  once  to  concede 
that  free-traders  are  frank  and  honest. 

The  reciprocity,  however,  which  is  advocated  to-day  by  free- 
traders looks  to  an  exchange  in  natural  products  as  well  as  manu- 
factured products,  and  would  have  us  open  our  market  of  80,- 
000,000  people  to  the  products  of  Canada  in  exchange  for  that 
market  of  6,000,000  people  to  such  of  our  products  as  they  may 
wish  to  buy. 

The  wage  earners  of  the  United  States  are  more  fully  employed 
and  much  more  highly  remunerated  than  are  the  wage  earners 
of  Canada,  giving  us  much  greater  comparative  purchasing  power, 
and  a  reciprocity  treaty  with  that  country  in  natural  and  com- 
peting products,  even  though  the  number  of  people  were  the  same 
in  both  countries,  would  place  us  at  a  most  decided  disadvantage. 
When,  therefore,  it  is  considered  that  the  purchasing  power  of 
the  United  States  is  fully  twenty  times  that  of  the  purchasing 
power  of  Canada,  it  will  be  seen  what  a  decided  advantage  that 
country  would  have,  and  what  a  very  one-sided  arrangement 
would  result.  So  it  would  be  with  other  countries,  and  a  single 
example  will  serve  to  illustrate  the  whole. 

A  treaty  has  been  negotiated  with  France,  but  not  ratified,  pro- 
viding for  a  twenty  per  cent,  reduction  upon  certain  lines  of  goods, 
among  others  of  which  we  may  mention  hosiery  and  knit  goods. 
The  average  tariff  now  upon  these  goods  is  fifty-five  per  cent.,  and 
a  reduction  of  twenty  per  cent,  would  mean  that  our  manufac- 
turers must  reduce  their  selling  price  by  about  eleven  per  cent. 
Such  a  reduction  would  necessitate  a  considerable  lowering  of 
wages,  or  a  shutting  up  of  our  factories  altogether.  We  have 
thirteen  hundred  such  factories,  employing  seventy-five  thousand 
people,  earning  on  an  average  six  hundred  dollars  a  year  each. 
The  closing  of  these  factories  and  the  idleness  of  these  employees 
would  therefore  reduce  our  purchasing  power  by  fully  $45,000,000 
annually,  and  this  is  but  a  small  part  of  the  price  that  we  would 
have  to  pay  for  reciprpcity  with  France  in  competing  products. 


150 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK 


As,  however,  the  entire  argument  which  has  been  promulgated 
by  certain  idealists  is  for  reciprocity  with  Canada,  it  will  suffice 
to  giv<  ill  I  his  connection  the  statistics  connected  with  our  trade 
with  that  country.  First,  the  following  table  is  offered,  showing 
the  trade  between  the  United  States  and  Canada  from  1852  to 
1868,  which  includes  the  two  years  preceding  and  the  two  years 
following  the  operation  of  a  former  reciprocity  treaty,  which  ex- 
isted from  September  11,  1854,  to  March  17,  1866: 


Imports  into 

United  States. 

Fiscal  year.  from  Canada. 

1852 $5,469,445 

isr.:^ 6,527,559 

Ik.-,! 8,784,412 

IJsr.r, 15,118,289 

1856 21,276,614 

If  57 22,108,916 

ISr.S 15,784,836 

ir-:' , .  19,287,565 

m'M 23,572,796 

!S<il 23,724,489 

1802 18,511,025 

386.? 17,484,786 

1864 29,608,736 

1865 33,264,403 

1866* 48, 528, 628 

1867 25,044,005 

1868 26,261,379 

•Nine  months  of  year  under  reciprocity. 


Exports  from 
United  States 
to  Canada. 
$10,229,608 
12,432,597 
24,073,408 
27,741,808 
29,025,349 
24,138,482 
23,604,526 
28,109,494 
22,695,928 
22,676,513 
20,573,070 
27,619,814 
26,574,624 
28,829,402 
24,828,880 
21,020,302 
24,080,777 


It  Will  be  seen  that  preceding  this  treaty  we  were  selling  the 
Canadians  twice  as  much  as  we  bought  from  them,  while  before 
the  termination  of  the  treaty  the  position  was  reversed,  and  they 
were  selling  us  twice  as  much  as  we  were  selling  them.  That 
was  the  result  of  our  previous  experience  in  reciprocity  with 
Canada.  It  will  be  instructive  now  in  connection  with  the  above 
table  to  examine  the  following  figures  showing  our  trade  with 
Canada  during  the  past  few  years.  This  table  shows  that  we  are 
now  selling  Canada  a  considerable  more  than  twice  what  she  is 
selling  us,  and  that,  too,  without  sacrificing  any  of  our  home 
market. 


IMPORTS    AND    EXPORTS    OF    MERCHANDISE  INTO    AND    FROM    THE 

UNITED    STATES  AND    CANADA. 

Fiscal   year.  Imports.  Exports. 

^^^^ $40,309,371  $64,928,821 

^^^ 31.870,486  83,714,086 

]^^^'  --^ 31,220,967  87,974,961 

'^^ 39,369,074  95,319,970 

^^^ 42,482,163  105,789,214 

^^^2 48,076,124  109,642,993 

^^^ 54,660,410  123,472,416 

Jf? 51,552,791  131,234,985 

^^^^ 62,469,632  140,529,581 

Canada  has  given  a  tariff  preference  to  Great  Britain  first  of 
12  1-2  per  cent.,  from  1897  to  1898,  then  of  25  per  cent,  to  1900,  and 
of  33  1-3  per  cent,  since  that  time. 

Great  Britain  has  increased  her  sales  to  Canada  since  1898  bv 
about  ?30.000,000.     During  the  same  time  the  United  States  h: 
increased  her  sales  by  over  $75,000,000. 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.       "'  15] 

Farmers  and  Reciprocity. 

It  is  easy  to  understand  that  Canada  would  be  glad  to  enter 
into  a  reciprocity  agreement  with  the  United  States  that  should 
include  natural  products  only.  Equally  obvious  is  the  reason 
why  she  should  decline  to  swap  trade  privileges  in  manufac- 
tured products.  Her  natural  products  seek  a  nearby  market,  and 
it  would  be  tremendously  to  her  advantage  if  she  could  sell  her 
surplus  in  the  United  States  instead  of  shipping  it  to  Europe. 
But  in  industrial  production  she  is  only  a  beginner.  She  is  try- 
ing to  develop  her  manufacturing  industries.  In  the  event  of  free 
trade  in  natural  products  Canada  would  do  all  the  selling  and 
none  of  the  buying,  while  free  trade  in  manufactures  would 
swamp  every  one  of  her.  youthful  industries.  The  American  far- 
mer objects  to  reciprocity  restricted  to  natural  products  only. 
With  good  reason  he  objects  to  having  all  of  Canada's  surplus  of 
grain  dumped  on  the  American  market.  He  knows  that  to  remove 
the  protective  tariff  from  Canadian  cereals  would  not  only  be  dis- 
advantageous to  his  interests  now,  but  would  in  the  near  future 
help  to  build  up  a  competition  overwhelming  in  its  magnitude. 

Canada's  grain-producing  possibilities  are  practically  unlimited. 
The  total  acreage  of  the  lands  in  Manitoba  and  thence  west  to 
the  Rockies,  and  running  600  or  700  miles  north  of  the  boundary 
line,  is  2,230,000,000  acres.  Of  this  about  25,000,000  acres  are  be- 
ing utilized  or  have  been  transferred  by  the  Crown  to  railways, 
for  homesteads  and  other  purposes  of  production.  Of  these  25,- 
000,000  this  year  only  3,123,663  acres  were  under  cultivation.  The 
actual  yield  of  grain  of  all  kinds  last  year  was  110,000,000  bush- 
els, an  increase  of  10,000,000  over  the  year  before.  The  wheat 
yield  was  57,163,032  bushels,  an  increase  of  about  4,000,000.    • 

As  rapidly  as  immigration  can  be  induced  and  lands  placed  un-  - 
der  cultivation  these  countless  millions  of  acres  are  to  be  added  to 
the  wheat-producing  area  of  North  America.  It  is  the  dream  of 
Canada  to  become  the  great  wheat-producing  country  of  the  v/orld.. 
Reciprocity  in  natural  products  would  greatly  hasten  the  realiza- 
tion of  this  dream.  Already  large  numbers  of  farmers  from  the^ 
United  States  are  moving  over  to  the  Canadian  Northwest  and: 
locating  upon  lands  within  reach  of  railroad  transportation.. 
There  will  be  more  railroads,  more  accessible  lands,  more  farmers, 
rushing  over  to  take  and  till  them.  This  is  what  Canada  wants. 
It  is  not,  however,  what  the  American  farmer  wants.  He  pre- 
fers to  retain  as  long  as  possible  the  advantages  which  the  present 
tariff  gives  him  in  the  matter  of  a  profitable  market  for  his  food 
stuffs.    Hence  his  opposition  to  reciprocity  in  natural  products. 

Is  it  unreasonable  or  unnatural  that  another  great  body  of 
American  farmers  should  be  unwilling  to  relinquish  the  advan- 
tages which  the  Dingley  tariff  gives  them,  and  to  surrender  tcjt 
foreign  competitors  the  control  of  the  immense  market  for  their 
sugar  cane,  their  sugar  beets,  their  early  fruits  and  vegetables; 
their  oranges,  lemons  and  pineapples,  and  their  tobacco? 

The  first  official  political  platform  of  any  American  party  wasi 
that  on  which  Andrew  Jackson  stood  in  the  campaign  of  183'2, 
wherein  the  Democrats  made  this  declaration-  "Resolved,  That 
an  adequate  protection  to  American  industry  is  indispensable  to 
the  prosperity  of  the  country:  and  that  an  abandonment  of  the 
policy  at  this  period  would  be  attended  with  consequences  ruin- 
ous to  the  best  interests  of  the  nation." 


Ai 


ir,2  REPUBUCAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

TABIFE  ON  HIDES  OF  CATTLE. 

From  Speech  of  Hon.  Henry  T.  Bannon,  of  Ohio.— House  of  Rep- 
resentatives, May  22,  1906. 

Mr.  Chairman:  A  great  deal  has  been  said  in  the  House  on 
the  subject  of  the  removal  of  the  duty  now  imposed  upon  the 
hides  of  cattle  both  by  the  advocates  of  such  removal  and  those 
opposing  it.  Those  speaking  on  the  subject  so  far  have  spoken 
largely  in  a  general  way,  ami  inasmuch  as  I  have  collected  some 
special  figures  and  facts  concerning  this  question,  I  take  this  occa- 
sion of  presenting  them,  in  the  hope  that  I  may  be  able  to  add 
something,  at  least  to  the  Information  and  knowledge  desired 
both  by  the  Members  of  the  House  and  the  country  at  large  upon 
this  Important  subject. 

The  Cry  for  "Free  Hides"  Is  Misleading. 

The  term  "free  hides"  is  misleading  in  itself,  because  the  only 
raw  hides  which  may  be  used  In  the  manufacture  of  shoes,  har- 
ness, saddlery,  and  other  leather  articles  that  are  dutiable  are  the 
hides  of  cattle.  Many  other  raw  hides  are  used  largely  in  the 
manufacture  of  shoes,  such  as  horsehides  and  goat,  sheep,  kan- 
garoo, and  calf  skins.  These  are  now  admitted  free  of  duty. 
A  calfskin  is  distinguished  from  cattle  hide  by  Its  weight,  all 
green  salted  weighing  25  pound  or  less  and  all  dry  weighing  12 
pounds  or  less  being  designated  as  calfskins,  and  all  over  as  • 
cattle  hides.     Paragraph  437  of  the  Dlngley  law  reads  as  follows: 

"Hides  of  cattle,  raw  or  uncured,  whether  dry,  salted,  or 
pickled,  15  per  cent,  ad  valorem:  Provided,  That  upon  all 
leather  exported,  made  from  Imported  hides,  there  shall  be  allowed 
a  drawback  equal  to  the  amount  of  duty  paid  on  such  hides." 

It  will  thus  be  seen  at  the  outset  of  this  discussion  that  we  do 
not  have  to  deal  with  the  question  of  free  hides  generally,  but 
simply  with  the  question  of  the  raw  hides  of  cattle. 

The  following  table  gives  the  Imports  of  hides  for  the  year 
ending  with  December,  1905: 

Article.  Quantities.                Values. 

Hides  and  skins,  other  than  fur  skins:  Pounds. 

Goatskins    free..  102,940,811  $28,506,937 

Hides  of  cattle dut. .  137,612,360                  18,384,650 

All    other free..  141,587,241                 26,505,831 


Total   382,140,412  73,397,418 

These  statistics  show  that  the  total  value  of  all  hides  and 
skins,  other  than  fur  skins.  Imported  during  the  year  ending  De- 
cember, 31,  1905,  was  $73,397,418,  and  that  the  value  of  hides  of 
cattle  Imported  In  1905  was  $18,^84,650,  and,  consequently,  the 
value  of  hides  Imported  free  of  duty  for  1905  amounted  to  $55,- 
012,768,  so  that  approximately  In  value  three-fourths  of  the  hides 
now  Imported  are  admitted  free  of  duty. 

The  common  Impression  prevailing  is  that  all  raw  hides  Im- 
ported Into  this  country  bear  a  tariff  of  15  per  cent,  ad  valorem, 
and  this  Impression  has  undoubtedly  been  created  by  the  expres- 
sion "free  hides,"  so  often  used  In  discussing  this  subject  and  In 
the  public  press. 


History  of  Tariff  on  Hides. 

The  first  tariff  imposed  on  raw  hides  was  In  1842,  when  a 
tariff  of  5  per  cent,  was  levied.  This  was  reduced  in  1857  to  4 
per  cent,  but  again  raised  in  March,  1861,  to  5  per  cent.  In  De- 
cember, 1861,  this  tariff  on  hides  was  again  increased  to  10  per 
cent.,  and  remained  at  this  figure  until  1873,  at  which  time  the 
duty  on  hides  was  entirely  removed  and  they  were  admitted  free 
until  the  enactment  of  the  Dlngley  bill  in  1897,  by  the  terms  of 
which,  as  we  have  seen,  the  tariff  upon  certain  hides  was  fixed 
at  15  per  cent. 


REPUBLICAN   CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  153 

The  Tariff  on  Cattle  Hides  Not  the  Cause  of  High  Price  of 
Leather. 

Some  of  the  shoe  manufacturers  are  now  complaining  of  this 
duty,  and  inasmuch  as  they  are  objecting  to  it,  the  reason  of  their 
complaint  must  be  found  in  the  fact  that  the  price  of  leather 
has  been  to  some  extent,  in  their  opinion,  increased  by  virtue  of 
this  tariff.  The  hides  of  cattle  are  the  most  valuable  by-product 
of  such  animals,  and  if  the  price  of  hides  is  increased  by  virtue 
of  this  tariff,  then,  of  course,  the  value  of  this  important  by-pro- 
duct of  these  animals  has  been  affected  by  it. 

In  1890  there  were  in  the  United  Sates  52,801,907  head  of 
cattle.  In  1900  there  were  in  the  United  States  but  43,902,414 
head  of  cattle.  The  reason  of  this  decrease  is  readily  accounted 
for  by  the  fact  that  during  the  financial  and  industrial  depres- 
sion existing  from  1893  to  1897  labor  in  this  country  was  gen- 
erally unemployed  and  was  without  the  means  to  purchase 
largely  of  meat,  which  necessarily  limited  the  demand  for  cattle, 
causing  a  consequent  limiting  of  the  supply.  In  1905,  after  nine 
years  of  Republican  administration  (during  which  time  the  in- 
dustries of  this  country  have  again  been  opened  to  our  people, 
thereby  creating  a  demand  for  the  products  from  the  farm, 
which  was  necessarily  followed  by  an  increase  in  the  supply  of 
cattle),  we  find  that  there  are  in  this  country  61,241,907  head  of 
cattle;  and  if  the  tariff  does  increase  the  price  of  raw  hides,  then 
the  value  of  each  one  of  these  head  of  cattle  has  been  increased 
and  the  farmers  of  this  country  owning  them  have  received  the 
benefit. 

The  duty  on  hides  not  only  adds  value  to  the  cattle  owned  by 
the  farmers,  but  It  also  produces  a  large  sum  of  revenue  for 
the  support  of  the  General  Government,  the  amount  of  the  duties 
collected  on  such  hides  for  the  year  1905  being  $2,757,697. 

Amount  of  Tariff  in  Leather  Made  Troni  Cattle  Hides. 

The  method  of  computing  the  amount  of  the  tariff  on  raw 
hides  used  in  the  manufacture  of  leather  is  as  follows:  One  hun- 
dred pounds  of  dry  hides  will  produce  from  150  to  185  pounds 
of  leather,  and  we  can  safely  put  it  at  an  average  of  175  pounds. 
At  the  present  high  prices  of  dry  hides  they  are  worth  20  c^nts  per 
pound,  and  if  the  duty  has  increased  the  price  15  per  cent,  such 
increase  would  be  3  cents  per  pound,  or  for  the  100  pounds  the 
duty  would  amount  to  $3.  This  quantity  of  raw  hid3  will  produce 
175  pounds  of  leather,  and  the  duty  on  this  quantity  will,  of 
course,  be  $3.  If  the  duty  on  175  pounds  of  leather  is  $3,  in  1 
pound  of  leather  it  is  1  5-7  of  a  cent.  At  normal  prices  this 
small  amount  is  greatly  reduced.  When  we  apply  this  to  any  par- 
ticular pair  of  boots  or  shoes  we  find  that  the  tariff  represented 
therein  must  necessarily  be  very  small  indeed.  Take,  for  in- 
stance, the  shoes  of  women  and  children.  They  are  not  mpde 
rrom  cattle  hides,  but  the  leather  in  the  uppers  is  made  from 
sneepskin,  goatskin,  and,  occasionally,  calfskin.  The  only  por- 
tions of  their  shoes  that  contain  any  cattle  hide  whatever  are 
the  soles  and  heels,  and  inasmuch  as  the  weight  of  these  is  very 
light,  because  such  soles  are  quite  thin,  it  will  be  seen  that  the 
duty  represented  in  these  soles  and  heels  is  not  appreciable. 

In  all  the  higher  grades  of  men's  and  boy's  shoes  worn  in  this 
country — and  they  pre  the  ones  now  commonly  worn — the  leather 
in  the  soles  and  heels  is  also  the  only  portion  bearing  any  tariff, 
because  of  the  uppers  of  this  grade  of  shoes  are  made  of  kid,  calf, 
kangaroo,  or  goat  skins,  or  horse  nides;  and  the  way  to  determine 
the  amount  of  the  tariff  in  such  shoes  is  simply  to  take  the  weight 
of  the  soles  -d  heels  and  multiply  that  by  the  amount  of  1  5-7 
cents,  and  you  have  the  result.  It  will  readily  be  seen  that  it  is 
so  small  it  can  not  affect  the  retail  price  of  shoes,  because  in  no  case 
does  it  exceed  2  cents  per  pair.  The  only  boots  and  shoes  made 
altogether  from  cattle  hides  are  worn  principally  by  the  farmers, 
and  in  order  to  der ermine  the  amount  of  the  tanff  thereon  mul- 
tiply the  weight  of  a  pair  of  such  boots  or  shoes  by  1  5-7  cents. 
Even  in  this  case  the  amount  is  too  smt-.H  to  affect  the  retail 
price;  but  granting  that  it  does,  the  farmer  raises'  the  cattle  from 


154  REPUBUCAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

which  the  hides  are  taken,  and  when  he  sells  them  he  gets 
the  advantage  of  the  Increased  price.  The  shoe  known  as  "Lit- 
tle's brogan"  is  worn  largely  by  the  farmer.  It  is  made  from  cat- 
tle hides,  and  the  weight  of  a  pair  of  these  shoes  is  3  pounds;  so 
the  tariff  represented  in  them  can  not  exceed  5  cents.  Dilferent 
grades  of  these  shoes  retail  at  $1.50,  $1.75,  and  $2  per  pair.  It  is 
folly  to  argue  that  the  removal  of  this  tariff  will  result  in  these 
shoes  being  sold  for  $1.45,  $1.70  and  $1.95  per  pair  to  the  wearer. 
Heavy  boots  are  no  longer  worn  to  the  extent  that  was  formerly 
the  case,  and  the  better  grade  of  the  brogan  has  largely  taken 
their  place.  I  am  informed  by  extensive  dealers  in  such  boots 
that  where  twenty-five  cases  were  sold  formerly  but  one  is  sold 
now. 

The  leather  required  to  make  a  double  set  of  farm  harness  is 
about  30  pounds.  The  duty  in  it  approximates  50  cents.  This 
will  not  affect  the  retail  price,  but  if  it  does,  who  pays  it?  The 
farmer,  and  he  is  the  one  who  sold  the  hides  and  received  the 
benefit. 

The  Farmers  Are  Protected  by  This  Duty. 

In  1902-3  the  average  net  value  of  hides  per  head  fluctuated 
between  $6.93  and  $5.79,  so  it  will  be  safe  to  roughly  estimate 
the  average  value  of  each  bide  at  $6,  although  to-day  they  are 
worth  more.  This  would  make  the  hides  on  the  61,241,907  cattle 
in  this  country  worth  $367,051,442;  and  if  removing  the  duty  of  15 
per  cent,  from  these  hides  reduces  the  price  to  that  extent,  we  find 
a  loss  to  the  farmers  of  this  country  of  $45,057,716. 

Last  year  there  were  slaughtered  in  this  country  12,500,000 
head  of  cattle,  and  the  hides  of  these  animals  were  worth  at  least 
$75,000,000.  If  15  per  cent,  of  the  value  of  these  hides  is  to  be 
taken  away  from  the  farmer  this  means  an  annual  loss  to  him  of 
at  least  $11,250,000. 

Mr.  Sims:  Right  in  that  connection,  how  can  it  have  that 
effect?  Unless  all  the  hides  are  heavy  hides,  they  can  not  be  af- 
fected by  free  trade. 

Mr.  Bannon:  I  do  not  think  the  duty  affects  all  hides;  but  the 
manufacturers  who  come  here  asking  for  the  removal  of  the 
duty^ — and  they  are  backed  in  their  desires  by  the  minority — 
claim  that  the  15  per  cent,  duty  does  affect  all  hides. 

Mr.  Sims :  Because  you  make  your  calculation  upon  that  is  the 
reason  I  asked  the  question. 

Mr.  Bannon:  I  am  taking  their  argument  and  trying  to  answer 
it.  If  the  duty  increases  the  value  of  hides,  removing  it  will  de- 
crease their  value. 

The  tanneries  in  this  country  are  protected  by  the  levying  of  a 
tariff  on  all  tanned  or  finished  leather  imported  into  this  country. 
The  shoe  manufacturers  of  America  are  protected  by  a  tariff  on 
foreign-made  shoes.  The  manufacturers  of  harness  and  saddles 
receive  the  benefit  of  a  protective  tariff.  So  do  the  manufacturers 
of  leather  trunks  and  valises.  These  industries  have  grown  won- 
derfully in  America,  the  total  production  of  leather  manufactures 
having  increased  from  $109,734,643  in  1850  to  $615,720,395  in  1890, 
or  about  sixfold,  our  population  during  the  same  period  of  time 
having  increased  about  three  and  one-quarter  fold.  The  average 
number  of  wage-earners  employed  daily  in  1900  in  these  indus- 
tries was  251,920,  to  whom  was  paid  durng  that  year  $105,571,000 
in  wages.  This  magnificent  showing  is  a  result  of  the  Republican 
policy  of  protection  to  the  industries;  and,  having  prospered  as 
they  have,  complaint  should  not  now  be  made  by  them  because 
the  American  farmer,  who  is  the  greatest  and  best  consumer  of 
these  products,  likewise  enjoys  the  benefit  of  a  protective  tariff 
upon  the  hides  of  the  cattle  raised  by  his  labor,  thrift,  and  econ- 
omy. The  Republican  party  enacted  the  law  which  afforded  the 
protection  to  the  farmer  and  its  Representatives  in  Congress  are 
entitled  to  their  support.     [Applause,] 

There  can  be  no  question  but  that  the  farmer  gets  the  benefit 
of  this  protection.  Advocates  of  free  raw  cattle  hides  maintain 
that  he  does  not  get  this  benefit,  but  that  the  so-called  "beef 
trust"  does.  Their  contention  gives  little  credit  to  the  intel- 
ligence of  the  farmer.    To  come  to  this  conclusion  they  are  forced 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  155 

to  assume  that  the  hides  of  cattle  are  such  an  unimportant  by- 
product and  of  such  little  value  that  they  are  not  taken  into 
consideration  in  fixing  the  price  of  cattle. 

Let  us  see  about  that.  On  September  13,  1905,  Swift  &  Co. 
made  a  test  of  the  cost,  expense  of  handling,  dressing,  and  sell- 
ing an  average  lot  of  eighteen  steers.  These  animals  weighed 
23,080  pounds,  and  cost,  at  $3.60  per  hundred  weight,  $830.88. 
The  hides  taken  from  them  weighed  1,288  pounds,  and  were  sold 
for  $172.10.  The  value  of  the  hides  was  equal  to  one-fifth  of  the 
cost  of  the  cattle.  This  is  almost  invariably  the  case.  The  far- 
mer knows  that.  He  knows  that  the  hide  is  one-fifth  of  the 
value  of  his  animal;  and  if  that  hide  is  protected  by  a  duty  of 
15  per  cent,  he  gets  the  benefit.  If  that  duty  is  removed,  upon 
him  must  fall  the  loss,  and  there  will  be  no  resulting  benefit  to- 
the  retail  buyer  of  shoes,  harness,  and  other  leather  articles. 

Increase   of   Our   Foreign   Trade. 

Our  domestic  trade  in  leather  and  leather  goods  has  not  only 
steadily  increased,  but  our  foreign  trade  as  well.  The  following 
table  shows  the  exports  of  boots  and  shoes  since  1891,  and  that 
such  exports  are  steadily  increasing: 

Exports  of  Boots  and  Shoes. 

Year.  Pairs.  Value. 

1905 5,315,699  $8,057,697 

1904 4,642,531  7,238,940 

1903 4,197,566  6,665,017 

1902 3,966,766  6,182,098 

1901 3.494,041  5,526,290 

1900 3,016,720  4,726,656 

1899 1,934,277  2,711,385 

1898 1, 307,031  1,816,538 

1897 1,224,484  1,708,224 

1896 1,036,235  1,436,686 

1895 822,412  1,010,228 

1894 647,318  777,354 

1893 493,027  590,754 

1892 745,112  914,974 

1891 551,735  651,343 

Under  the  Wilson  and  McKinley  bills,  which  left  cattle  hides 
on  the  free  list,  our  exports  of  boots  and  shoes  were  in  value,  dur- 
ing the  best  year,  less  than  one  and  three-quarter  millions  of 
dollars,  while  under  the  Dingley  bill,  with  a  tariff  of  15  per  cent 
ad  valorem  on  such  hides,  our  exports  of  these  commodities  have 
reached  the  annual  value  of  more  than  $8,000,000.  Certainly  this 
tariff  has  not  hurt  our  foreign  trade  in  boots  and  shoes. 

Our  exports  of  leather  and  its  manufactures  have  also  in- 
creased, as  the  following  table  will  show: 

Exports  of  leather  and  manufactures  of  leather. 

1905 $37,936,745 

1904 33,980,615 

1903 • 31,617,389 

1902 29,798, 323 

1901 27,923,653 

1900 27,293,010 

1899 23,466,985 

1898 21,113,640 

1897 19,161,446 

1896 20,242,756 

1895 15,615,407 

1894 14,283,492: 

1893 11,912,154 

1892 12,084,781 

1891 13,278,847 

That  this  duty  has  not  injuriously  affected  these  exports  is 
shown  by  the  fact  that  they  have  doubled  in  value  under  the  pro- 
tective tariff  on  cattle  hides,  having  increased  from  $19,000,000 
in  1897  under  free  hides  to  almost  $38,000,000  in  1905  under  pro- 
tection to  cattle  hides.  The  increase  for  1905  over  1904  will  com- 
pare favorably  .with  that  of  any  successive  years  in  both  of  these 
industries. 

Those  who  are  contending  for  the  removal  of  the  duty  from 
the  raw  hides  of  cattle  tell  the  manufacurer  of  leather  goods 
that  such  action  will  give  him  increased  profits  on  the  output  of 


IfiG  liEPUBUCAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

ioue  to  interest  him  in  the  project,  and  it 
d  effect.  They  can  tell  the  wage-eanic  r 
iiiuMu.>v:u  ..i  lu.:  .-,..1..^-  iactory  that  if  this  tariff  is  removed  the 
price  of  the  raw  material  necessary  to  make  the  finished  product 
will  be  decreased  and  the  result  will  be  that  he  will  get  an  in- 
crease in  his  wages.  Naturally  that  interests  him.  But  they  ilo 
not  stop  there;  they  go  to  the  retail  dealer  in  leather  goods  imd 
tell  him  that  his  p  ofits  as  a  retailer  will  be  increased  if  the  duly 
is  removed  from  raw  cattle  hides.  But  that  is  not  all.  Thiy 
take  another  step  aown  the  line,  and  they  tell  the  consumer  ol 
these  commodities  that  he  will  be  able  to  buy  them  at  a  largely  re- 
duced price  if  this  small  duty  is  removed  I  have  shown  you  that 
this  duty  is  so  small  that  it  can  not  appreciably  affect  the  retail 
price  of  commodities  that  are  manufactured  from  leather.  Sup- 
pose it  is  5  cents  per  pair  on  brogans,  this  small  amount  can  not 
be  given  to  the  wage-earner  and  the  manufacturer  and  the  re- 
tail dealer  and  the  consumer.  If  you  give  it  to  one  of  them  mani- 
festly you  can  not  give  it  to  the  other  three;  and  if  it  is  to  be 
diviaed  among  these  four  classes  it  becomes  a  matter  so  trivial 
that  it  is  not  worthy  of  consideration;  it  becomes  absolutey  noth- 
ing to  them.  The  inconsistency  of  the  position  of  these  agitators 
on  this  subject  is  so  apparent  in  this  regard  it  is  not  worth  while 
to  continue  the  discussion  of  it  further.  [Loud  applause  on  the 
Republican  side.] 

In  1900  there  was  invested  in  the  manufacture  of  leather  in  this 
country  $173,977,421.  The  value  of  the  product  for  the  year  was 
$204,038,127.  The  sum  of  $22,591,091  was  paid  for  wages.  In  the 
same  year  there  was  invested  in  the  boot  and  shoe  industry  $101,- 
795,233.  The  value  of  the  product  was  $261,028,580,  and  the 
amount  of  the  wages  paid  was  $59,175,883.  To  get  free  raw  cattle 
hides  we  must  bring  these  industries  and  the  men  employed  in 
them  into  competition  with  the  industrial  conditions  prevailing 
in  foreign  countries. 

The  proposition  is  to  compel  our  labor  to  compete  with  foreign 
labor  inadequately  paid  and  denied  the  equal  opportunities  en- 
joyed by  the  American  mechanic.  It  is  not  the  creed  of  the  Re- 
publican party  to  do  that,  and  this  position  of  the  Democratic 
party  only  furnishes  an  additional  reason  why  districts  in  which 
there  are  industries  engaged  in  manufacturing  leather  or  the 
articles  made  therefrom  should  return  Republican  Representa- 
tives to  the  Sixtieth  Congress.  [Applause.]  The  policies  of  the 
Democratic  rarty  would  destroy  the  protection  thus  afforded  to 
the  farmer,  to  the  man^ifacturer  of  all  articles  made  from  leather, 
and  to  the  tens  of  thousands  of  American  wage-earners  now  em- 
ployed in  these  industries.  The  policies  of  the  Republican  party 
will  continue  to  protect  them  against  the  cheap  labor  of  foreign 
countries  and  will  maintain  the  prosperity  now  so  generally  en- 
joyed by  our  people.     [Loud  applause  on  the  Republican  side.] 

FrLx..  Speech  of  Hon,  Francis  E.  Warren,  United  States  Senate, 
June    27,    1906. 

In  considering  this  question  of  free  hides  from  the  standpoint 
of  protectionism — and  that,  I  frankly  confess,  is  my  standpoint — 
it  is  essential  to  inquire,  first.  Is  the  present  reasonable  duty  on 
hides  of  benefit  to  the  stock  grower?  Second,  Do  the  farmers 
of  the  United  States  derive  benefit  from  the  retention  of 
that  duty?  Both  of  these  questions  must  be  answered  in  the 
affirmative.  It  has  already  been  shown  that  the  value  to  the 
farmer  of  every  beef  hide  he  produces  is  increased  by  the  tariff. 
It  must  then  appear  that  this  duty  is  valuable  to  the  farmer  and 
would  be  reluctantly  relinquished  by  the  farmer. 

Mr.  Gallinger:     Mr.  President 

The  Vice-President:  Does  the  Senator  from  Wyoming  yield 
to  the  Senator  from  New  Hampshire? 

Mr.  Warren:     Certainly. 

Mr.  Gallinger:  I  am  attracted  by  the  remark  the  Senator  has 
just  made  that  the  duty  on  hides  benefits  the  farmer,  the  cattle 
raiser.  I  contended  for  a  good  many  years  that  that  was  true, 
but  there  are  people  in  my  section  of  the  country  who  insist  that 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  157 

the  duty  goes  absolutely  to  the  beef  packers  and  to  those  who 
handle  the  cattle  after  they  have  left  the  ranges  and  the  farms. 
If  I  understand  the  Senator  correctly,  speaking  with  expert 
knowledge,  he  says  that  the  farmer  does  benefit  because  of  that 
protection? 

Mr.  Warren:  The  stock  raisers  and  farmers  do  benefit  very 
directly  by  the  duty  on  hides.  •  I  will  call  attention  to  one  condi- 
tion I  know  of  which  will  answer  that  question.  For  a  few 
years  preceding  the  time  when  the  duty  was  put  upon  hides  cattle 
raisers  in  certain  States  in  the  interior,  like,  for  instance,  the 
State  of  Wyoming,  could  not  get  enough  for  cattle  hides  to  pay 
the  shipping  expenses  alone  from  the  ranches  to  market,  and  bus- 
iness concerns  in  which  I  happened  to  have  some  interest  at  the 
time  never  shipped  a  hide  for  many,  many  months.  The  hides 
from  cattle  killed  for  home  consumption  were  taken  off  and 
thrown  away,  because  the  freight  to  market  amounted  to  more 
than  the  total  sum  we  would  receive  for  the  hides.  In  fact,  the 
junk  piles  around  the  ranches,  and  even  the  prairies,  were  strewn 
for  a  long  season  with  these  valueless  hides. 

Since  that  time  the  price  of  hides  to  the  farmer  has  ranged 
all  the  way,  net,  from,  perhaps,  $1  to  $8  apiece.  I  do  not  say 
that  the  entire  increase  is  due  to  the  duty.  Some  part  of  it  is 
no  doubt  due  to  changes  in  business.  But  I  do  say  when  we  had 
no  duty  hides  in  our  country  for  a  good  space  of  time  were  worth 
absolutely  nothing,  and  ever  since  the  imposition  of  the  tariff 
on  hides  they  have  been  a  valuable  and  quick  asset. 


Permaneiicy  of  Tariff  Rests  with  the  Farmer. 

The  permanency  of  protection  as  a  national  policy  rests  largely 
with  the  American  farmer.  When  he  arrives  at  the  conviction 
that  protection  is  being  withheld  from  him  in  order  that  the 
profits  of  manufacturers  may  be  swelled,  then  the  end  of  protec- 
tion will   swiftly   come. 

Mr.  President,  our  tariff  laws  when  framed  by  protectionists 
have  never  been  made  to  favor  one  State,  one  section  of  the 
country,  or  one  industry.  They  never  will  be.  We  are  all  so  in- 
terdependent that  an  injury  to  one  industry  or  to  one  part  of  the 
country  is  an  injury  to  all,  and  a  benefit  to  one  is  a  benefit  to 
all.  Under  a  universal  protective  tariff  our  freight  cars  are 
loaded  going  both  ways — from  East  to  West,  from  West  to  East; 
from  North  to  South,  from  South  to  North.  The  farmer  is  pros- 
perous, as  is  the  manufacturer,  and  employee  of  both.  A  protec- 
tive tariff  is  a  compensating  tariff  and  always  must  be,  else 
it  would  not  give  protection  at  all,  and  unless  it  is  given  to  all, 
it  is  given  fully  to  none.  Protection  cannot  be  sectional  and  self- 
ish. It  must  be  general  and  adequate.  Such  protection  is  now 
in  force  under  the  operation  of  the  present  law.  It  is  the  most 
perfect  law  we  have  known.  We  shall,  as  a  matter  of  course, 
have  to  revise  it  some  time,  but  not  to-day.  We  are  too  busy, 
too  well  employed,  too  well  paid  for  our  labor,  too  prosperous  to 
think  seriously  of  •tariff'  revision  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  1906. 


Comifterce  of  Cuba. 

Consul-General  Prank  Steinhart,  of  Habana,  furnishes  the  an- 
nexed statement,  showing  importations  into  and  exportations  from 
Cuba  during  the  fiscal  year  1904-5,  by  countries: 

Countries.                                                                              Imports.  Exports. 

United   States   $37,825,352  $85,8C8,9in 

Spain 10,413,250  1,145,682 

France     12,919,552  1,311,469 

Germany    5,107,789  3,782,849 

United   Kingdom   12,500,184  6,189,802 

Other  countries   of  America 10,887,101  1,656,059 

Other   countnes   of   Europe 2,594,231  '               626,702 

All  other  countries   709,598  584,513 

Total     $92,957,057  $101,165,992 


158  REPUBUCAN   CAMPAIGN   TEXT-BOOK. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Wonderful  Progress  of  Her  Industries  and  Prosperity  of  Her 
People  Under  the  Operation  of  the  Dingley  Tariff. 

In  connection  with  the  tendency  in  Massachusetts  to  ask  for  an 
immediate  revision  of  the  tariff  and  for  a  repeal  of  the  duty  on 
certain  raw  material  it  will  be  interesting  to  note  what  indus- 
trial progress  that  State  has  made  under  the  operation  of  the 
Dingley  Tariff  law.  The  following  is  from  the  address  of  Gov. 
Curtis  Guild  to  the  Legislature  of  Massachusetts,  Jan.  4,  1906 : 

We  are  met  in  no  mean  city.  The  real  Boston  is  the  Greater 
Boston  that  includes  the  homes  as  well  as  the  workshops  and 
counting  houses  of  this  community.  It  is  a  great  metropolis — a 
greater  metropolis  than  its  own  citizens  perhaps  appreciate.  It 
should  be  developed  as  such. 

The  combined  exports  and  imports  of  Boston  are  exceeded  only 
by  those  of  New  York.  This  is  the  second  seaport  in  the  United 
States.  It  must  not  retrograde.  Both  exports  and  imports  ex- 
ceed those  of  last  year.  The  total  excess  over  last  year  of  foreign 
•commerce  in  the  eleven  months  for  which  the  figures  are  at  hand 
shows  a  gain  in  these  eleven  months  of  nearly  thirty  millions 
'Of  dollars.  One-twentieth  of  the  wealth  of  the  United  States,  one- 
thirtieth  of  the  population  of  the  country,'  is  within  an  hour's 
ride  of  this  historic  building.  In  this  area  are  the  homes  of  a 
larger  population  than  in  any  equal  area  but  one  in  the  country. 
The  capital  of  Massachusetts  is  the  second  center  of  population 
in  the  United  States. 

We  have  to  legislate  for  no  decadent  Commonwealth. 

Of  all  the  States  and  Territories  on  this  continent,  only  four 
contain  a  smaller  area.  Because  of  geographical  limitation,  as 
well  as  from  a  notable  lack  of  mineral  deposits,  forests  and  rich 
arable  soil,  a  slow  rate  of  gain  in  material  prosperity  might  log- 
ically be  expected  of  Massachusetts,  in  comparison  with  many 
States  possessing  greater  natural  advantages.  Yet,  on  the  con- 
trary, at  the  last  taking  of  our  national  census  it  was  found  that 
Massachusetts,  fifth  from  the  foot  in  area,  is  seventh  from  the 
top  in  population,  fifth  from  the  top  in  the  annual  value  of  her 
manufactures,  and  third  from  the  top  in  the  annual  amount  paid 
In  wages.  Measured  by  assessed  valuation  of  the  property  in  her 
borders,  Massachusetts  is  exceeded  by  but  two  States.  Fifth  from 
the  foot  in  area,  Massachusetts  is  third  from  the  top  in  wealth. 

Nor  is  this  prosperity  the  dwindling  legacy  of  earlier  genera- 
tions. The  past  year  has  seen  huge  additions  to  our  industrial 
plants,  notably  to  those  producing  manufactures  of  leather  and 
of  wool.  Marked  advances  have  taken  place  in  the  wages  of 
Miose  engaged  in  textile  manufacture;  and,  as  noted  by  my  pre- 
decessor, statistics  of  abandoned  farms  no  longer  figure  in  our 
State  papers.  Measured  by  the  value  of  farm  products,  Massa- 
chusetts is  first  among  the  New  England  States,  and  shows  by  a 
steady  increase  that  attention  is  wisely  given  to  the  extension 
of  the  work  of  the  farmers'  institutes  and  of  our  Agricultural 
College. 

Our  Massachusetts  census,  just  taken,  tells  a  wonderful  story. 
Immigration  does  not  swarm  to  hopeless  fields.  In  the  decade 
between  1895  and  1905  Massachusetts  added  over  half  a  million 
to  her  population.  It  is  extraordinary  that  this  great  increase, 
which  is.  within  less  than  fifty  thousand,  the  same  increase  that 
was  shown  between  1885  and  1895,  should  have  been  possible  in 
what  was  and  is,  with  one  exception,  the  most  densely  populated 
:State  in  the  Union. 

It  is  more  extraordinary  that  this  half  million  of  increase, 
largely  immigrants,  should  be  not  merely  vast  in  proportion  to 
-area,  but,  with  four  exceptons  only,  larger  in  actual  numbers  than 
the  increase  shown  by  any  other  State  or  Territory  in  the  whole 
United  States. 

The  annual  value  of  the  manufactured  products  of  Massachu- 
-netts  increased  by  but  $175,173,033  between  1885  and  1895.  It 
lyreased  by  $300,267,558  between  1895  and  1905.  The  total  value 
cDf  goods  made  in  Massachusetts  was  $1,150,074,860  in  1905. 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  159! 

The  increase  in  the  value  of  the  annual  product  of  cotton  goods 
from  1885  to  1895  was  $32,190,463.  From  1895  to  1905,  in  spite 
of  southern  competition,  it  was  $38,949,280.  The  increase  in  our 
wool  and  worsted  products  between  1885  and  1895  was  $7,400,533:. 
Between  1895  and  1905  it  was  $50,581,514.  The  increase^  in  our 
shoe  product  between  1885  and  1895  was  $7,405,548.  Between  1895 
and  i:05  it  was  $70,271,966. 

On  October  31  the  total  amount  on  deposit  in  our  savings  banks; 
was,  in  1885,  $274,998,412;  in  1895,  $439,269,861,  and  in  1905,  $662,- 
808,312.  The  increase  in  the  last  decade  was  greater  by  over  fifty- 
eight  millions  of  dollars  than  in  the  decade  that  preceded  it.  In 
1885  the  average  deposit  for  each  person  of  population  was 
$141.64;  in  1895,  $175.69;  and  in  1905,  $220.67.  The  gain  in  de- 
posits per  capita  in  the  last  decade  was  greater  by  nearly  a.  thirdi 
than  the  gain  in  the  preceding  decade. 


"Wealth  From  Waste. 

One  aspect  of  the  value  of  protection  in  building  up  home* 
manufactures,  rather  than  buying  them  in  foreign  countries  at  a 
cheaper  rate,  is  seldom  sufficiently  considered.  A  removal  of  the 
duties  on  coal,  iron  ore,  and  wool  is  advocated  in  order  to  supply 
manufacturers  with  cheaper  "raw  material."  But  is  it  consid- 
ered what  enters  into  the  production  of  this  raw  material?  The 
consumption  of  air,  water,  grass,  and  herbage,  which  enters  into 
the  production  of  a  sheep  and  its  wool,  could  not  be  exported  or 
otherwise  utilized,  and  converting  this  otherwise  waste  into* 
wealth  is  no  small  consideration. 

And  so,  a  country  which  packs  its  meat  before  shipment  abroad,, 
not  only  saves  the  loss  of  life  which  would  take  place  on  the: 
way,  and  the  cost  of  transportation  to  the  bulky  and  more  perish- 
able material,  but  converts  into  use  salt,  sawdust,  wood,  ice,  etc.,, 
which  would  otherwise  not  be  utilized;  and  also  the  hair,  bones, 
blood,  etc.,  which  are  converted  into  other  forms  of  wealth.  Paper 
making  gives  value  to  rags,  straw,  wood,  cornstalks,  water,  etc.. 
And  so  different  manufacturers  employ  bark,  sumack,  berries,, 
clay,  sand,  and  scores  of  other  things  which  were  otherwise 
waste.  So,  also,  barren  land,  rocky  hills,  and  other  waste  spaces 
are  utilized.  Besides  the  consumption  of  fuel,  ores  and  forests 
which  might  be  exported  at  a  loss,  the  use  of  what  is  otherwise 
incapable  of  removal  and  utility,  is  the  point  kept  in  view.  It 
Is  safe  to  say  that  more  waste  is  thus  converted  into  wealth  in 
the  United  States  than  the  value  of  all  our  imported  goods.  Shall 
we  utilize  this  waste  or  not  is  a  serious  question  for  the  free 
trader. 

In  1850  Great  Britain  produced  nearly  all  the  food  it  consumed. 
This,  probably,  could  be  done  now  if  the  stress  of  foreign  competi- 
tion should  be  relieved  by  a  protective  tariff;  but  the  experiment 
must  be  hazardous  because  at  this  time  Great  Britain  is  compelled 
to  import  75  per  cent,  of  the  food  needed  by  its  people.  Slowly, 
but  continuously,  under  the  glorious  policy  of  free  trade,  the 
British  farmer  has  had  his  business  strangled,  his  property  de- 
preciated and  his  markets  gorged  by  the  products  of  foreign 
lands.  In  1876  the  British  wheat  crop  was  worth  $225,000,000;  in 
1901  it  was  worth  but  $45,000,000.  Within  twenty  years  the  area 
devoted  to  what  we  called  green  crops  has  decreased  by  a  million 
acres.  It  is  said  that  from  1872  to  1903,  the  shrinkage  of  the 
value  of  farm  owners'  property  in  Great  Britain  amounted  to 
$4,866,000,000;  of  farm  operators'  property,  $487,000,000;  of  far- 
mers' profits,  -$2,433,000,000.  The  loss  to  labor  cannot  be  esti- 
mated.— Nortn  American. 

A  professional  pauper  is  the  inevitable  product  of  a  system 
which  paralyzes  or  annihilates  industry.  It  is  said  that  of  the 
47,000,000  of  people  in  the  United  Kingdoms,  8,000,000  are  con- 
stantly on  the  verge  of  starvation,  and  at  least  10,000.000  are  not 
in  condition  that  an  American  would  consider  comfortable.  It 
will  be  remembered  that  only  last  winter  a  London  paper  declared 
that  20,000  people  in  that  city  were  menaced  by  death  from 
famine,  A  fine  country,  indeed,  for  Americans  to  turn  to  that 
they  may  learn  lessons  in  economics! — North  American, 


160  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

Bepublicanism  and  Protection. 

From  "The  Republican  Party." 

The  general  impression  in  recent  years  has  always  been  that 
the  Morrill  Tariff  was  a  war  measure.  This  point  should  be  dis- 
tinctly understood.  The  Morrill  bill  was  introduced  early  in  1860, 
some  time  prior  not  only  to  the  Presidential  election  of  that  year, 
but  even  to  the  nominating  convention.  It  was  framed  and 
passed  the  House  of  Representatives  by  Republican  votes,  be- 
cause the  country  needed  such  a  measure  to  check  importations 
of  commodities  and  the  exportation  of  gold;  to  restore  confidence 
to  the  financial  interests  of  the  country;  to  build  up  our  manu- 
factures, and  restore  prosperity  to  the  agricultural  interests  of 
the  country. 

Even  though  the  slavery  question,  with  the  attendant  Kansas 
crime,  the  John  Brown  raid,  and  the  heated  controversy  over 
"The  Impending  Crisis,"  augmented  by  the  provocation  caused 
daily  by  the  workings  of  the  Fugitive  Slave  law,  overshadowed  all 
else,  in  spite  of  all  these  the  Republican  plurality  framed  this  law 
and  passed  it  through  the  House  of  Representatives.  A  great 
part  of  the  credit  of  this  work,  from  sub-committee  to  the  final 
passage  of  the  law,  is  due  to  Justin  S.  Morrill,  a  Representative 
from  Vermont,  and  afterwards  a  most  honored  United  States 
Senator. 

The  ad  valorem  features  of  the  law  of  1857  were  to  a  large  ex- 
tent substituted  by  specific  duties,  and  not  only  was  the  question 
of  revenue  fully  considered,  but  it  was  intended  to  give  a  consid-. 
erable,  if  not  ample,  protection  to  American  labor  and  industry. 
There  was  no  thought  whatever  of  providing  for  war  in  the  Mor- 
rill Tariff.  There  was  no  thought  of  doing  anything  except  to 
correct  the  existing  tariff,  and  credit  must  be  given  to  the  Repub- 
lican Party,  then  having  only  a  plurality  in  one  branch  of  the  Na- 
tional Legislature,  for  framing  and  presenting  a  law  that  was  a 
purely  protective  measure. 

It  had  not  been  done  before,  simply  for  the  reason  that  there 
had  been  no  opportunity.  The  National  platform  of  1856  con- 
tained no  allusion  whatever  to  the  Tariff  question,  and  while  its 
leaders  knew  that  the  party  would  stand  for  a  protective  tariff 
at  the  first  opportunity,  still  it  was  thought  wise  to  devote  its 
whole  attention  to  the  great  paramount  question  of  the  day,  the 
non-extension  of  slavery. 

Perhaps  the  first  adoption  of  a  protective  tariff  plank  in  any 
Republican  platform  was  that  found  in  the  resolution  of  the  Ver- 
mont State  convention,  which  met  on  July  13,  1854,  in  which  the 
demand  was  made  for  "a  tariff  for  revenue,  with  proper  discrimi- 
nation in  favor  of  American  industry."  This,  it  will  be  seen,  was 
adopted  just  one  week  after  the  date  which  we  give  as  the  formal 
birth  of  the  party  at  Jackson,  Mich.  It  is  well  to  Identify  the 
Republican  party  with  the  great  principles  of  a  protective  tariff 
from  the  start  as  second  only  to  the  one  great  purpose  for  which 
the  party  was  formed.  From  the  first  its  devotion  and  adherence, 
for  the  most  part  unqualified  and  uncompromising,  have  been 
given  to  the  protection  of  American  labor  and  industry.  It  was 
fitting  that  Mr.  Morrill's  name  should  be  attached  to  the  first  Re- 
publican tariff  law,  even  though  it  was  signed  by  a  Democratic 
President,  when  we  find  that  the  first  allusion  made  to  protection 
in  any  Republican  platform  was  that  given  by  the  little  Repub- 
lican band  in  Vermont,  the  home  of  Mr.  Morrill,  only  seven  days 
after  the  party  was  born  in  the  far  West. 


If  necessary  for  our  welfare,  then,  of  course,  Congress  must 
consider  the  question  of  changing  the  laws  as  a  whole  or 
changing  any  given  rates  of  duty,  but  we  must  remember  that 
whenever  even  a  single  schedule  is  considered  some  interests 
will  appear  to  demand  a  change  in  almost  every  schedule  in  the 
law;  and  when  it  comes  to  upsetting  the  schedules  generally 
the  effect  upon  the  business  interests  of  the  country  would  be 
ruinous— President  Roosevelt  at  Minneapolis,  April  4,   1903. 


REPUBLICAN   CAMPAIGN   TEXT-BOOK.  161 

THE  PRESIDENT  AND  ADMINISTRATION. 

It  would  be  supererogation  to  give  in  detail  the  work  of  Presi- 
dent Roosevelt  and  his  Cabinet  during  recent  years.  Not  only  the 
President,  but  each  member  of  the  Cabinet,  and  under  them  the 
force  of  each  department,  have  attempted  more  and  accomplished 
)^ore  in  the  way  of  practical  service  to  the  people  than  any  previ- 
f  i^s  administration.  The  people  of  the  United  States  are  familiar 
^"}{h  the  record,  and  only  such  work  as  will  be  of  value  as  refer- 
ence because  of  statements  and  statistics  will  be  presented  in  any 
detail,  and  these  in  the  briefest  manner  ppssible.  There  will  be 
no  idea  of  emphasizing  the  work  of  one  department  over  another, 
only  as  the  subject  may  be  of  especial  present  interest  to  the 
people. 

The  proceedings  of  the  Department  of  Justice  alone  or  in  con- 
nection with  the  Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor,  for  in- 
stance, is  of  great  interest  to  manj-  who  may  not  be  especially 
interested  in  the  equally  important  work  of  the  State  and  Treas- 
ury departments. 

The  Panama  Canal  will  in  the  immediate  future  be  of  absorbing 
interest.  But  no  text  book  can  add  to  the  place  occupied  by  the 
President  in  the  esteem  of  the  American  people  for  the  splendid 
work  he  has  done  both  alone  and  aided  by  his  Cabinet  officers 
and  Congress.  Always  with  one  idea  uppermost,  namely,  the 
greatest  good  for  the  greatest  number,  with  fairness  for  all, 
Theodore  Roosevelt  has  since  his  succession  to  the  Presidency, 
and  since  his  election,  been  indefatigable  in  his  efforts  to  give  the 
people  of  every  section  and  every  class  an  administration  that 
only  growlers  and  croakers  can  criticise.  His  recommendations 
have  been  carried  out  by  Congress  to  an  unprecedented  degree,  and 
much  remains  for  the  second  session  of  the  Fifty-ninth  Congress 
and  the  Sixtieth  Congress,  which  should  be  in  both  branches  Re- 
publican, in  order  that  the  desires  of  the  President  may  be  car- 
ried out  to  the  full. 


THE  PANAMA  CANAL. 

With  the  acquisition  of  the  Canal  Zone  strip,  and  the  entering 
into,  and  ratification,  of  the  necessary  treaties  between  the 
United  States  and  the  Republic  of  Panama  on  February  26,  1904, 
it  devolved  upon  the  Administration  to  assume  the  stupendous 
task  of  constructing  a  ship  canal  between  the  Atlantic  and  Pa- 
cific oceans,  capable  of  accommodating  the  largest  vessels  afioat, 
or  that  might  reasonably  be  expected  to  be  constructed. 

To  this  end,  and  in  accordance  with  an  Act  of  Congress,  the 
President  appointed  a  Commission  of  seven  members,  to  secure 
:  the  active  prosecution  of  the  work  of  construction  of  the  canal 
I  and  its  auxiliary  works,  and,  in  connection  with  such  work,  and 
'-  in  aid  thereof,  to  organize  and  conduct  a  temporary  Government 
:  of  the  Canal  Zone,  so  as  to  maintain  and  protect  the  inhabitants 
thereof  in  the  free  enjoyment  of  their  liberty,  property  and  free- 
dom. 

The  President  directed  that  all  the  work  of  the  Commission,  by 
virtue  of  the  power  vested  in  him  by  the  Act  of  Congress  author- 
izing the  construction  of  the  Isthmian  Canal,  should  be  carried 
on  Udder  the  supervision  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  William  H. 
Taft. 

Since  its  original  appointment  changes  have  been  made  in  the 
personnel  of  the  Commission,  and  in  the  instructions  for  its 
guidance. 


162  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOCK. 

Organization. 

The  Commission  as  at  prese  -t  constituted  consists  of  Hon. 
Theodore  P.  Shonts,  as  Chairman,  and  Hon.  Charles  E.  Magoon, 
Mr.    John    F.    Stevens,    Civil    Engineer    Mordecai    T.    Ep'^ 
U.  S.  N.;  Brigadier-General  Peter  C.  Hains,  U.  S.  A.  (r-** 
Mr.  Benjamin  M.  Harrod,  C.  E.,  as  members. 

Hon.  Charles  E.  Magoon,  in  addition  to  his  duties  as 
of  the  Commission,  is  also  Governor  of  the  Canal  Zone,  .  ^.  % 
John  F.  Stevens,  in  addition  to  his  duties  as  a  member  dl*-* 
Commission,  is  also  Chief  Engineer.  ,  . 

Government  of  the  Canal  Zone. 

It  Is  gratifying  to  state  that  there  has  been  developed  in  the 
Canal  Zone  a  Government  which  has  the  confidence  and  respect 
not  only  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  Zone,  but  also  of  the  people 
and  officials  of  the  Republic  of  Panama. 

Private  and  public  rights  have  been  recognized,  and  protected, 
and  constant  efforts  have  been  made  to  show  that  the  Govern- 
ment of  the  Zone  is  one  of  law,  fixed  and  definite. 

The  Judicial  System  consists  of  the  Supreme  Court,  of  three 
Judges,  and  three  Courts  of  First  Instance  in  the  three  Judicial 
Districts  into  which  the  Zone  is  divided.  Each  member  of  the 
Supreme  Court  sits  as  a  Judge  in  a  Court  of  First  Instance,  and 
appeals  are  taken  from  his  decrees  to  the  Supreme  Court  en  banc. 

Law  and  order  are  maintained  to  a  degree  that  would  be  re- 
markable under  any  conditions,  and  especially  so  when  the  char- 
acter of  the  population  of  the  Zone  is  considered,  with  its  vast 
army  of  27,000  employees  gathered  from  all  parts  of  the  world. 
Serious  crime  is  almost  unknown,  and  arrests  are  mainly  for 
petty  offences  and  violations  of  the  sanitaj-y  laws. 

A  complete  postal  service  has  been  established  throughout  the 
entire  Canal  Zone,  through  which  communications  may  be  for- 
warded and  received  to  and  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  prompt- 
ly and  safely,  and  money  orders  may  be  purchased  and  cashed. 
Rates  of  postage,  and  for  the  purchase  of  postal  money  orders, 
are  the  same  as  in  the  United  States. 

A  public  school  system  has  been  established  with  schoolhouses 
and  competent  teachers  throughout  the  Canal  Zone. 

Taxes  have  been  honestly  collected,  and  honestly  expended. 

Practical  Work  of  Canal  Construction.  j 

The  work  of 'canal  construction  divides  itself  properly  into 
two  parts,  one  of  which  must  precede  the  other. 

First:  thorough  preparation.  This  includes  the  creation  of  an 
effective  organization;  the  sanitation  of  the  Isthmus;  providing 
suitable  quarters  and  food  for  employees;  constructing  proper 
terminal,  yard  and  railway  track  facilities  and  intermediate  yards 
for  the  handling  of  the  vast  quantities  of  supplies  and  materials 
to  enter  into  the  construction  of  the  Canal,  as  well  as  the  vast 
quantity  of  excavated  material  from  the  prism  of  the  Canal; 
the  installation  of  a  system  of  tracks  through  the  cuts;  the  work- 
ing out  of  all  engineering  problems,  and  the  formulation  of  a 
comprehensive  plan  for  carrying  forward  the  work  in  each  de^ 
partment. 

Second,  the  actual  construction  of  a  given  type  of  canal. 

The  administration  of  Canal  affairs  is  now  organized  on  bug 
ness  principles,  and  is  efficient  and  effective. 

Following  an  investigation  by  the  Committee  on  Interoceanic 
Canals  of  the  United  States  Senate,  covering  a  period  of  six 
months,  during  wnich  time  every  detail  of  the  work,  and  every 
action  of  the  officials  in  charge,  was  thoroughly  investigated, 
that  Committee  in  a  majority  report  relating  to  type  of  canal 
stated: 

"The  work  authorized  by  the  Spooner  Act  has  been  initiated,  and  extm- 
sive  preparations  for  a  rapid  prosecution  of  it  have  been  made.  The  Canal 
Zone  has  been  placed  in  a  satisfactory  sanitary  condition,  adequate  shelter 
for  the  workmen  has  been  provided,  hospitals  of  a  very  large  capacity  havei 
been  made  ready,  as  is  evidenced  by  the  opinions  of  experts  who  testified  be- 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  163 

are  the  Committee,  and  we  are,  fortunately,  now  in  possession  of  a  vast  ar- 
ay  of  facts  and  figures  affecting  the  prosecution  of  the  undertaking  that  have 
ot,  until  now,  been  available.  This  i^due  to  the  fact  that  the  preparatory 
ork  has,  for  two  years,  been  prosecuted  with  patient,  intelligent  judgment 
nd  earnest  effoi-t  by  those  intrusted  with  the  direction  and  supervision  of 
ae  work." 

In  regard  to  sanitation:  When  the  United  States  began  this 
vorlc  there  were  on  the  Isthmus  no  systems  of  water  works  or 
if  sewerage  and  drainage.  Central  reservoirs  have  now  been  es- 
ablished  at  five  different  points  in  the  Canal  Zone,  and  facilities 
lave  been  created  for  the  distribution  of  an  adequate  supply  of 
lotable  water  at  all  points. 

A  modern  sewerage  system  for  the  City  of  Panama  is  nearing 
ompletion,  and  means  for  the  sanitary  disposition  of  garbage  at 
ither  points  have  been  provided. 

As  a  necessary  sanitary  measure  the  paving  of  the  streets  of 
he  City  of  Panama  is  nearing  completion. 

During  the  past  year  over  4,000  men  have  been  employed  in 
anitary  undertakings.  A  complete  hospital  system,  which  in- 
ludes  a  large  hospital  at  Ancon,  and  another  at  Colon,  with  a 
lumber  of  smaller  hospitals  at  different  points  along  the  line, 
las  been  established.  The  management  and  service  of  the  hos- 
)ital3  are  on  a  par  with  the  natural  advantages  and  beauty  of 
ocation,  and  are  administered  by  a  staff  of  doctors  and  nurses 
or  which  it  would  be  difficult  to  find  a  superior  anywhere.  So 
iffective  has  been  the  work  that  yellow  fever,  which  has  been 
ionsidered  endemic  on  the  Isthmus,  has  been  extirpated,  and 
here  has  been  no  authentic   case   since  November,   1905. 

The  mortality  and  hospital  statistics  bear  striking  witness  to 
he  success  of  the  sanitary  and  hospital  work. 

During  the  montn  of  April,  1906,  with  a  force  on  the  payrolls 
it  the  beginning  of  the  month  of  27,219  men,  an  average  of  420 
vere  constantly  sick  in  hospital.  This  gives  a  sick  rate  of  15.42 
>er  thousand.  During  the  preceding  month,  with  a  force  of  over 
15,000  men,  an  average  of  491  were  constantly  sick  in  hospital, 
iving  a  rate  of  19.65  per  thousand. 

The  general  health  of  the  force  during  May,  1906,  is  shown  by 
;he  fact  that  the  sick  in  hospital  averaged  daily  slightly  under  15 
3er  thousand. 

The  deaths  among  the  white  employees  during  May  were  less 
:han  12  per  thousand. 

The  work  of  properly  housing  employees  has  been  brought  to 
I  successful  conclusion,  and  ample  quarters  are  now  not  only 
available  for  the  existing  force,  but  there  is  a  reserve  sufficient 
;o  accommodate  several  thousand  additional  laborers. 

Suitable  quarters  for  all  American  employees  have  also  been 
provided. 

This  work  involved  either  the  repair  of  dilapidated  buildings 
inherited  from  the  French,  or  the  new  construction  of  a  vast 
lumber  of  barracks  and  buildings. 

Owing  to  the  fact  that  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  has  not  produced 
cnore  than  sufficient  food  to  meet  its  normal  requirements,  the 
bringing  in  of  the  vast  number  of  laborers  for  work  on  the  Canal 
prought  the  Government  face  to  face  with  the  problem  of  feeding 
its  thousands  of  employees,  with  the  base  of  supplies  2,000  miles 
iway. 

Local  commissary  stores  have  been  established  at  all  im- 
portant labor  camps,  for  the  sale  of  necessary  food-stuffs,  and 
Dther  essentials,  to  employees,  practically  at  cost. 

Mess  kitchens  have  been  created  at  the  different  labor  camps 
where  wholesome  and  nourishing  meals  may  be  obtained  by  such 
\^^,,rerQ  at  a  cost  of  ten  cents  each,  and  at  this  price  a  small 
-.inal  balance  in  favor  of  the  Commission  is  left, 
rge  mess  houses  or  hotels  are  maintained  at  many  different 
points  along  the  line  where  nourishing  meals  are  served  in  clean 
surroundings,  at  a  cost  to  the  American  employees  of  30  cents 
each. 

Refrigerator  cars  of  the  most  improved  type  have  been  placed 
in  operation  on  the  line  of  the  Panama  Railroad.  A  cold-storage 
plant  has  been  established  and  placed  in  successful  operation  at 
Colon,  and  refrigerating  plants  have  been  installed  on  the  steam- 
ers of  the  Panama  Railroad,  operating  between  New  York  and 


164  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

Colon.  A  line  of  refrigeration  has,  therefore,  been  estnl)lishea  be- 
tween all  points  in  the  United  States  and  the  various  di-hicts 
within  the  Canal  Zone,  thus  placing  within  the  rcu  li  ot  all 
classes  of  employees  perishable  and  other  food-stuffs  of  the  char- 
acter to  be  found  in  the  United  States. 


The  Working  Force  on  the  Isthmus. 

The  working  force  of  the  Isthmian  Canal  Commission  as  of  date 
April  1  was  distributed  broadly  among  the  different  departments, 
as  follows: 

Government  nnd  sanitation 2,845 

Materials  and  supplies 1.670 

Auditing  and  disbursing »" 

Engineering  and  construction: 

Administration   (including  care  of  quarters) 460 

Municipal  engineering  (in  charge  of  construction  of  water  supply,  sew- 
erage, roads,  etc.) 3,295 

Master   builder    (in   charge   of    construction    and    repair    of    houses    and 

quarters)   2,946 

Motive  power,  shops,  etc 1  .•^>^T- 

Culebra   Division,   Canal «5.1"'5 

La  Boca  Division,  Canal '^84 

Cristobal  Division,   Canal 433 

Chagres  Division,   Canal 134 

The  mere  laborers  and  workmen  are  in  the  main  negroes  re- 
cruited from  the  West  Indies  and  other  nearby  countries,  al- 
though recently  a  small  number  of  natives  of  the  North  of  Spain 
have  been  brought  in  for  work  of  this  character,  and  having 
proven  satisfactory  it  is  contemplated  to  increase  the  number  of 
laborers  of  this  class. 

All  employees  of  a  higher  grade,  such  as  Foremen,  Superin- 
tendents, and  Supervisors,  the  clerical  staff,  and  all  employments 
in  the  mechanical  and  building  trades,  are  filled  by  Americans. 
There  are  at  this  time  on  the  Isthmus  in  the  service  of  the  Canal 
Commission  and  of  the  Panama  Railroad,  approximately  3,500 
Americans. 

The  salaries  paid  are  from  20  to  25  per  cent,  higher  than  for 
similai:  employments  in  the  United  States,  and,  in  addition,  all 
employees  are  allowed  free  quarters  and  free  hospital  and  medical 
attendance. 

Appropriate  places  of  worship  have  been  provided  for  the  em- 
ployees, and  the  Commission  has  authorized  the  construction  of 
buildings  for  club  purposes  at  various  centers,  to  be  operated 
subject  to  rules  and  regulations  to  be  approved  by  the  Commis- 
sion. Means  for  providing  suitable  recreation  for  the  employees, 
aside  from  properly  caring  for  their  physical  needs,  is  receiving 
earnest  attention. 

The  headquarters  of  the  various  departments,  and  their  clerical 
staffs,  are  being  rapidly  transferred  from  the  City  of  Panama  to 
more  sanitary  and  healthful  points  along  the  line,  and  nearer  to 
the  work. 

A  suflftcient  number  of  quarters  and  buildings  will  be  completed 
so  that  the  entire  force  will  be  transferred  under  this  policy  by 
October  1st. 

Employees  are  permitted  to  take  their  families  to  the  Isthmus 
as  fast  as  the  Building  Department  can  construct  adequate  quar- 
ters for  them,  which  are  furnished  free.  The  Government  fur- 
ther encourages  this  in  extending  a  very  much  reduced  rate  of 
transportation  to  them. 

All  appointments  to  the  positions  of  clerk  (of  all  kinds),  book- 
keeper, stenographer  and  typewriter,  surgeon,  physician,  interne, 
trained  nurse,  and  draughtsmen,  are  filled  through  competitive 
Civil  Service  examinations  conducted  by  the  United  States  Civil 
Service  Commission. 

Persons  to  fill  employments  in  outdoor  railroad  positions,  and 
employments  in  the  building  and  mechanical  trades,  are  selected 
strictly  upon  merit,  based  upon  age,  experience,  and  physical 
condition,  by  duly  designated  officers  representing  the  Canal  Com- 
mission. 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  165 

Fiscal  Affairs. 

moneys  appropriated  by  Congress  for  Canal  purposes  have 
been  honestly  expended  and  properly  accounted  for,  under  an  effi- 
cient and  effective  system  of  audits  and  checks. 

Amounts  appropriated,  receipts  from  miscellaneous  sources, 
disbursements,  and  the  financial  status  of  the  affairs  relating  to 
the  Panama  Canal  from  the  date  of  acquisition  by  the  American 
Government  to  and  including  June  30,  1906,  are  completely  set 
forth  in  the  following  table: 

Statement   of   Beceipts   and   Disbursements   by   the   Isthmian 
Canal  Commission  to  May  31,   1906. 

.    RECEIPTS. 
Appropriations  by  Congress: 

For  purchase  of  Canal  rights,  June  28,  1902 $40,000,000.00 

For   purchase   of   Canal   Zone,    June  28,    1902,    and 

April  28,   1904    10,000,000.00 

For  construction  of  Canal,  June  28.  1902 10,000,000.00 

For  construction  of  Canal,  Dec.  21,  1905 11,000,000.00 

For  construction  of  Canal,  Feb.  27,  1906 5,990,786.00 


Revenues  of  the  Canal  Zone: 

Postal  i-evenues   $27,322.14 

Internal  revenues  10,585.21 

Court  fees  and  fines 2,495.25 

Police  fines   726.05 

Customs  fines  and  penalties 450.00 

Miscellaneous    1,049.65 


$76,990,786.00 


Miscellaneous  receipts  of  United  States  funds: 

Sales  of  Isthmian  Canal  property .$284,128.11 

Rentals  of  Isthmian  Canal  property 141,878.35 

Labor  furnished    53,432.80 

Telegraph  and  telephone  service 1,307.88 

Receipts     from     operation     of     hotels     and     mess 

kitchens    232,507.04 

Miscellaneous  '        7,790.49 

: 721,044.67 

Total  receipts  from  all  sources $77,760,458.97 

DISBURSEMENTS. 
For    rights-of-way,    franchises,    property    and    Panama    Railroad 

stock  purchased  from  the  New  Panama  Canal  Co $40,000,000.00 

For  Panama  Railroad  stock  purchased  from  other  holders 157,118.24 

For  territorial  rights  in  the  Canal  Zone 10,000,000.00 

For  material  and  supplies,  except  such  as  have  been  issued  by 
the  Division  of  Material  and  Supplies,  and  charged  to  ex- 
penditures account  to   March   31,   1906 4,728,177.77 

For  purchase  of  land  from  private  holders 55,114.96 

For  public  works  and  permanent  improvements 1,023,445.14 

For  permanent  plant,  including  rolling-stock,  excavating  ma- 
chinery, floating  equipment,  buildings,  tracks,  etc 5,900,925.76 

For  general  administration   851,855.10 

For    the    government    of    the    Canal    Zone,    including    sanitation, 

hospitals  and  asylums,  police  and  fire  protection 2,462,594.96 

For  administration  in  the  Department  of  Construction  and  En- 
gineering        441,541.02 

For  Canal  construction   4,328,087.60 

Amount  advanced  to  Panama  Railroad  Co.,  on  account  of  in- 
debtedness for  supplies  and  services 1,590,271.05 

Expended  for  account  of  individuals  and  companies,  to  be  repaid 
to  the  Isthmian  Canal  Commission  and  deposited  in  the 
United  States  Treasury  as  miscellaneous  receipts 204,622.35 


Total  disbursements   $71,743,754.49 

Material  and  Supplies. 

All  purchases  of  materials  and  supplies  entering  into  the  con- 
struction of  the  Canal  are  made  after  due  public  advertisement  in 
newspapers  of  general  circulation,  from  the  lowest  responsible 
bidders;  bids  to  include  cost  of  delivery  on  the  Isthmus.  Bids 
are,  therefore,  made  up  of  the  original  selling  price  at  place  of 
manufacture  or  production,  plus  the  cost  of  transportation  to  the 
Isthmus.  The  object  of  this  is  to  place  all  sections  of  the  coun- 
try, and  all  ports,  on  an  equal  footing  in  the  furnishing  of  the 
vast  amount  of  materials  and  supplies  necessary  for  Canal  pur- 
poses. 

On  .June  25,  1906,  Congress  passed  the  following  law  relative  to 
the  purchase  of  material  and  equipment  for  use  in  the  construc- 
tion of  the  Canal: 


166  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

Joint  Resolution  providing  for  the  purchase  of  material  and 
equipment  for  use  in  the  construction  of  the  Panama  Canal: 

"Resolved  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the 
United  States  of  America  in  Congress  assembled.  That  purchases 
of  material  and  equipment  for  use  in  the  construction  of  the 
Panama  Canal  shall  be  restricted  to  articles  of  domestic  produc- 
tion and  manufacture,  from  the  lowest  responsible  bidder,  unless 
the  President  shall,  in  any  case,  deem  the  bids  or  tenders  there- 
for to  be  extortionate  or  unreasonable." 

Approved  June  25,  1906. 

An  up-to-date  system  of  receiving,  caring  for,  and  distributing 
materials  and  supplies  is  now  in  effect  on  the  Isthmus,  a  General 
Storehouse  having  been  established  at  the  Atlantic  end  of  the 
Canal,  with  division  storehouses  at  various  points,  each  carrying 
the  character  of  supplies  needed  at  such  point.  Inventories  are 
taken  at  regular  intervals,  and  a  careful  record  kept  at  all  times 
of  the  material  and  supplies  on  hand. 

Invoices  for  materials  are  being  promptly  checked  on  arrival 
of  the  material  on  the  Isthmus,  and  they  are  being  promptly  cer- 
tified and  returned  to  the  United  States  for  payment. 

Requisitions  for  supplies  made  on  the  Purchasing  Division  in 
the  United  States  are  being  filled  as  promptly  as  the  demand  for 
materials  here  will  permit. 

Type  of  Canal. 

During  the  progress  of  the  important  work  of  preparation  as 
already  set  forth,  and  as  a  necessary  collateral  feature  of  the 
work  of  installation  of  plant  and  the  creation  of  an  organization, 
much  work  of  actual  Canal  construction  has  been  accomplished. 
This  work,  however,  prior  to  the  action  of  Congress  on  June  29, 
1906,  at  which  time  the  type  of  Canal  was  specifically  and  def- 
initely fixed  by  law,  was  of  a  character  applicable  to  any  type  of 
Canal  which  might  be  ultimately  decided  upon. 

Another  of  the  chief  benefits  was  the  accumulation  of  knowl- 
edge as  to  the  nature  of  the  material  to  be  handled,  and  the  cost 
of  handling  it,  which  served  a  useful  purpose  in  reaching  a  de- 
termination as  to  type  of  Canal,  and  which  will  also  serve  as  a 
basis  to  determine  what  fair  contract  prices  would  be  if  it  should 
be  considered  desirable  to  have  the  work  done  by  contract. 

As  an  evidence  of  the  volume  of  work  accomplished  in  actual 
Canal  construction ;  during  the  month  of  March,  without  making 
any  special  effort,  but  following  the  general  policy  of  concentrat- 
ing upon  the  first  division  of  the  work,  i.  e.,  that  of  preparation, 
240,000  cubic  yards  of  material  were  removed  from  Culebra  Cut, 
with  an  average  of  10.7  steam  shovels  working.  The  actual  cost 
for  material  handled,  figuring  in  contractor's  expenses,  was  53i/^ 
cents  a  cubic  yard. 

The  "Spooner  Act,"  approved  June  28,  1906,  authorizing  the 
President,  through  the  Isthmian  Canal  Commission,  "to  cause  to 
be  excavated,  constructed,  and  completed,  utilizing  to  that  end  as 
far  as  practicable  the  work  heretofore  done  by  the  New  Panama 
Canal  Company  of  France,  and  its  predecessor  company,  a  ship 
Canal  from  the  Caribbean  Sea  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,"  not  only  gave 
him  authority  to  fix  the  type  of  the  Canal  which  is  to  be  con- 
structed, but  unquestionably  when  that  Act  was  passed  it  was  the 
Intention  of  Congress  that  a  Lock  Canal  should  be  constructed. 

It  was  deemed  best,  however,  that  a  Board  of  Consulting  En- 
gineers, composed  of  the  most  eminent  men  of  that  profession, 
be  called  In  session  for  the  purpose  of  considering  the  various 
plans  proposed  to  and  by  the  Isthmian  Canal  Commission  for  the 
construction  of  a  Canal  across  the  Isthmus  of  Panama. 

The  reports  of  this  Board,  and  the  reports  of  the  Isthmian  Canal 
Commission,  with  the  recommendation  of  the  Secretary  of  War, 
were  submitted  to  Congress  by  the  President,  advocating  the  con- 
struction of  the  type  of  Canal  which  it  is  believed  the  people  of 
this  country  want — that  is,  the  one  which  will  provide  adequate 
and  safe  passage  for  the  largest  vessels  now  on  the  seas  or  which 
can  be  reasonably  anticipated,  and  which  can  be  constructed  in 
the  quickest  time  and  at  the  least  cost 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  167 

Following  an  exhaustive  investigation  of  the  various  types  of 
Canal,  both  houses  of  Congress  concurred  in  the  recommendation 
of  the  President  for  the  construction  of  an  85-foot  level  Lock 
Canal,  for  the  reason  that: 

First,  it  can  be  completed  for  about  half  the  cost,  and  in  about 
half  the  time,  of  the  so-called  sea-level  canal; 

Second,  because  it  will  be  adequate  for  all  the  commerce  which 
can  reasonably  be  expected  to  seek  that  route  during  the  next 
hundred  and  fifty  years; 

Third,  because  if  the  tonnage  should  increase  beyond  such  ex- 
pectation, it  can  be  enlarged  more  cheaply  and  more  quickly  than 
the  so-called  sea-level  canal; 

Fourth,  because  from  the  operating  point  of  view,  large  ships 
can  be  put  through  more  safely  and  more  quickly  than  through 
the  sea-level; 

Fifth,  because,  when  the  interest  on  the  difference  in  the  esti- 
mated cost  of  construction  is  added  to  the  estimated  cost  of  opera- 
tion, the  saving  to  the  Government  every  year  will  be  $2,340,000; 

Sixth,  because,  when  built,  it  will  be  a  completed  canal — com- 
pleted in  every  appointment,  for  all  requirements  for  generations 
to  come. 


WHAT  HAS  BEEN  DONE  IN  THE  PHILIPPINES. 

Conditions  as  to  Peace  and  Order. 

Peace  now  prevails  in  the  Philippine  Islands  to  a  greater  extent 
than  ever  before  in  their  history.  True,  there  have  been  dis- 
turbances in  Cavite,  Batangas,  Samar  and  the  Moro  Province, 
but  none  of  these  had  for  its  object  the  expulsion  of  the  sover- 
eignty of  the  United  States  from  the  archipelago.  Cavite  has 
ever  been  the  hotbed  of  ladronism,  or  gang-robbery,  as  it  is 
known  in  the  Federated  Malay  States;  but  as  stated  by  the  Hon. 
F.  A.  Swettenham,  British  resident  of  the  Federated  Malay  States, 
"this  is  a  condition  peculiar  to,  and  chronic  in,  all  Malay  com- 
munities, and  can  not  be  charged  to  the  Government." 

The  Mount  Dajo  affair  was  the  culminating  incident  of  six 
months  of  peaceful  effort  to  induce  a  band  of  Malay  pirates  to  de- 
sist from  their  raids  upon  a  peaceful  community.  These  efforts 
were  interpreted  as  cowardice,  and  the  outlaws  finally  sent  a  chal- 
lenge to  the  government  forces  to  come  out  and  fight  them.  In 
the  encounter  that  followed  the  troops  were  assisted  by  the  re- 
spectable Moro  element  of  the  island  where  the  disturbance  oc- 
curred. 

The  disturbances  have  been  overcome,  and  it  can  truly  be  said 
that  save  for  the  occasional  raids  of  religious  fanatics,  the  arch- 
ipelago enjoys  greater  and  a  more  general  peace  than  at  any  time 
since  its  discovery. 

Bailroads. 

The  conditions  in  the  Philippines  with  respect  to  railroads 
have  been  deplorable.  Until  1892  there  was  no  commercial  rail- 
road in  the  Islands.  The  first  duty,  therefore,  of  the  government 
of  the  United  States  in  the  development  of  the  Islands  and  in  the 
uplifting  of  their  people,  after  order  was  restored  and  a  govern- 
ment established,  was  the  construction  of  railroads. 

In  February,  1905,  Congress  passed  an  act  which  Authorized 
the  Philippine  Government  to  aid  the  construction  of  railroads 
by  guaranteeing  interest  not  exceeding  four  per  cent,  for  thirty 
years  on  railroad  bonds,  the  proceeds  of  which  were  to  be  used  to 
build  railroads  under  franchises  to  be  granted  by  the  Philippine 
Government.  Two  hundred  and  five  miles  of  railroad  in  the 
Island  of  Luzon  were  then  either  under  operation  or  nearing  coni' 
pletion.    There  was  no  railway  in  any  of  the  other  Islands. 

Upon  the  completion  of  the  lines  under  two  concessions,  thO; 
will  be  in  operation  in  the  Islands  920  miles  of  road,  of  whicu 
about  800  will  have  been  constructed  under  the  auspices  of  the 
American  Government.     No  step  more  important  has  been  taken 
in  the  development  of  the  Islands. 


168  REPUBLICAN   CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

Wagon-Road  Building. 

During  1904,  252  miles  of  new  roads  were  constructed  and  1,662 
miles  of  roads  repaired,  and  during  1905  there  were  constructed 
115  miles  of  new  roads  and  992  miles  of  road  repaired;  also  dur- 
ing 1904  there  were  582  bridges  and  culverts  constructed  and  496 
repaired.  In  1894,  $1,623,023.35  were  expended  for  this  purpose, 
and  in  1905,  11,596,718.10.  This  will  give  an  idea  of  the  atten- 
tion given  this  work.  Surveys  have  been  made  and  there  is  now 
under  way  of  construction  543  miles  of  roadway  with  an  esti- 
mated cost  of  $2,301,420.  With  the  exception  of  the  Benguet  road 
these  roads  have  been  built  for  the  purpose  of  opening  up  the 
agricultural  resources  of  the  islands  and  make  it  easier  for  the 
inhabitants  to  bring  their  produce  to  the  markets.  The  Benguet 
road  was  completed  and  opened  in  March,  1905.  Benguet  is  about 
5,000  feet  above  sea  level,  which  makes  it  an  excellent  location 
for  a  sanitarium  and  summer  headquarters  and  avoids  the  neces- 
sity of  sending  patients  to  Japan  or  the  United  States  with  the 
accompanying  delay  and  expense  incident  thereto.  At  the  same 
time  it  opens  up  a  fertile  country  which  is  being  rapidly  built  up 
under  the  impetus  of  good  transportation  facilities. 

Port  Works. 

During  the  fiscal  year  1904  contracts  were  let  by  the  Commis- 
sion involving  about  $500,000  for  the  improvement  of  the  port  of 
Cebu,  and  about  $250,000  for  the  port  of  Iloilo,  while  the  port 
works  of  Manila  were  then  being  continued  under  appropriations 
already  made.  During  the  fiscal  year  1905,  $610,760  were  appro- 
priated for  Cebu  and  $241,500  for  Iloilo.  Contracts  have  been 
made  for  these  works,  and  work  has  already  begun  at  both  places. 
That  in  Iloilo  11  about  25  per  cent  completed. 

During  the  fiscal  year  1905,  $1,723,000  were  appropriated  for  the 
port  of  Manila  and  expended  upon  the  improvements. 

Public  Health. 

The  quarantine  work  of  the  Philippine  Islands  Is  performed  by 
the  Public  Health  and  Marine  Hospital  service  of  the  United 
States  Treasury  Department,  but  the  entire  expense  of  the  service 
is  charged  to  the  insular  treasury.  The  results  of  the  quarantine 
service  for  the  past  two  years  indicate  a  great  improvement  in 
the  health  of  the  Islands.  Only  one  case  of  plague  was  detected 
on  an  interisland  vessel  during  the  fiscal  year  1905.  During  the 
fiscal  year  1905,  1,064,192  persons,  or  more  than  one-eighth  of  the 
entire  population,  were  vaccinated.  Small-pox  has  almost  en- 
tirely disappeared.  There  were  only  39  cases  and  12  deaths  in 
Manila  during  the  year  1905.  There  were  only  half  as  many 
cases  of  bubonic  plague  in  the  islands  this  year  as  last.  An  in- 
sane hospital  and  a  leper  colony  have  been  established.  Cholera 
reappeared  during  1905  and  was  successfully  stamped  out  shortly 
after  making  its  appearance.  An  educational  campaign  is  being 
carried  on  among  the  people  to  teach  them  how  to  combat  this 
disease,  and  good  results  are  being  shown  from  it.  The  people 
now  co-operate  with  the  authorities,  and  as  a  result  the  disease 
makes  little  or  no  headway.  This  is  in  pleasant  contrast  to  the 
epidemic  of  1902,  when  many  of  the  natives  believed  that  the  au- 
thorities were  poisoning  them,  and  that  there  was  no  cholera  at 
all.  Speaking  conservatively,  it  must  be  said  that  the  general 
health  of  the  Islands  was  never  at  any  time  better  than  at  present, 
and  the  present  organization  is  certainly  calculated  to  keep  up 
this  high  standard. 

Civil  Service. 

^J^  1904  there  were  3,228  American  officers  and  employees  in  the 
^^*^hilippine  civil  service,  and  3,377  Filipinos;   in  1905  the  Ameri- 
cans numbered  3,307  and  the  Filipinos  4,023.     During  the  fiscal 
year  1905  the  number  of  applicants  entering  examinations  in 
Manila  and  in  the  provinces  was  8,232  as  against  5,911  for  the 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  169! 

previous  year.  The  number  of  Filipinos  entering  and  passing  ex- 
aminations conducted  in  the  English  language  has  steadily  in- 
creased since  the  organization  of  the  board.  During  the  past 
twelve  months,  however,  there  was  a  much  greater  increase  than 
during  any  previous  year.  Of  the  4,185  applicants  entering  ex- 
aminations in  English  during  the  year  1905,  2,917,  or  70  per 
cent.,  were  Filipinos;  while  of  the  2,443  entering  English  examina- 
tions during  the  previous  year,  1,063,  or  44  per  cent,  were  Fili- 
pinos. Of  these,  22  per  cent,  passed  in  1904  and  27  per  cent,  in 
1905.  The  chairman  of  the  civil  service  board,  speaking  of  this 
point,  says: 

"It  may  be  stated  that  the  needs  of  the  service  for  appointees  having  the 
knowledge  called  for  by  the  second-  and  third-grade  English  and  the  Fili- 
pino teacher  examinations  are  now  being  fully  met  by  the  number  of  Fili- 
pinos who  qualify  in  these  examinations." 

Friar  Lands. 

The  "Friar  Lands"  problem,  one  of  the  most  fruitful  sources 
of  unrest  in  the  whole  Philippine  situation,  has  finally  been  dis- 
posed of  by  purchasing  some  410,000  acres  of  land  at  about  $7,- 
000,000.  The  Governor-General  in  his  report  for  the  year  1904 
says: 

"Whether  any  ultimate  loss  will  be  incurred  in  these  large  transactions 
can  only  be  a  matter  of  conjecture,  but,  however  this  may  be,  it  must  be 
a  subject  of  real  congratulation  that  what  had  threatened  to  become  a 
cancerous  sore  on  the  body  politic  has  been  extirpated." 

Currency. 

A  new  currency  has  been  established  in  the  Philippine  Islands 
under  authority  of  the  Act  of  Congress  dated  March  2,  1902,  en- 
titled "An  Act  to  establish  a  standard  of  value  and  to  provide 
for  a  coinage  system  in  the  Philippine  Islands."  This  new  sys- 
tem in  effect  established  in  the  Islands  the  gold  standard  with  a 
silver  circulating  medium,  and  has  practically  taken  the  place  of 
the  old  and  fluctuating  Mexican,  Spanish-Filipino,  Chinese  and 
other  foreign  coins  previously  circulating  in  the  Islands.  The 
old  currency  has  already  been  eliminated  from  circulation.  The 
people,  notwithstanding  their  early  misgivings,  now  transact  all 
their  business  in  the  new  currency  and  generally  perceive  the 
beneficial  results  derived  from  a  stable  currency  as  compared 
with  one  generally  fluctuating  with  the  rise  and  fall  of  silver 
bullion. 

Banking. 

Of  no  less  importance  to  the  development  of  the  Philippine 
Islands  than  the  establishment  of  a  stable  currency  was  that  of 
establishing  banking  facilities  in  the  Islands.  Heretofore  the  in- 
habitants of  the  Islands  away  from  Manila  have  had  no  place  in 
which  they  could  secure  their  savings  and  no  place  from  which 
they  could  borrow,  on  reasonable  terms,  money  necessary  in  their 
agricultural  or  other  industries. 

The  current  rate  of  interest  in  the  Islands  on  loans  to  farmers 
varies  from  one  to  ten  rer  cen^.  per  month,  and  there  was  abso- 
lutely no  place  in  which  money  could  be  deposited  with  safety. 

To  meet  these  conditions  the  Philippine  Commission  has  estab- 
lished as  a  part  of  the  postal  service  of  the  Islands  a  postal  sav- 
ings bank.  This  will  immediately  enable  persons  to  deposit  with 
the  government  small  sums  of  money  on  which  they  will  receive 
interest  of  2  1-2  per  cent.,  to  be  increased  later  if  the  operation 
of  the  postal  savings  bank  shows  that  it  can  be  successfully  done 
without  loss  to  the  government. 

To  meet  the  second  necessity,  that  of  enabling  the  agricultur- 
p  ^ists  to  borrow  money  at  a  reasonable  rate  of  interest,  the  Philip- 
pine Commission  has  caused  the  various  agricultural  banking 
systems  of  the  world  to  be  investigated  and  has  recommended  to 
Congress  the  passage  of  the  act  which  authorizes  the  Philippine 
,  !  Government  to  establish  an  agricultural  bank  with  headquarters 
at  Manila  and  branches  throughout  the  Islands,  from  which,  at  a 


170  REPUBUCAN  CAMPAIGN  TErT-BOOK. 

rate  fixed  by  the  government,  farmers  may  borrow  money,  at  a 
reasonable  rate  of  interest,  on  their  land  and  other  security  ap- 
proved by  the  government.  As  it  is  impossible  without  some 
guaranty  to  induce  private  capital  to  invest  in  such  bank  the 
Philippine  Government  has  requested  Congress  to  authorize  it  to 
guarantee  four  per  cent  interest  on  capital  invested  in  such  bank. 
This  is  the  so-called  Agricultural  Bank  Bill  which  is  referred  to 
under  the  headings  of  "The  Phiippines"  and  "The  Fifty-ninth 
Congress." 

Industrial  Conditions. 

Notwithstanding  the  disturbances  in  the  provinces  of  Cavite, 
Batangas,  and  Samar,  and  in  the  More  Province,  already  referred 
to,  there  is  now  more  land  under  cultivation  than  at  any  time 
since  the  year  1896. 

Slowly  but  surely  the  ravages  of  war  and  pestilence  are  being 
repaired,  and  the  material  condition  of  the  people  improved.  As 
evidence  of  this  it  is  pertinent  to  state  that  exports,  exclusive  of 
currency,  during  the  fiscal  year  1904  amounted  to  $30,226,127,  and 
for  the  fiscal  year  1905  to  $32,355,865,  an  increase  of  $2,139,738. 
This  is  a  creditable  showing,  especially  when  it  is  remembered 
that  there  was  considerable  disturbance  in  Cavite,  Batangas  and 
Samar,  where  hemp,  sugar  and  copra  are  produced  on  a  consider- 
able scale. 

The  imports  for  the  fiscal  year  1905  were  $30,879,048,  as  com- 
pared with  $33,221,251  for  the  preceding  year,  a  net  decrease  of 
$2,342,203.  Upon  investigation,  however,  it  is  disclosed  that  this 
decrease  is  entirely  due  to  the  falling  off  in  the  importations  of 
rice,  which  is  the  principal  article  of  food  of  the  people  of  the 
Islands.  It  is  significant  that  in  the  fiscal  year  1904  there  were 
imported  into  these  Islands  727,124,332  piculs  of  rice,  valued  at 
$11,548,814,  and  for  the  fiscal  year  1905  only  563,285,346  piculs, 
valued  at  $7,456,738.  In  other  words,  more  than  $4,000,000  less 
was  sent  out  of  the  Islands  last  year  for  rice  than  during  the 
preceding  year.  This  simple  statement  tells  its  own  story.  More 
land  is  sown  in  rice  this  year  than  last,  and  crop  prospects  are 
unusually  good. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Interior  for  the  Philippine  Islands  says 
in  his  report  for  the  fiscal  year  1905: 

"The  use  of  modern  farm  machinery  upon  the  Government  rice  farm  at 
Murcia  has  attracted  wide  attention,  and  many  hundreds  of  persons  have 
gone  there  to  see  the  steam-plow  and  thrasher,  the  reapers,  and  other  ma- 
chines in  operation.  These  exhibitions  have  resulted  in  the  placing  of  large 
orders  for  farm  machinery  in  America."  (P.  I.  Report  for  1905,  part  2, 
page  49.) 

Philippine  Assembly. 

On  September  11,  1902,  the  Philippine  Commissioa  certified  to 
the  President  that  the  insurrection  in  the  Philippine  Islands  had 
ceased  and  a  condition  of  general  and  complete  peace  had  been 
established  therein,  and  on  September  25,  1902,  the  President 
ordered  that  a  census  of  the  Philippine  Islands  be  taken. 

Accordingly  said  census  was  taken  at  a  cost  of  $636,931.32. 
This  is  the  first  census  which  has  been  taken  in  the  Philippine 
Islands. 

A  proclamation  was  issued  by  the  Governor-General  of  the 
Philippine  Islands,  and  the  Philippine  Commission  is  at  present 
considering  the  details  of  an  act  governing  the  election  of  mem- 
bers of  the  first  Philippine  Assembly,  and  alloting  the  number  of 
delegates  to  the  various  provinces.  This  Assembly  will,  in  all 
probability,  have  its  first  session  in  the  coming  year. 

Education. 

The  spread  of  education  throughout  the  Philippines  is  truly 
marvelous.  Practically  no  change  has  been  made  in  the  original 
organization  of  the  educational  system  in  the  Islands,  none  hav- 
ing been  proven  necessary.  There  have  been  a  few  minor  changes 
tending  towards  a  higher  degree  of  perfection  from  time  to  time 
such  as  experience  demonstrates  to  be  desirable.  But  the  swam 
of  students  that  have  swept  down  upon  the  Department  have 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT- BOOK.  171 

completely  overtaxed  its  possibilities.     Of  this  the  Director  of 
Education  in  his  report  for  the  fiscal  year  1905  says: 

"This  enormous  increase  taxed  the  Bureau  of  Education  beyond  its  powers 
and  it  became  evident  that,  with  the  number  of  American  and  native  teach 
ers  available,  it  was  practically  impossible  to  give  proper  instruction  to  any 
such  number  of  students.  In  consequence,  at  the  opening  of  the  present 
school  year  (1906)  division  superintendents  were  instructed  to  limit  the  en- 
rollment, as  far  as  possible,  to  one-third  of  the  school  population  of  their 
respective  divisions." 

At  the  close  of  the  school  year  1905  there  was  a  total  enroll- 
ment of  514,631  students.  At  the  opening  of  the  school  year  in 
July,  1904,  there  was  an  enrollment  of  251,475  students;  this 
shows  an  increase  during  one  school  year  of  263,156  students. 
These  figures  tell  their  own  story.  The  average  attendance  for 
the  fiscal  year  1905  was  311,843. 

There  were  actually  employed  on  November  1,  1905,  792  perma- 
nent American  teachers  and  63  temporary;  this  makes  a  total  of 
855  American  teachers.  .  At  that  time  there  were  861  positions 
provided  for  by  law  for  American  teachers,  and  since  then  the 
bureau  has  appointed  81  American  teachers  from  the  United 
States,  so  it  is  safe  to  assume  that  at  the  present  time  there  are 
850  or  more  American  teachers  in  the  Philippines.  On  the  same 
date  there  were  4,036  Filipino  teachers,  of  whom  2,820  were  men 
and  1,216  women.  About  365  of  these  were  teachers  under  the 
Spanish  Government — that  is  to  say,  about  10  per  cent,  of  the 
teaching  force  under  the  American  Government. 

Speaking  of  the  Filipino  teacher  the  Superintendent  of  Educa- 
tion says: 

"The  success  of  the  school  system  in  the  Philippines  rests  ultimately 
upon  the  success  of  the  Filipino  teacher,  but  the  question  of  his  competency 
is  no  longer  in  doubt." 

And  finally,  in  closing  his  report: 

"The  people  have  shown  a  disposition  to  give  willingly  of  their  time  and 
money  to  these  ends,  but  the  fact  remains  that  the  regular  revenues  of  the 
Bureau  of  Education  are  altogether  inadequate  to  decently  and  permanently 
house  the  public  schools  of  the  islands." 

The  Philippines  and  the  Fifty-ninth  Congress. 

At  the  end  of  its  report  for  the  year  1905  the  Philippine  Com- 
mission summarized  the  recommendations  which  it  felt  should 
be  urged  before  Congress,  and  to  carry  out  which  required  Con- 
gressional action.  The  two  most  important  of  these  recommenda- 
tions were  the  following: 

First — Legislation  which  shall  reduce  the  duties  on  sugar  and 
tobacco  exported  from  the  Philippine  Islands  into  the  United 
States  to  not  more  than  25  per  cent,  of  the  present  rates  fixed  by 
what  is  known  as  the  Dingley  tariff  law;  and. 

Second — That  sections  1  and  2  of  the  Act  of  Congress  approved 
April  15,  1904,  entitled  "An  Act  to  regulate  shipping  in  trade  be- 
tween ports  of  the  United  States  and  ports  or  places  in  the  Philip- 
pine Archipelago,  and  for  other  purposes,"  be  repealed,  or  at  least 
that  the  operation  of  said  sections  be  suspended  until  July  1,  1909. 

These  two  measures  were  taken  up  at  the  opening  of  the  ses- 
sion of  Congress,  and  an  act  intended  to  accomplish  the  first  pur- 
pose was  among  the  first  introduced  in  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives, being  H.  R.  No.  3.  It  passed  the  House  quite  promptly  on 
January  16,  1906.  It  is  still  in  the  hands  of  the  Committee  on 
the  Philippines  in  the  Senate,  and  it  is  expected  that  favorable 
action  will  be  taken  at  the  next  session. 

With  reference  to  the  second  proposition,  an  act  to  regulate 
shipping,  this  item  was  at  first  embodied  in  the  so-called  Ship 
Subsidy  Bill,  which  passed  the  Senate  early  in  the  session.  For 
fear  that  the  Ship  Subsidy  Bill  would  not  be  acted  upon  by  the 
House,  which  in  fact  proved  to  be  the  case,  it  was  introduced  as 
a  separate  bill  and  passed  both  Houses,  and  was  approved  April 
30,  1906.  It  postpones  until  April  11,  1909,  the  extension  of  prac- 
tically the  coastwise  laws  of  the  United  States  to  voyages  be- 
tween the  United  States  and  the  Philippine  Islands. 

Next  in  importance  was  the  necessity  for  amendment  of  the 
Philippine  coinage  bill,  and  the  one  authorizing  the  establish- 
ment of  an  agricultural  bank   in  the   Philippine   Islands,     The 


172  REPUBUCAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

PhtUpplne  coinage  bill  passed  both  houses  very  promptly  on  its 
introduction  and  was  approved  by  the  President.  It  authorizes 
the  Philippine  Commission,  with  the  approval  of  the  United 
States,  to  reduce  the  weight  and  fineness  of  the  Philippine  silver 
coins.  This  was  rendered  necessary  by  the  increase  in  value  of 
silver  which  had  made  the  intrinsic  value  of  the  Philippine  peso 
above  its  face  value  as  currency.  It  also  authorizes  the  Philip- 
pine Government  to  use  as  reserve  against  which  to  issue  cur- 
rency gold  coin  of  the  United  States.  This  was  necessary  in  or- 
der to  give  elasticity  to  the  currency  issue  of  the  Philippine 
Islands,  which  must  otherwise  wait  on  the  coinage  of  silver,  as 
the  law  to  which  this  was  an  amendment  provided  that  only 
Philippine  silver  coin  could  be  used  as  such  reserve. 

The  bill  authorizing  the  establishment  of  an  agricultural  bank 
in  the  Philippine  Islands  was  not  passed,  although  introduced  in 
both  Houses.  It  was  introduced  so  late  in  the  session  that  it  was 
necessarily  crowded  out  by  more  important  legislation  affecting 
the  whole  of  the  United  States.  There  is  every  reason  to  believe 
that  this  legislation  will  be  promptly  acted  upon  by  the  next 
session  of  Congress. 

In  addition  to  those  matters  which  were  specifically  recom- 
mended in  the  report  of  the  Philippine  Commission,  a  bill  was 
introduced  providing  for  the  loan  to  the  Philippine  Government 
of  a  naval  vessel  for  use  of  the  Nautical  School  in  the  Islands. 
This  bill  was  passed  and  approved  by  the  President;  a  bill  was 
introduced  providing  for  the  distribution  of  public  documents 
to  the  library  of  the  Philippine  Government  at  Manila.  This  bill 
passed  the  House  of  Representatives  promptly,  but  too  late  to  be 
considered  by  the  Senate;  a  bill  was  submitted  providing  for  an 
amendment  to  section  2844  of  the  Revised  Statutes  of  the  United 
States — this  in  order  to  prevent  the  anomaly  of  American  ship- 
pers of  goods  from  the  Philippine  Islands  to  the  United  States 
having  to  authenticate  their  invoices  before  a  foreign  consul. 
The  amendment  authorizes  such  invoices  to  be  authenticated  be- 
fore a  collector  or  a  deputy  collector  of  customs  of  the  Islands." 
This  bill  passed  both  Houses  and  was  approved  June  28,  1906. 

Another  bill  was  passed  authorizing  the  Secretary  of  War  to 
purchase  the  coal  claims  of  certain  Spaniards  on  the  Island  of 
Batan,  Philippine  Islands.  This  bill  passed  and  was  approved 
February  26,  1906.  A  further  bill  authorizing  the  Secretary  of 
War  to  lease  to  the  highest  bidder  these  coal  mines,  including  in 
the  con(|itions  of  the  lease  a  provision  that  the  contractor  should 
furnish  at  a  low  and  definitely  determined  price  coal  desired  by 
the  United  States  or  Philippine  governments,  was  introduced,  but 
did  not  pass.  This  was  due  to  the  fact  that  the  matter  came  up 
for  consideration  too  late  in  the  session. 

Careful  analysis  of  the  results  of  the  legislation  shows  that  a 
great  deal  was  accomplished. 

The  legislation  as  to  shipping  and  coinage  was  all  that  was 
desired.  The  failure  of  the  agricultural  bank  bill,  and  some  of 
the  minor  bills,  is  wholly  due,  it  is  thought,  to  the  great  number 
of  very  important  measures  considered  by  this  Congress  referring 
to  the  whole  of  the  United  States. 


NONCONTIGUOUS  POSSESSIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Dates  of  Acquisition  and  Organization,  and  Population  and 

Area. 

Area 

Date  of  ac-  , — Population — .,   (square 

Possession.            quisition.         Date  of  organization.  Year.     Numbor.     miles). 

Alaska   June  20,  1867    (District)  July  27,  1868*  1900        63,592       590,884 

Guam  Apr.  11,  1899 1900        t9,000            tl50 

Hawaii    July    7,1898    June  14,  1900 J  J^OO       154,0011        6,499 

Philippine  f  '      1 

IslanV   ...    Apr.  11,  1899    |,1|03    W35,^  }_  11B.«20 

Porto   Rloo..    Apr.  11,1899    May  1,  1900 /I'S    ,^5^1       '•®"' 

•«....    .1                   -t,          ^    ^^^^  I  J1904     1,000,000  j 

Tutuila   Mar.    8,1900    1902  3,750  64 

*Civil  government  established  I.Iay  i?,  1884.  fEstimated. 

JEstimated  bv  Actuary  of  the  Treasury  for  June  30. 


REPUBLICAN   CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  173 

CAMPAIGN  ISSUES  ANALYZED. 
Speech  of  Hon.  J.  G.  Cannon  at  Danville,  111.,  August  16,  1906. 

Mr.  Chairman  and  Gentlemen  of  the  Convention:  I  thank  you 
for  this  expression  of  confidence  and  I  congratulate  you  on  the 
prosperous  condition  of  the  country  under  Republican  adminis- 
tration. The  Republican  Party  has  followed  the  teachings  in 
the  parable  of  the  wise  servant,  who  returned  to  his  master  the 
talent  entrusted  to  his  care  multiplied  ten-fold.  Clothed  with 
responsibility  for  the  administration  of  the  Government  of  80,- 
000,000  people,  we  have  sought  to  make  a  return  that  will  benefit 
those  who  entrusted  the  taient  to  our  care.  We  have  succeeded 
in  making  two  blades  of  grass  grow  luxuriantly  under  Republican 
administration,  where  one  grew  feebly  before  under  the  Demo- 
cratic administration. 

» Since  the  election  of  William  McKinley  as  President,  the  busi- 
ness of  the  country  has  doubled,  and  the  material  interests  of  all 
the  people  have  become  better  than  ever  before  in  our  history; 
aye,  better  than  the  condition  of  any  people  anywhere  on  earth 
in  any  time  since  history  began.  This  is  under  the  policies  of 
the  Republican  Party  as  enacted  into  law  by  Congress  and  exe- 
cuted bj^  the  President.  Attribute  this  condition  to  what  cause 
you  may,  speculate  about  it  as  you  will,  call  it  confidence  in  men 
or  measures,  the  fact  remains  that  it  exists  and  that  there  never 
has  been  recorded  anywhere  such  industrial  development  and 
such  a  wave  of  prosperity  as  has  swept  over  the  United  States 
in  the  last  decade. 

Under  the  administration  of  the  Dingley  tariff  law  there  has 
been  a  greater  development  in  all  forms  of  industry  than  has 
ever  been  reached  under  any  other  revenue  law  since  the  Gov- 
ernment was  organized.  The  schedules  of  the  law  are  not  sacred, 
but  the  principle  there  embodied  is  fundamental.  Since  the 
enactment  of  the  first  revenue  law  under  Washingon  down  to 
the  present  time  the  periods  of  prosperity  have  been  under  pro- 
tection, and  the  periods  of  adversity  have  been  under  the  policy 
of  free  trade  or  tariff  for  revenue  only. 

Prosperity  for  All. 

This  remarkable  prosperity  under  the  Dingley  law  has  not  been 
for  one  class,  but  for  all  the  people.  It  has  touched  the  artisan, 
the  farmer,  the  manufacturer,  and  the  common  labor  of  the  coun- 
try. All  have  felt  its  beneficent  influence,  and  I  measure  my 
words  when  I  say  that  the  production  from  all  kinds  of  busi- 
ness enterprise  has  doubled  since  that  memorable  year  of  1896, 
when  the  country  in  its  .distress  turned  to  William  McKinley, 
the  champion  of  protection,  as  the  advance  agent  of  prosperity. 
The  capital  employed  in  our  industries  has  doubled;  the  total 
wages  paid  for  labor  have  more  than  doubled  in  these  ten  years; 
t^.e  farmers  have  lifted  their  mortgages  aj  d  are  enjoying  the 
embarrassments  of  a  surplus  in  the  savings  banks;  and  laborers 
have  ceased  to  hunt  for  jobs  and  have  become  the  hunted  by  the 
jobs;  in  spite  of  large  immigration  from  other  lands,  there  is 
more  work  than  workers  in  this  country  to-day.  Capital  is 
cheaper  than  ever  before,  and  money  can  be  had  at  less  interest 
than  anywhere  else  in  the  world,  The  sun  of  prosperity  is  shin- 
ing on  every  part  of  our  immense  stretch  of  territory  from  the 
Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  and  from  the  Great  Lakes  to  the  Gulf  and 
the  Rio  Grande.  We  are  at  peace  with  all  the  world,  and  our  in- 
fluence for  peace,  whether  it  be  between  two  great  powers  in 
the  Orient  or  among  the  small  Republics  on  the  American  conti- 
nent, is  felt  ihroughout  the  world. 

The  record  of  the  servant  is  his  best  and  only  certificate  for 
continuous  employment,  and  the  Republican  Party,  as  a  servant 
of  the  people,  stands  to-day  in  this  campaign  squarely  on  its 
record. 

We  have  no  pensus  figures  as  to  business  conditions  in  1896, 
but  we  have  them  for  1890,  1900,  and  1905,  and  to  supplement 
these  we  have  the  official  message  of  President  Cleveland,  com- 
plaining that  unparallelled  business  distress  and  lack  of  confi- 


174  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

dence  marked  the  greater  part  of  his  administration.  We  also 
have  the  official  statement  of  Samuel  Gompers,  as  president  of 
the  American  Federation  of  Labor,  that  more  than  3,000,000 
workingmen  were  without  work  in  1894  and  1895,  and  th^t  work 
did  not  return  to  them  until  1897.  • 


Capital  and  Wages. 

According  to  the  census  of  1890,  there  were  $6,525,000,759  capi- 
tal invested  in  manufacturing  industries  in  the  United  States, 
whereas,  according  to  the  official  figures,  there  were  in  1905^ 
113,122,607,090  so  invested.  The  average  number  of  wage  earners  I 
in  1890,  as  given  by  the  census,  was  4,251,535,  (and  Mr  Gompers  j 
said  3,000,000  more  were  without  work  in  1894  and  1895.)  Ini 
1905  the  number  was  5,492,178,  not  including  those  in  the  hand; 
trades 

The  total  wages  paid  in  1890  amounted  to  $1,891,209,696,  and' 
in  Ib^b  to  $2,661,409,858.  1 

The  value  of  the  output  of  our  manufacures  in  1890  was  $9,-j 
372,378,843,  and  in  1905,  $14,873,818,425,  not  including  that  fromj 
the  hand  trades.  ■ 

Taking  the  testimony  of  President  Cleveland  and  Samuel  Gomp- 
ers as  to  the  deplorable  condition  in  1894,  1895,  and  1896,  it  will 
be  readily  seen  that  the  industrial  development  of  the  country, 
both  as  affecting  labor  and  capital,  has  been  at  the  rate  of  100  per 
cent,  in  the  ten  years. 

There  has  been  much  discussion  and  no  little  confusion  over  the 
effort  to  compare  the  relative  increase  in  wages  and  cost  of  living 
in  the  last  few  years.  The  Labor  Bureau  of  the  United  States 
in  its  last  bulletin  on  this  question  made  a  very  careful  analysis 
for  the  fourteen  years  from  1890  to  1904.  In  that  comparison  and 
analysis  it  was  shown  that  the  weekly  earnings  of  all  empoyees 
had  increased  53.4  per  cent,  from  1894  to  1904,  and  that  the  re- 
tail prices  for  food  products  had  increased  in  the  same  time  only 
12  per  cent.  This,  I  believe,  is  the  only  careful  and  scientific  in- 
vestigation that  has  been  made  of  the  subject 


Plant  the  Factory  by  the  Farm. 

The  Republican  Party  has  always  followed  the  maxim,  "Plant 
the  factory  by  the  Farm,"  that  there  may  be  the  closest  possible 
exchange  between  the  two  great  bodies  of  producers.  One  of  the 
complaints  here  in  the  West  was  that  the  manufacturing  was 
principally  in  the  East;  but  the  continuation  of  a  settled  policy 
of  protection  has  gradually  extended  the  industrial  development 
to  the  West  and  the  South,  bringing  agriculture  and  manufac- 
ture closer  together.  The  new  statistics  of  manufactures  com- 
piled by  the  United  States  Census  Office  last  year  show  more 
clearly  than  any  previous  census  the  general  benefit  of  the  pro- 
tective policy.  The  prosperity  that  has  come  to  the  country  under 
the  Dingley  law  has  not  been  spasmodic  nor  sectional,  except  that 
it  has  produced  greater  extension  of  manufacturing  into  the 
Central,  Western,  and  Southern  States.  This  new  census  shows 
first,  that  there  has  been  a  larger  per  cent,  of  increase  in  the  capi- 
tal put  into  manufacturing  plants  in  the  last  five  years  than 
there  has  been  in  the  product  of  these  industries.  The  actual 
increase  in  capital  was  $3,700,000,000,  or  41  per  cent,  greater  than 
the  capital  invested  in  1900.  The  actual  increase  in  output  was 
$3,384,000,000,  or  about  30  per  cent,  over  that  of  1900.  Capital 
has  grown  confident  of  its  investment  and  has  turned  back  into 
the  plant  a  larger  share  of  its  earnings,  to  increase  the  demand 
for  labor  and  ultimately  increase  the  output. 

This  census  also  shows  that  in  five  years  from  1900  to  1905  the 
increase  in  the  number  of  wage-earners  employed  was  16  per 
cent,  over  the  number  in  1900,  and  the  total  wages  paid  30  per 
cent  greater;  in  other  words,  the  increase  in  the  total  wages  paid 
was  almost  twice  the  ratio  of  the  increase  in  employment.  To 
my  mind  there  could  be  no  more  complete  answer  to  the  com- 
plaint that  wages  have  not  advanced  since  1900. 


REPUBLICAN   CAMPAIGN   TEXT-BOOK.  175 

The  West  and  South. 

The  most  significant  figures  in  this  new  census  are  those  which 
show  where  the  greatest  increase  in  industrial  plants,  capital, 
employment,  wages,  and  output  took  place.  It  was  in  the  Cen- 
tral, Western,  and  Southern  States,  which  a  few  years  ago  were 
designated  simply  as  agricultural  sections  of  the  country.  Of 
the  three  billion  and  a  half  dollars  of  new  capital  put  into  indus- 
trial plants  in  these  five  years  more  than  one-half  of  it  was  in 
the  Central,  Western,  and  Southern  States.  New  England  in- 
creased her  industrial  capital  $264,000,000;  the  Middle  Alantic 
States  $1,384,000,000;  the  Southern  States,  $575,000,000;  the  Cen- 
tral States,  1,114,000,000,  and  the  far  Western  States,  $271,000,- 
000.  The  percentages  of  increase  were:  New  England,  24  per 
cent.;  Middle  Atlantic,  37.5  per  cent;  Southern,  72  per  cent; 
Central,  42  per  cent,  and  Western  73  per  cent  While  the  in- 
crease in  the  old  manufacturing  centers  of  the  East  was  normal 
and  healthy,  the  increase  in  the  Central,  Western  and  Southern 
States  was  in  the  nature  of  a  great  boom  in  industrial  develop- 
ment. 

The  comparative  increases  in  labor  and  wages  also  were  much 
greater  in  the  West  and  South  than  in  the  old  manufacturing 
centers  of  the  East.  The  increase  in  wage-earners  in  New  England 
in  the  five  years  were  little  more  than  10  per  cent.,  and  the  total 
wages  paid,  19.4  per  cent.;  in  the  Middle  Atlantic  States  the  in- 
creases were,  wage-earners  16  per  cent,  total  wages  25.8  per  cent.; 
Southern  States,  wage-earners  22  per  cent.,  total  wages  49.4  per 
cent;  Central  States,  wage-earners  15.7  per  cent.,  wages  32  per 
cent.;  Western  States,  wage-earners  29  per  cent,  wages  59  per 
cent. 

More  than  this,  the  wonderful  development  of  manufacturing 
industry  in  the  South  and  West  has  already  moved  the  indus- 
trial center  of  the  country  nearer  to  its  geographical  center,  and 
it  is  safe  to  say  that  to-day  fully  one-half  of  the  capital,  wage- 
earners,  wages  paid,  and  output  from  our  manufacturers  is  in 
the  Central,  Southern,  and  Western  States.  The  industrial  cen- 
sus of  1905  shows  this  and  demonstrates  that  under  the  economic 
policy  of  the  Republcan  Party,  with  its  steady  and  prosperous 
development,  our  manufacuring  has  steadily  advanced  into  the 
great  agricultural  sections,  placing  the  factory  beside  the  farm, 
to  make  the  exchange  between  the  two  great  bodies  of  producers 
the  more  direct  and  equitable  and  make  them  more  dependent 
upon  each  other. 

Prosperity  on  the  Tarm. 

Not  alone  in  manufacturing  has  there  been  this  doubling  up 
process  in  prosperity  under  Republican  administration.  The 
farmers  have  doubled  their  crops  and  the  money  they  have  re- 
ceived in  exchange.  The  farm  value  of  those  three  great  staple 
crops  of  the  West,  corn,  wheat,  and  oats,  in  1896  amounted  to 
$934,000,000,  and  last  year  it  aggregated  $1,912,000,000,  or  more 
than  double  tne  value  in  the  last  year  of  Democratic  administra- 
tion. The  value  of  farm  animals  also  doubled  in  the  same  period, 
increasing  from  $1,728,000,000  in  1896  to  $3,675,000,000  in  1906. 

This  prosperity  to  the  farmer  was  not  confined  to  the  corn  and 
wheat  belt  of  the  country.  Like  the  rain  which  falls  on  the  just 
and  unjust  alike,  it  descended  upon  our  friends  in  the  South,  who 
still  refuse  to  believe  that  prosperity  can  exist  under  Republican 
policies.  The  value  of  the  cotton  crop  went  from  $319,000,000  in 
1896  to  more  than  $600,000,000  in  1904,  the  last  year  for  which 
we  have  statistics.  The  miners  doubled  their  output  of  coal  and 
iron,  and  in  every  line  of  industrial  development  the  last  ten  years 
have  been  in  harmony  with  the  scriptural  injunction  to  make  two 
blades  of  grass  grow  where  one  grew  before. 

Our  foreign  trade  has  been  along  the  same  double-track  lines, 
our  imports  increasing  from  $780,000,000  in  1896  to  $1,227,000,000 
in  1906,  and  our  exports  from  $883,000,000  in  1896  to  $1,744,000,000 
in  1906.  The  total  volume  of  our  foreign  trade  in  1896  amounted 
to  $1,662,000,000,  and  in  1906  to  $2,970,000,000.  Add  to  that  our 
trade    with    Porto    Rico,    Hawaii,    and    the    Philippines,    which 


176  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

amounted  to  $75,000,000,  and  we  have  in  the  last  year  a  grand 
total  of  13,045,000,000  as  the  amount  of  business  done  between  the 
people  of  the  United  States  and  the  rest  of  the  world.  This  is 
greater  than  the  foreign  commerce  of  any  other  nation,  Great 
Britain  alone  excepted,  and  that  because  that  nation  imports  her 
food  products,  her  imports  being  almost  double  her  exports, 
while  our  exports  exceed  our  imports  by  half  a  billion  dollars. 

Under  the  policy  of  protection  the  United  States  produces  one- 
third  of  the  manufactured  and  agricultural  products  of  the  civil- 
ized world.  Our  labor  receives  double  the  compensation  that 
labor  receives  in  Great  Britain,  and  three  times  the  compensa- 
tion paid  to  labor  on  the  continent  of  Europe.  Ninety-three  per 
cent,  of  this  product  is  consumed  by  our  own  people,  and  the  com- 
paratively small  surplus  that  goes  abroad  makes  us  the  greatest 
exporting  nation  on  the  earth. 

In  the  rapid  development  of  the  country,  we  not  only  live 
better  than  any  other  people,  but  from  the  savings  of  production 
we  have  become  the  wealthiest  nation  on  earth. 


The  Steel  Trust. 

While  this  unprecedented  prosperity  has  come  in  less  than  a 
decade  of  Republican  administration,  and  the  Dingley  tariff  law 
has  demonstrated  that  it  is  a  revenue  producer  both  for  the  peo- 
ple and  the  Government,  we  occasionally  hear  the  old  wail  that 
the  tariff  is  the  mother  of  trusts  and  the  shelter  of  monopoly. 
The  tariff  revisionists  are,  however,  answering  their  own  com- 
plaints. I  find  in  the  'New  York  Times,'  one  of  the  ablest  and 
most  uncompromising  organs  of  tariff  revision,  an  editorial  show- 
ing that  the  giant  steel  trust  is  no  longer  looked  upon  by  free 
tracers  as  a  monopoly  and  that  it  has  steadily  declined  in  its 
proportion  of  the  steel  produced  since  its  organization.  The 
'Times'  says: 

"Steel  Trade." 

"The  widest  interest  in  the  Steel  Corporation  report  attaches 
to  what  is  least  discussed — that  is,  the  conditions  in  the  trade  as 
reflected  by  the  first-hand  facts  now  available.  It  is  true  that  the 
Steel  Corporation  is  not  the  steel  trade.  Big  as  it  is,  it  is  neither 
the  majority  interest,  nor  even  the  controlling  interest.  In  fact, 
its  proportion  of  the  trade  is  relatively  declining,  while  con- 
currently it  is  breaking  its  own  records  of  production  and  earn- 
ings. Its  production  of  pig  has  fluctuated  since  its  organization 
within  a  narrow  range,  and  without  decided  trend,  standing  now 
at  44  per  cent,  of  the  country's  total.  Its  production  of  open 
hearth  and  Bessemer  castings  has  fallen  by  about  3  per  cent,  to 
47  per  cent.  Its  dominance  is  gre  test  in  the  wire  nail  product, 
which,  although  declining,  remains  at  66  per  cent.  In  short,  the 
trust  is  not  by  any  means  a  monopoly,  and  yet  it  is  impossible 
that  the  trust  should  prosper  and  the  trade  languish." 

All  legislation,  and  especially  revenue  legislation,  is  the  result 
of  compromise.  It  must  inevitably  be  so  in  order  to  command, 
as  of  course,  is  necessary,  a  majority  vote  in  both  House  and 
senate  It  is,  therefore,  impossible  to  secure  perfection  in  each 
schedule  of  a  tariff  bill;  but  I  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  that 
the  present  revenue  law.  known  as  the  Dingley  law,  all  things 
considered  is  the  most  perfect  and  just  customs  revenue  law  ever 
enacted.  The  general  distress  and  industrial  conditions  prevail- 
ing throughout  the  country  at  the  time  of  its  enactment  helped 
to  make  it  so,  because  it  brought  all  the  people  together.  In  times 
Of  prosperity  when  it  is  attempted  to  enact  tariff  legislation  the 
selfishness  of  the  people  is  appealed  to,  but  when  there  is  in- 
dustrial depression  different  interests  are  more  inclined  to  get 
together  for  the  general  good. 

tv,JoH  ^^°^,^®y  .b^"  was  substantially  the  first  legislation  under 
tlie  administration  of  William  McKinley.  It  was  enacted  at  a  time 
when  the  revenues  of  the  Government  were  short,  when  all  our 
people,  on  farm  in  mine,  and  in  factory,  were  unable  to  realize 
reasonable  profits  upon  their  respective  products,  and  when  con- 


p 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  177 


sumption  was  at  a  minimum  for  the  want  of  steady  employment 
by  our  people  at  fair  wages.  In  its  operations  that  law  has 
spread  more  evenly  and  justly  over  all  production  in  the  United 
States  than  any  tariff  law  previously  enacted.  Under  its  work- 
ings there  came  hope,  contidence,  employment,  profitable  pro- 
duction, and  universal  prosperity,  which  has  grown  and  increased 
from  year  to  year  up  to  the  present  time.  Under  it  the  people 
worked  out  their  own  salvation. 

It  did  not,  and  does  not,  please  the  Democratic  Party,  That 
party  denounces  the  policy  of  protection  as  robbery  and  de- 
clares for  a  tariff  for  revenue  only.  This  has  been  tne  position 
of  the  Democratic  Party  for  many  years;  it  is  its  position  to-day 
and  the  position  of  all  its  leaders,  including  William  J.  Bryan 
?nd  John  Sharp  Williams,  the  leader  of  the  minority  in  the 
House  of  Representatives,  who  time  and  again  during  the  late 
session  of  Congress  proclaimed  the  policy  of  his  party  to  be,  if 
clothed  with  power,  not  to  destroy  protection  absolutely  at  one 
fell  swoop — over  night,  as  he  expressed  it — but  to  journey  to- 
wards a  tariff  for  revenue  only.  He  would  not  kill  the  patient 
outright  at  one  stroke,  but  would  grcvdually  starve  it  to  death. 

Such  policy  means  less  wages  for  labor,  both  skilled  and  un- 
skilled, in  every  avenue  of  production;  and,  with  decrease  of 
wages  and  slack  employment,  the  great  mass  of  the  people  would 
become  less  valuable  customers  to  all  other  producers.  Such  a 
policy  would  act  and  react  upon  all  our  people  who  are  custom- 
ers for  each  ther,  and  we  would  have  the  "nightmare"  of  1893 
to   1897   repeated. 


When  to  Revise  the  Tariff. 

Tariff  revision  in  time  of  prosperity  always  has  halted  and  al- 
ways will  halt  business  activity,  production  and  commerce.  The 
manufacturer  will  lessen  his  output,  for  he  fears  to  pile  up  his 
product  unless  there  is  reasonable  certainty  of  realizing  its  cost 
and  a  fair  profit.  The  farmer  halts  in  making  improvements  and 
consumes  less,  because  there  is  a  shortened  demand  for  his  prod- 
ucts. The  decrease  in  the  wages  of  labor  alone  pending  revision 
would  amount  to  many  hundred  million  dollars.  Where  there  is 
confidence  and  prosperity  without  precedent,  there  would  be 
doubt  and  destruction  of  confidence. 

I  heartily  endorse  the  platform  lately  adopted  by  the  Republi- 
cans of  Indiana,  which,  in  substance,  says  that  the  Republican 
Party  will  revise  the  tariff  when  it  will  do  more  good  than  harm 
to  the  great  mass  of  the  people. 

It  is  vital  that  the  Republican  Party  should  remain  in  power 
for  the  coming  two  years  in  order  that  the  legislative  and  exec- 
utive departments  of  the  Government  should  continue  in  harmo- 
ny. If  our  friends,  the  enemy,  should  be  successful  in  electing  a 
House  of  Representatives  in  November  next,  that  oody  in  the  Six- 
tieth Congress  would  not  be  in  harmony  with  the  Senate  or  with 
the  President.  There  would  be  a  "tie-up,"  so  to  speak,  in  legisla- 
tion. Furthermore,  their  success  would  be  claimed  by  our  Dem- 
ocratic friends  to  be  an  evidence  of  dissatisfaction  upon  the  part 
of  the  people  with  the  legislation  enacted  by  the  Republican 
Congress,  as  well  as  an  evidence  of  dissatisfaction  with  the  Pres- 
ident, and  an  assurance  of  complete  power  to  be  given  to  them 
in  1908  to  enable  them  to  carry  out  their  policies.  Their  suc- 
cess, conservatively  speaking,  would  halt  production  and  con- 
sumption, and,  necessarily,  business  and  commerce,  at  least  one- 
tenth.  Instead  of  forging  ahead,  as  we  are  now  doing,  in  every 
producing  and  business  avenue,  we  would  halt,  aye,  more,  we 
would  retrograde. 

'  Labor. 

Education,  business,  capital  and  labor  have  struck  hands.  The 
forces  of  nature  are  utilized  in  production  for  the  benefit  of  both 
producer  and  consumer.  This  condition  necessarily  required  the 
combined  activities  of  employer  and  employee.  Naturally,  differ- 
ences arise  between  the  two  as  to  what  is  a  proper  wage,  or,  in 


178  REPUBUCAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

Other  words,  as  to  a  fair  division  of  the  profits  of  the  business. 
Laborers  found  it  necessary  to  co-operate  with  each  other  antl 
act  together  in  determining  from  time  to  time  what  was  due 
them  in  the  division  of  the  profits. 

According  to  the  last  census,  30,000,000  of  our  people  are  em- 
ployed in  gainful  occupations,  and  3,000,000,  according  to  the 
statement  of  Mr.  Gompers,  are  organized  in  what  is  popularly 
known  as  "unions."  I  feel  quite  sure  that  such  organizations 
of  labor  have,  as  a  rule,  been  useful,  not  only  to  the  laborer,  but 
to  the  employer  as  well,  and  to  the  whole  citizenship  of  the  Re- 
public. If  1  were  engaged  in  such  occupation,  I  have  no  doul)L 
that  I  would  be  a  member  of  the  organization. 

But  it  is  absolutely  necessary  before  there  can  be  a  contest 
about  a  division  of  profits  that  there  should  be  profits  to  divide. 
There  was  but  little  profit  to  divide  under  the  last  administration 
of  Grover  Cleveland.  There  was  much  profit  to  divide  under  the 
administration  of  William  McKinley,  and  there  is  much  profit 
to  divide  ui;aer  the  administration  of  Theodore  Roosevelt,  and 
labor  on  the  average  has  been  receiving  a  larger  share  of  the 
profits  in  increasing  wages  every  year  since  the  election  of  Mc- 
Kinley. 

The  first  thing  for  each  citizen  to  do  is  to  see  to  it  that  the 
economic  and  financial  policies  which  enable  the  people  to  create 
a  profit  shall  be  continued.  The  conferences  and  contests  touch- 
ing the  division  of  the  profits  from  time  to  time  will  be  regulated 
by  the  contending  parties.  Capital  must  get  its  fair  share  or  it 
will  not  continue  in  business;,  labor  must  get  its  fair  share,  or  it 
will  suffer.  Neither  can  permanently  prosper  at  the  expense  ol 
the  other.  The  very  life  of  the  Republic  depends  upon  the  in- 
tegrity, the  wisdom,  the  patriotism,  and  the  vigilance  of  the  people 
who  make  the  Republic.  Life,  liberty,  and  the  pursuit  of  happi- 
ness are  inalienable  rights  guaranteed  by  the  Constitution  to  each 
citizen,  whether  he  be  rich  or  poor,  great  or  small.  "The  liberty 
of  one  man  ceases  where  the  liberty  of  another  man  begins." 

In  the  contest  between  employer  and  employee  from  time  to 
time  where  differences  could  not  be  adjusted,  the  employer  on  the 
one  hand  has  resorted  to  the  lockout,  and  the  employee,  on  the 
other  hand,  to  the  strike.  While  both  are  to  be  deplored,  consid- 
ering the  volume  of  production  and  the  increase  of  population, 
they  are  becoming  less  frequent.  In  my  judgment,  the  time  will 
come  When  all  such  differences  will  be  settled  amicably  be- 
tween the  contending  forces;  but  in  all  contests  employer  and  em- 
ployee alike  must  obey  the  law  which  governs  all  and  protects 
all.    The  boycott  and  the  blacklist  will  pass  away. 


^'Government  by  Injunction." 

There  has  been  much  criticism  and  much  denunciation  against 
alleged  "Government  by  Injunction,"  and  violent  attacks  have 
been  made  upon  the  judiciary  of  the  United  States.  During  the 
late  session  of  Congress  labor  leaders  differed  as  to  the  legisla- 
tion that  was  desired.  Mr.  Gompers,  professing  to  speak  for  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor,  denounced  the  so-called  Fuller 
bill,  pending  before  the  House  Committee  On  the  Judiciary  and  ad- 
vocated by  Mr.  H.  R.  Fuller,  the  representative  of  the  railway  la- 
bor unions,  in  the  most  bitter  terms  as  being  opposed  to  human 
liberty  and  the  rights  of  labor.  Mr.  Gompers,  with  Mr.  Spelling, 
his  attorney,  advocated  a  bill  introduced  by  request  by  Represen- 
tative Pearre,  and  pending  before  the  same  committee,  which,  in 
substance,  prohibited  United  States  courts  from  issuing  injunc- 
tions in  any  case  between  employer  and  employee,  unless  neces- 
sary to  prevent  irreparable  injury  to  property  or  to  a  property 
right  of  the  party  making  the  application,  for  which  injury 
there  is  no  adequate  remedy  at  law,  and  in  the  next  sentence  pro- 
vided, ''and  for  the  purposes  of  this  act  no  right  to  can-y  on  bus- 
iness of  any  particular  kind  or  at  any  particular  place,  or  at  all, 
shall  he  construed,  held,  considered,  or  treated  as  property  or  as 
constituting  a  property  right."  Mr.  Spelling,  speaking  for  Mr. 
Gompers  and  himself,  claimed  that  such"  legislation  ought  to  be 
enacted.    It  being  near  the  end  of  the  session  further  consider- 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  179 

ation  of  the  proposed  legislation  by  the  House  Judiciary  Com- 
mittee was  postponed  until  the  next  session  of  Congress. 

Speaking  for  myself,  I  am  not  in  favor  of  this  legislation  de- 
manded by  Mr.  Gompers.  The  power  of  the  courts  to  issue  writs 
of  injunction  to  prevent  irreparable  injury  to  property  or  to  a 
property  right  for  which  there  is  no  adequate  remedy  at  law,  is 
older  than  the  Constitution  and  as  well  established  as  any  other 
principle  of  law  or  equity.  The  inalienable  right  of  each  citizen, 
be  he  weak  or  strong,  is  to  come  and  go  to  and  from  his  property 
without  molestation,  and  to  carry  on  business  thereon,  and,  in 
the  exercise  of  such  right,  he  is  entitled  to  call  upon  the  Govern- 
ment for  protection  through  the  courts. 

Mr.  Gompers  claims  that  in  contests  growing  out  of  strikes  or 
lock-outs  he  is  opposed  to  violence  on  the  part  of  any  one  con- 
nected with  the  controversy.  I  will  not  question  the  good  faith 
of  the  claim,  but  I  do  say  that  if  the  legislation  he  demands  were 
enacted  destruction  of  property  by  irresponsible  persons  in  such 
controversies  would  increase.  Again,  if  such  legislation  were 
enacted,  under  its  cover  vicious  and  irresponsible  persons  be- 
longing to  the  criminal  class,  not  engaged  in  labor  or  seeking  to 
labor,  would  avail  themselves  of  the  opportunity,  as  they  have  in 
many  instances,  in  the  name  of  contesting  Jabor,  of  destroying 
property,  and  the  owner  thereof  would  be  without  remedy.  The 
legislation  that  Mr.  Gompers  demands  would  turn  loose  in  times  of 
trouble  the  criminally  disposed.  In  charity  for  him,  I  do  not  be- 
lieve that  he  realizes  the  consequences  that  would  result  from 
that  which  he  advocates,  and,  in  justice  to  all  the  citizenship  of 
the  Republic,  in  justice  to  every  man  who  lives  in  the  sweat  of 
his  face  by  honest  endeavor,  I  am  now,  and  will  be  at  all  times, 
opposed  to  this  legislation  which  he  demands. 

For  thirty  years  I  have  represented  a  district  where  nearly  all 
the  constituency  have  lived,  and  are  living,  by  their  labor.  They 
and  those  like  unto  them  stand  for  law  and  order,  for  protection 
of  property,  and  the  inalienable  rights  of  every  citizen.  Those 
who  labor  have  trod,  and  are  treading,  no  path  that  I  have  not 
trod  and  that  my  descendants  will  not  tread.  The  organized  labor 
that  Mr.  Gompers  claims  to  represent  is  composed  of  people  who 
have  the  right  to  organize.  They  are  of  all  churches  and  of  na 
church;  they  are  skilled  and  unskilled;  they  belong  to  all  the 
different  parties;  they  are  as  intelligent  and  as  patriotic  as  any 
other  equal  number  of  citizens  of  the  Republic.  In  the  transactions 
of  the. business  of  their  organization  I  have  no  doubt  but  they 
will  co-operate  with  those  who  from  time  to  time  they  place  in 
authority,  but  in  their  party  affiliations,  in  choosing  the  policies 
of  the  Republic,  I  am  ready  to  take  my  chances  with  them,  and 
this  too  without  regard  to  the  demands  of  Mr.  Gompers  when  he 
seeks  to  control  their  action  at  the  ballot  box. 


The  President  and  Congress. 

In  the  executive  departments  of  the  Government  the  record  of 
the  party  has  been  brilliant,  courageous,  and  honest,  and  the 
name  of  "Roosevelt"  has  become  a  synonym  for  all  those  quali- 
ties throughput  the  realms  of  civilization.  He  has  been  the  Pres- 
ident of  all  the  people,  and  he  has  been  tireless  in  his  efforts 
to  serve  the  people  by  wise,  just,  and  fearless  administration  of 
the  law.  He  has  been  particularly  zealous  in  administering  the 
law  against  the  trusts  and  combinations  of  capital  which  have 
ignored  the  old  adage  of  live  and  let  live.  The  beef  trust,  the 
paper  trust,  the  tobacco  trust,  the  drug  trust,  the  coal  combination, 
and  various  combinations  of  railroads  and  shippers  have  felt 
the  heavy  hand  of  the  law  and  learned  that  it  is  strong-  enough  to 
compel  them  to  give  all  a  square  deal.  The  record  of  trust  prose- 
cutions and  investigations  into  their  practices  is  too  long  to 
here  recite,  but  it  is  acknowledged  to  be  most  creditable  even  by 
our  political  opponents. 

The  Congress  has  worked  in  harmony  with  the  President  and 
embodied  into  law  more  of  his  recommendations  than  has  fallen 
to  the  lot  of  most  Chief  Executives.  I  believe  the  record  of  the 
Fifty-ninth  Congress  made  in  its  first  session  will  go  into  history 


180  REPUBUCAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

S8  one  of  the  best  records  of  legislation  for  the  benefit  of  all  the 
people  that  has  ever  been  made.  The  railroad  rate  law,  the  pure- 
food  law,  the  meat  inspection  amendment  to  the  agricultural  ap- 
propriation act,  the  free  alcohol  law,  the  consular  reform  legis- 
lation, the  employers'  liability  law,  all  enacted  at  one  session  of 
Congress,  make  a  record  of  legislation  which  has  not  been  paral- 
leled in  many  years. 

The  amendment  to  the  interstate  commerce  law  known  as  the 
Elkins  law  of  1902,  and  the  rate  legislation  just  enacted,  coupled 
with  many  decisions  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  Spates, 
render  it  reasonably  certain  that  practices  which  had  grown  up 
by  large  shippers  of  commodities  demanding  and  receiving  from 
common  carriers  exceptional  ^ates  for  transportation  not  eHjoyed 
by  others  is  prohibited  by  law  and  penalized  both  as  to  the  rail- 
way or  other  common  carrier  and  the  shipper.  So  that  it  is 
safe  to  say  that  each  citizen  in  the  United  States  will  be  treated 
the  same  as  every  other  citizen.  With  equal  privileges  to  all, 
there  is  no  reason  to  doubt  that  by  enterprise,  industry,  and  com- 
petition under  equal  conditions  monopoly  is  decreasing  and  will 
finally  cease  and  a  square  deal  afforded  to  every  competing  citizen. 

We  are  willing  to  stand  by  the  record  and  trust  lo  the  intelli- 
gence of  the  people  as  to  whether  they  will  continue  this  record 
of  prosperity  and  wise  regulation  of  abuses,  or  accept  the  preach- 
ings and  promises  of  the  demagogue. 


WORLD'S  IRON  INDUSTRY. 
The  Question  as  to  Supply  Lasting  a  Century. 

Consul  J.  C.  McNally  sends  a  report  from  Liege  on  the  inter- 
national iron  and  steel  industry  and  the  outlook  for  the  future, 
based  on  trade  journal  statements.    It  follows: 

it  is  estimated  that  the  iron  ore  used  to  date  aggregates  3,300 
million  tons,  and  that  the  consumption  of  raw  iron  has  multiplied 
twenty-five  times.  In  1800  the  world  absorbed  2,000,000  tons, 
while  at  the  end  of  the  century  the  figures  were  50,000,000  tons. 
The  following  table  will  show  the  rapid  increase  of  cast  iron  since 
1800,  in  millions  of  tons: 

Country.  1800—1825.  1825—1850.  1850—1875.  1875—1904.  Total. 

United    States 2  9  31  245  287 

England    .; 8  40  120  230  398 

France   3  10  25  56  94 

Germany    2  7  23  145  177 

Others    5  14  31  94  144 

Total    20  80  230  770  1,100 

The  following  table  shows  the  great  increase  in  the  average  an- 
nual output  of  the  individual  blast  furnaces  of  each  country: 

Country.  1870.  1903. 

Tons.  Tons. 

United  States 6,344  95,000 

Germany    6,400  41,000 

England   9,120  26,100 

France    4,400  24,800 

Belgium   13,380  34,745 

The  manufacture  of  cast  iron  for  the  years  1904-5  is  estimated 
as  follows: 

Country.  1904.                            1905. 

„   ,  Tons.                           Tons. 

United    States 16,497,033  25,000,000 

Germany  10,103,941  11,000,000 

Jjne'and    8,562,658  9,000,n00 

J^rancc   2,800,000  3,000,000 

S'Jssia   2,300,000  3,000,000 

Belgium    1,300,000  1,350,000 

Other  countries 3,000,000  3,000,000 

Total  44,563,632  55,350,000 

President  Hadfield,  of  the  Iron  and  Steel  Institute  of  England, 
said  in  May  last  that  the  aemands  of  the  century  in  cast  iron, 
taking  as  a  basis  the  production  of  the  last  thirty  years,  would 
amount  to  about  54,000,000,000  tons  of  ore.  If  this  hypothesis  is 
granted,  which  is  considered  arbitrary,  the  stocK  or  supply  on 
earth  would  be  exhausted  before  the  twenty-first  century. 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  181 

Samuel  Gompers  on  Labor. 

Extracts  from  remarks  of  Hon.  CHARLES  DICK  of  Ohio,  in  daily 
Congressional  Record,  June  9,  1900. 

1893. 

"Since  August  of  this  year  we  have  been  in  the  greatest  industrial  depres- 
sion this  country  has  ever  experienced.  It  is  no  exaggeration  to  say  that 
more  than  3,000,000  of  our  fellow-toilers  throughout  the  country  are  without 
employment  and  have  been  so  since  the  time  named.  This  lamentable  indus- 
trial condition  is  attributed  by  many  to  various  causes,  and  it  seems  to  me 
that  the  accurate  statement  of  them  here  is  both  requisite  and  appropriate, 
so  that  we  may  be  better  enabled  to  so  frame  our  legislation  that  it  may 
tend  to  a  proper  solution  of  the  problem  dependent  upon  the  wage-workers 
for  solution.  Never  in  the  history  of  the  world  has  so  large  a  number  of 
'people  vainly  sought  for  an  opportunity  to  earn  a  livelihood  and  contribute 
to  the  support  of  their  fellows.  In  a  society  where  such  abnormal  conditions 
prevail  there  must  of  necessity  be  something  wrong  at  the  basic  foundation." 

1897. 

"That  terrible  period  for  the  wage-earners  of  this  country  which  began 
in  1893  and  which  has  left  behind  it  such  a  record  of  horror,  hunger,  and 
misery  practically  ended  with  the  dawn  of  the  year  1897.  Wages  had  been 
steadily  forced  down  from  1893  till  toward  the  end  of  1895,  and  it  was 
variously  estimated  that  between  two  million  and  two  and  a  half  million 
wage-earners  were  unemployed.  It  is  agreed  by  all  that  the  wagf^-oarners 
are  the  principal  consumers  of  American  products,  and  it  necessarily  follows 
that  a  reduction  in  wages  involves  a  diminution  in  the  power  of  consumption, 
and  consequently  a  proportionate  decrease  in  production,  and,  naturally,  also 
in  the  force  of  labor  required  for  the  production.  A  reduction  of  wages, 
therefore,  results  in  an  increase  in  the  army  of  the  unemployed,  and  any 
circumstance  or  combination  of  circumstances  that  will  check  reductions  in 
wages,  and  hence  the  diminution  of  consumption  by  the  masses,  is  a  humane 
act,    based  on  the  soundest   laws   of  economics  and   of   progress." 

1899. 

"The  revival  of  industry  which  we  have  witnessed  within  the  past  year 
is  one  for  general  congratulation,  and  it  should  be  our  purpose  to  endeavor 
to  prolong  this  era  of  more  general  employment  and  industrial  activity. 
In  this  effort  no  power  is  so  potent  as  organized  labor,  if  we  but  follow  a 
right  and  practical  course.  It  is  beyond  question  that  the  wages  of  the 
organized  workers  have  been  increased,  and  in  many  instances  the  hours 
of  labor  either  reduced  or  at  least  maintained.  The  report  which  your  officers 
are  enabled  to  submit  to  this  convention,  so  far  as  the  growth  and  progress 
of  our  movement  during  the  past  year  are  concerned,  is  of  a  most  gratifying 
character.  At  last  we  are  realizing  some  of  the  fruits  of  the  years  of 
unceasing  sacrifice,  devotion,  and  uninterrupted  work  of  our  fellow-union- 
ists." 

The  first  of  these  quotations  by  Samuel  Gompers  is  taken  from 
page  11  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor 
Convention  held  on  December  11,  ISjjS,  during  the  last  Demo- 
cratic administration  of  our  national  affairs. 

The  second  statement,  that  of  1897,  is  taken  from  a  signed 
article  by  Samuel  Gompers,  presiden  of  the  American  Federa- 
tion of  Labor,  published  in  New  York  on  January  1,  1898.  I 
would  draw  your  attention,  Mr.  Speaker,  to  the  difference  noticed 
by  the  president  of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor  within  less 
than  a  year  of  the  inauguration  of  President  McKinley  and  the 
present  Republican  Administration. 

The  third  quotation  is  from  the  report  of  President  Gompers  of 
the  convention  of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor  held  at  De- 
troit on  December  11,  1899.  It  is  a  standing  memorial  to  the 
benefits  derived  by  American  labor  under  a  Republican  adminis- 
tration and  Republican  laws  that  are  designed  to  protect  our 
wage-tearners  and  enable  them  to  secure  the  highest  possible  rate 
of  wages  in  return  for  the  labor  which  they  have  to  sell. 

It  is  but  right  to  state  here  that  Mr.  Samuel  Gompers,  the  presi- 
dent of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor,  is  now,  and  always  has 
been,  an  uncompromising  Democrat.  His  frank  and  unsolicited 
testimony  to  the  better  conditions  of  labor  unaer  a  Republican 
administration  should,  therefore,  have  some  infiuence  with  our 
friends  on  the  other  side. 

"That  some  may  be  rich  shows  that  others  may  become  rich, 
and  hence  is  just  encouragement  to  industry  and  enterprise. 
Let  not  him  who  is  homeless  pull  down  the  house  of  another, 
but  let  him  lab6r  diligently  and  build  one  for  himself;  thus,  by 
example,  assuring  that  his  own  ghall  be  safe  from  violence 
when  built."— Abraham  Lincoln. 


Agriculture, 


Nothing  cnn  give  a  more  comprehensive  view  of  our  present 
PKiU  ultuial  (onditions  than  the  following  extracts  from  the  lasi 
report   of   the   Secretary   of   Agriculture,   December,   1905. 

To    (he    President: 

I  li  ;onor  to  submit  herewith  my  ninth  annual  repor* 

Secit  Agriculture. 

The  well-being  of  the  American  farmer  is  a  matter  of  profoinid 
interest  to  the  entire  country.  It  is,  therefore,  in  the  highest 
degree  gratifying  to  present  for  your  consideration  the  following 
evidences  of  the  unprecedented  prosperity  which  has  in  this  and 
recent  years  rewarded  the  diligence  of  the  farmer  and  the  efforts 
of  this  Department  on  his  behalf. 

Farmers'  Wealth  and  Well-Being. 

Another  year  of  unsurpassed  prosperity  to  the  farmers  of  this 
country  has  been  added  to  the  most  remarkable  series  of  similar 
years  that  has  come  to  the  farmers  of  any  country  in  the  annals 
of  the  world's  agriculture.    Production  has  been  unequaled;   its 
value  has  reached  the  highest  figure  yet  attained;   the  value  of 
the  farmers'  National  surplus  still  maintains  the  magnitude  that 
has  built  up  the  balance  of  trade  by   successive  additions  for 
many  years  suflBcient  to  change  the  Nation  from  a  borrower  into  | 
a  lender;  there  is  a  continuation  of  the  unprecedented  savings  ; 
that  have  embarrassed  local  banks  with  their  riches  and  have  ' 
troubled  farmers  to  find  investments;  and,  as  if  all  of  these  mani- ; 
festations  of  a  high  degree  of  well-being  were  not  enough,  the  ■ 
farms  themselves  have  increased  in  value  to  a  fabulous  extent.       j 

Farm  crops  have  never  before  been  harvested  at  such  a  high ; 
general  level  of  production  and  value.  The  partial  failure  of  two  | 
or  three  second-class  crops  makes  no  apparent  impression  upon] 
the  great  aggregate  of  all  crops.  j 

After  much  laborious  collection  of  information  an  estimate  of 
the  value  of  the  crops  of  1905  and  of  all  other  farm  products  hasi 
been  made,  as  was  done  last  year.  The  census's  detailed  state- 
ment of  the  value  of  all  farm  products  was  taken  as  the  basis, 
and  the  various  items  have  been  brought  down  from  year  to 
year  in  their  quantities  and  values.  For  such  crops  as  will 
later  receive  a  final  estimate  by  the  Bureau  of  Statistics  of  this 
Department,  the  figures  herein  used  are  subject  to  small  correc- 
tion. All  values  adopted  for  the  various  products  are  farm 
values,  and  are  in  no  wise  to  be  mistaken  for  exchange,  middle- 
man's, or  consumer's  values. 

High  Crop  Values.  | 

Corn  has  reached  its  highest  production  with  2,708,000,000  bush- 
els, a  gain  of  42,000,000  over  the  net  lower  year,  1899.     In  value,  ; 
also,  the  corn  crop  of  this  year  is  higher  than  that  of  the  next  i 
lower  year,  1904,  by  $128,000,000,  and  the  total  value  may  be  $1,- 
216,000,000.     No  other  crop  is  worth  more  than  half  as  much. 

Hay. — Second  in  order  of  value  among  all  kinds  of  crops  is  the 
hay  crop,  which  takes  the  second  place  back  from  the  cotton 
crop,  which  held  it  for  the  two  preceding  years.  Many  hay  crops 
have  exceeded  in  tons  the  product  of  this  year,  but  because  of  high 
prices  the  crop  reaches  a  value  of  $605,000,000,  which  is  higher 
by  $34,000,000  than  the  value  of  the  crop  of  1893 

Cotton,  including  seed,  stands  third  in  value  among  the  leading 
crops  of  the  year,  although  some  uncertainty  still  remains  con- 
cerning its  quantity  and  value.  It  can  only  be  said  that  its 
value,  including  seed,  is  expected  to  rise  well  toward  $575,000,000, 
and  will  be  nearer  to  that  figure,  or  above  it,  in  proportion  as 
the  expectations  of  cotton  planters  are  realized  with  regard  to 
higher  prices. 

183 


REPUBLICAN   CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  183 

Wheat. — Fears  last  year  that  the  United  States  had  fallen  to 
the  level  of  its  consumption  in  the  production  of  wheat  were  ill- 
founded.  The  short  crop  of  that  year  is  followed  this  year  by  the 
second  wheat  crop  in  size  that  this  country  has  ever  produced, 
684,000,000  bushels,  and  the  value  of  this  crop,  $525,000,000,  over- 
tops the  highest  value  before  reached,  in  1891,  by  $11,000,000. 

Oats. — Fifth  in  order  of  value  among  the  crops  of  the  year  is 
the  oat  crop,  with  939,000,000  bushels,  or  50,000,000  bushels  under 
the  highest  production,  in  1902.  In  value  as  well  as  yield  the  oat 
crop  of  this  year  has  been  exceeded  in  only  two  previous  years, 
amounting  to  $282,000,000,  only  $22,000,000  under  that  of  1902. 

Potatoes.— Next  after  oats  comes  the  potato  crop,  which  has 
been  a  partial  failure  and  falls  below  the  highest  production  of 
preceding  years,  that  of  1904,  by  72,000,000  bushels;  but  in  value 
the  crop  has  done  better  since  it  occupies  the  fourth  place  from 
the  highest,  and  is  valued  at  $138,000,000,  or  only  $13,000,000  be- 
low the  highest  preceding  value,  that  tor  1903. 

Barley. — The  high  price  of  barley  during  the  last  three  years 
has  much  increased  the  size  and  value  of  this  crop,  so  that  it 
now  occupies  seventh  place  among  the  leading  agricultural  crops. 
In  quantity  the  crop  of  this  year,  133,000,000  bushels,  is  third 
among  annual  barley  crops,  though  only  7,000,000  bushels  under 
the  highest  crop,  that  of  1904,  and  has  a  value  of  $58,000,000,  or 
only  $4,000,000  under  the  most  valuable  crop  of  this  cereal,  that  of 
1902. 

Tobacco,  like  potatoes,  is  an  undersized  crop  this  year,  as  it  was 
last  year,  and,  considering  the  difficulties  in  the  way  of  placing 
a  value  upon  it  at  this  time,  an  estimate  of  $52,000,000  may  be 
too  low.  At  any  rate,  because  of  high  prices,  the  entire  crop  al- 
most exceeds  the  highest  value  yet  reached,  that  of  1899. 

Su^ar  Cane  and  Sugar  Beets. — Although  unrelated  in  culture, 
the  common  purpose  of  growing  sugar  beets  and  sugar  cane  per- 
mits their  combination  in  a  statement  that  their  united  value  this 
year  is  estimated  to  be  in  the  neighborhood  of  $50,000,000.  This 
is  a  farm  value  for  the  raw  material  from  which  sugar,  sirup, 
molasses,  and  feeding  stuffs  are  derived  in  processes  of  manu- 
facture. 

Rice. — The  rice  crop  is  not  available  as  some  other  crops  which 
are  not  mentioned  here,  yet  its  remarkable  position  entitles  it  to 
notice.  Its  production  increased  from  250,000,000  pounds  of 
rough  rice  in  1899  to  517,000,000  pounds  in  1903  and  to 
928,000,000  pounds  in  1904;  but  the  extraordinary  production  of 

1904  fell  to  637,000,000  pounds  this  year,  and,  although  second 
in  quantity,  this  year's  crop  is  probably  worth  more  than  the  crop 
of  1904,  which  was  valued  at  $13,892,000. 

Exceptional  General  Level.— While  it  may  be  observed  that  only 
one  crop — corn — reached  its  highest  production  this  year,  four 
crops  reached  their  highest  value — namely,  corn,  hay,  wheat,  and 
rice.  The  general  level  of  production  was  high  and  that  of  prices 
still  higher,  so  that  no  crops  for  which  separate  estimates  can  be 
made  fall  below  third  place  in  total  value  compared  with  the 
crops  of  preceding  years,  except  potatoes,  barley,  tobacco,  rye,  and 
buckwheat.  The  cereals,  including  rice,  more  than  maintained 
their  previous  strong  position  in  production,  and  their  aggregate 
yield  is  4,521,000,000  bushels,  with  a  farm  value  of  $2,123,000,000, 
or  $145,000,000  over  last  year. 

Dairy   and   Poultry    Products. 

Butter  and  Milk. — Both  butter  and  milk  have  higher  prices  in 

1905  than  in  1904,  and  these,  combined  with  increased  production, 
permit  an  estimate  of  the  value  of  dairy  products  at  $665,000,000, 
or  $54,000,000  above  the  estimate  for  last  year.  No  crop  but  corn 
produces  the  income  that  the  dairy  cow  does. 

The  farmer's  hen  is  becoming  a  worthy  companion  to  his  cow. 
The  annual  production  of  eggs  is  now  a  score  of  billions,  and, 
after  supplying  the  needs  of  factories,  tanneries,  bakeries,  and 
other  trades,  they  are  becoming  a  substitute  for  high-priced  meats, 
besides  entering  more  generally  into  the  every-day  food  of  the 
people.    Poultry  products  have  now  climbed  to  a  place  of  more 


184  REPUBUCAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

than  half  a  billion  dollars  In  value;  and  so  the  farmer's  hen  com- 
petes with  wheat  for  precedence. 

Total  Wealth  Production  on  Farms. 

Dreams  of  wealth  production  could  hardly  equal  the  preceding 
figures  into  which  various  items  of  the  farmer's  industry  have 
been  translated;  and  yet  the  story  is  not  done.  When  other 
items,  which  can  not  find  place  here,  are  included,  it  appears  that 
the  wealth  production  on  farms  in  1905  reached  the  highest 
amount  ever  attained  by  the  farmer  of  this  or  any  other  country, 
a  stupendous  aggregate  of  results  of  brain  and  muscle  and  ma- 
chine, amounting  in  value  to  $6,415,000,000. 

The  deduction  from  wealth  produced,  made  in  the  report  of  last 
year  on  account  of  products  fed  to  live  stock,  is  not  continued 
this  year  because  the  duplication  of  produced  wealth  in  the  con- 
sumption of  products  by  farm  animals  is  much  less  than  has  been 
assumed  and  is  undoubtedly  more  than  offset  by  the  amount  of 
wealth  produced  on  farms  which  can  not  be  estimated  or  even  as- 
certained practically  by  census  enumerators. 

It  might  reasonably  have  been  supposed  in  1904  that  the  wealth 
produced  by  farmers  had  reached  a  value  which  would  not  be 
equaled  perhaps  for  some  years  to  follow,  and  yet  that  value  is 
exceeded  by  the  value  for  this  year  by  $26,000,000,  just  as  the 
value  for  that  year  exceeded  that  for  1903  by  $242,000,000. 

The  grand  aggregate  of  wealth  produced  on  farms  in  1905  ex- 
ceeds that  of  1904  by  4  per  cent;  it  is  greater  than  that  of  1903 
by  8  per  cent;  and  transcends  the  census  figures  for  1899  by  36 
per  cent.,  and  this  after  a  lapse  of  only  six  years. 

If  there  is  no  relapse  from  this  high  position  that  the  farmer 
now  holds  as  a  wealth  producer,  three  years  hence  he  ma;^  look 
back  over  the  preceding  decade,  and,  if  he  will  add  the  annual 
figures  of  his  wealth  production,  he  will  find  that  the  farming 
element,  or  about  35  per  cent,  of  the  population,  has  produceQ 
an  amount  of  wealth  within  these  ten  years  equal  to  one-half  of 
the  entire  National  wealth  produced  by  the  toil  and  composed  of 
the  surplus  and  savings  of  three  centuries. 


Domestic  Animals. 

Horses. — In  the  last  annual  estimate  made  by  this  Department 
of  the  number  and  value  of  domestic  animals  on  farms,  nearly  a 
year  ago,  it  appears  that  the  farmers'  horses  had  never  before  been 
so  numerous  nor  in  the  aggregate  so  valuable.  First  threatened 
by  the  bicycle,  and  later  by  the  electric  trolley  car  and  the  auto- 
mobile, neither  one  of  these,  nor  all  combined^  have  scared  the 
farmers'  horses  into  diminished  numbers  or  lower  prices.  On  the 
contrary,  horses  on  farms  last  winter  were  worth  $1,200,000,000, 
or  nearly  as  much  as  the  corn  crop  of  this  year,  and  their  number 
was  over  17,000,000.  Mules  also  are  steadily  increasing,  and  are 
worth  $252,000,000. 

Cattle. — Milch  cows  also  are  advancing  in  numbers  and  have 
reached  a  total  of  17,570,000,  worth  $482,000,000.  Other  cattle, 
however,  have  not  participated  in  this  advance,  and  in  recent 
years  have  declined  in  number  and  total  value  so  that  last  winter 
they  numbered  43,669,000,  worth  $662,000,000. 

Sheep  and  Swine. — Sheep,  too,  are  declining  in  number  and  in 
total  value,  but  swine  are  holding  their  previous  position  of  many 
years,   the  number  being   47,321,000,   valued   at   $283,25*5,000 

Aggregate  Increase. — In  the  aggregate,  the  value  of  farm  ani- 
mals of  all  sorts  has  increased  a  few  million  dollars  within  a  year 
and  has  increased  $249,000,000  since  the  census  of  1900,  or  9  per 


Features  of  Foreign   Trade. 

Unparalleled  Agricultural  Surplus.— Out  of  the  enormous  pro- 
ductions of  the  farms  of  this  country  the  wants  of  83,000,000 
people  have  been  supplied,  and  there  remains  a  surplus  large 
enough  to  become  a  generous  contribution  to  the  other  nations  of 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  185 

the  earth  and  unparalleled  among  them  as  a  National  agricultural 
surplus 

The  relative  position  of  farm  products  in  domestic  exports  is  a 
declining  one  on  account  of  the  gain  in  exports  of  manufactures, 
so  that,  while  the  exports  of  the  former  averaged  62.6  per  cent,  of 
all  domestic  exports  for  the  five  years  1900-1904,  the  percentage 
for  1905  was  only  55.4  per  cent. 

During  the  last  sixteen  years  the  domestic  exports  of  farm 
products  have  amounted  to  $12,000,000,000,  or  $1,000,000,000  more 
than  enough  to  buy  all  the  railroads  of  the  country  at  their  com- 
mercial valuation,  and  this  with  a  mere  surplus  for  which  there 
was  no  demand  at  home. 

Imports  Mostly  Noncompetitive. — In  the  matter  of  imports  of 
farm  products  the  total  of  the  last  fiscal  year  was  $554,000,000, 
or  $125,000,000  more  than  the  annual  average  of  the  preceding 
five  years.  Over  1904  the  gain  was  $92,000,000,  which  is  ac- 
counted for  by  large  increases  in  the  imports  of  silk,  wool,  hides, 
and  skins,  coffee,  sugar,  and  molasses,  against  which  there  were 
relatively  small  decreases  in  imports  of  feathers,  rice,  tea,  and 
vegetables.  The  imports  of  farm  products  in  1905  were  49.6  per 
cent,  of  all  imports,  as  compared  with  46.7  per  cent,  during  the 
preceding  five  years. 

Apparent  Balance  of  Trade. — While  the  farmer  has  been  a  pro- 
ducer and  trader,  he  has  also  been  an  international  paymaster. 
In  his  foreign  trade  of  1905  he  had  a  net  balance  in  his  favor 
amounting  to  $285,000,000;  in  the  preceding  five  years  this  favor- 
able balance  averaged  $461,000,000;  during  the  five  years  1895- 
1899  it  averaged  $338,000,000,  and  in  the  five  years  preceding 
that  the  average  was  $271,000,000. 

During  the  sixteen  years  past  the  farmer  has  secured  a  balance 
of  $5,635,000,000  to  himself  in  his  international  bookkeeping,  and 
out  of  this  he  has  offset  an  adverse  balance  of  $543,000,000  in  the 
foreign  trade  in  products  other  than  agricultural,  and  turned 
over  to  the  Nation  from  his  account  with  other  nations  $5,092,- 
000,000. 

Earmers'  Support  of  Manufacturing. 

Not  content  with  his  other  achievements,  the  farmer  lends  his 
strong  shoulder  to  the  support  of  the  manufactures  of  the  country 
by  furnishing  raw  materials.  Computations  based  upon  census 
information  disclose  the  fact  that  farm  products,  to  some  extent 
obtained  from  other  countries,  constitute  56.4  per  cent,  of  the  total 
products,  and  86.8  per  cent,  cf  the  total  materials,  of  the  indus- 
tries utilizing  agricultural  products  as  materials,  and  these  indus- 
tries produce  36.3  per  cent,  of  all  manufactured  products  and  use 
42  per  cent,  of  all  materials  employed  in  manufacturing. 

At  the  same  time  these  industries  using  agricultural  materials 
employed  37.8  per  cent,  of  all  persons  engaged  in  manufacturing 
and  the  capital  of  these  industries  is  42.1  per  cent,  of  the  capital 
of  all  manufacturing  establishments. 

Restated  in  absolute  terms,  during  the  last  census  year  the  farm 
products  employed  in  certain  manufactures  were  valued  at  $2,- 
679,000,000;  the  value  of  all  materials,  including  the  preceding 
amount,  was  $3,087,000,000;  and  the  products  of  the.  industries 
using  these  materials  were  valued  at  $4,720,000,000.  These  indus- 
tries employed  2,154,000  persons  and  had  a  capital  of  $4,132,- 
000,000. 

Such  are  the  enormous  interests,  not  engaged  in  agriculture,  but 
in  industries  that  could  not  maintain  themselves  without  the 
farmer  and  his  extraordinary  productive  ability. 


Farmers  Becoming  Bankers. 

Naturally  such  a  large  class  of  the  population  as  the  farmers, 
producing  wealth  and  surpluses  to  the  extent  that  they  are,  have 
savings  which  they  invest  in  various  ways,  since  in  this  country 
the  stocking  and  its  hiding  place  are  not  the  savings  bank.  One 
of  the  most  notable  outgrowths  of  savings  by  farmers  is  the  very 
great  multiplication  of  small  national  banks  in   recent  years. 


186  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN   TEXT-BOOK. 

Under  the  amendment  to  the  national  banking  act,  permitting  tho 
organization  of  banlcs  with  a  capital  of  less  than  $50,000,  as 
many  as  1,754  of  these  banks  were  organized  from  March  14,  1900 
to  October  31,  1905,  excluding  those  organized  in  the  noncontigu- 
ous possessions.  These  banks  are  distributed  mostly  throughout 
the  South  and  the  North  Central  States  in  rural  regions,  where 
thev  depend  for  their  business  primarily  and  directly  upon  the 
farmers'  prosperity,  and  secondarily,  upon  the  village  merchants 
and  persons  of  other  employment,  who  themselves  are  dependent 
upon  the  prosperity  of  the  farmers. 

In  the  Southern  States  633  of  these  banks  were  organized,  rep- 
resenting 36.1  per  cent,  of  the  total  number;  in  the  North  Cen- 
tral States  the  number  was  792,  or  45.2  per  cent,  of  the  total.  To 
one  who  Is  familiar  with  State  and  regional  conditions  it  is  sig- 
nificant to  notice  that  in  the  North  Central  States  west  of  the 
Mississippi  River,  513  of  these  banks  were  organized,  representing 
29.3  per  cent,  of  the  total  number,  and  that  in  the  Southwestern 
legion,  embracing  Texas,  Indian  Territory,  and  Oklahoma,  397 
new  small  banks  stand  for  26.2  per  cent,  of  the  total. 

If  the  capital  of  these  banks  had  been  sent  from  Boston  and 
New  York  it  would  have  been  such  a  proceeding  as  was  common 
fifteen  years  ago;  but,  instead  of  coming  from  such  an  origin, 
the  capital  of  these  banks  has  come  from  the  farmers.  The  State 
bank  commissioner  of  Kansas,  in  his  report  for  1904,  states  that 
"it  has  been  an  area  of  small  banks  in  isolated  communities,  and 
so  many  have  been  started  that  to-day  every  hamlet  in  the  State 
where  any  considerable  business  is  done  has  a  bank.  This  in- 
crease in  the  number  of  small  banks  arises,  first,  from  the  fact 
that  farmers  and  business  men  in  these  communities  had  idle 
money  that  they  desired  to  invest  and  banking  appealed  to 
them,"  etc.  The  same  cause  for  the  establishment  of  these  banks 
is  reported  from  the  South  and  North  Central  and  Western 
groups  of  States. 

Depositors   in  Banks. 

In  the  North  Central  States  farmers  have  been  depositing 
money  in  the  banks  until  the  rate  of  interest  on  deposits  has  fal- 
len so  low  that  they  have  diverted  a  large  portion  of  their  savings 
to  permanent  investments.  In  spite  of  the  fact  that  the  banks  do 
not  receive  and  keep  all  or  most  of  the  farmers'  savings,  the  in- 
crease of  bank  deposits  in  agricultural  States  and  larger  regions 
is  most  extraordinary.  The  following  are  some  examples  of  the 
increase  of  the  deposits  in  all  banks  in  the  agricultural  States 
during  the  year  ending  June  30,  1905:  In  Iowa  and  South  Da- 
kota, the  increase  was  14.9  per  cent. ;  in  Nebraska,  13.5  per  cent. ; 
in  Kansas,  9.7  per  cent;  in  North  Dakota,  25.  During  the  same 
time  bank  deposits  in  the  great  capital  State  of  Massachusetts 
increased  9.1  per  cent. 

Still  more  remarkable  is  the  bank  statement  for  the  South  Cen- 
tral States.  During  the  past  year  the  deposits  increased  18.1  per 
cent,  in  Texas,  21.4  in  Oklahoma,  24.1  per  cent,  in  Arkansas,  and 
45.7  per  cent,  in  the  Indian  Territory,  while  throughout  the  whole 
area  of  that  geographic  division  the  increase  was  22.8  per  cent. 
The  general  average  increase  for  the  United  States  was  13.5  per 
cent. 

If  a  comparison  is  made  with  1896,  within  the  latest  pro- 
longed financial  depression,  the  comparisons  are  still  more  strik- 
ing. During  the  ten  years  from  that  year  to  June  30,  1905,  the 
bank  deposits  of  the  United  States,  aU  banks  included,  increased 
129.2  per  cent.  In  comparison  with  this  is  the  increase  of  the 
South  Atlantic  States,  167.4  per  cent.;  of  the  Western  or  Rocky 
Mountain  and  Pacific  States,  169.8  per  cent. ;  of  the  North  Central 
States,  185.5  per  cent.;  and  still  more  striking  is  the  percentage 
of  the  South  Central  States,  255.7  per  cent.;  while  during  the 
same  time  the  deposits  in  the  North  Atlantic  States  increased 
only  102.3  per  cent. 

For  individual  States  there  are  such  increases  during  the  ten 
years  as  190.9  per  cent,  for  Iowa,  239.3  per  cent,  for  Kansas,  294 
per  cent,  for  North  Dakota,  and  355.7  per  cent,  for  South  Dakota. 
The  progress  of  the  South  Central  States  was  still  more  rapid. 


r  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  187 

as  evidenced  in  particular  by  Mississippi,  with  an  increase  of 
347.1  per  cent,  in  bank  deposits;  by  Texas,  248  per  cent.;  by  Ok- 
lahoma, 172.6  per  cent.;   and  by  Arkansas,  with  503.8  per  cent. 

li'or  the  first  time  in  the  financial  history  of  the  South,  deposits 
in  the  banks  of  that  region  now  exceed  $1,000,000,000. 

The  foregoing  remarkable  increases  in  bank  deposits  in  agricul- 
tural States,  as  well  as  the  increase  in  the  number  of  small  coun- 
try banks,  are  directly  and  indirectly  because  of  the  profits  that 
have  come  to  the  farmers  from  the  operation  of  their  farms.  The 
man  with  the  hoe  has  become  the  man  with  the  harvester  and  the 
depositor  and  shareholder  of  the  bank. 

Decadence  of  the  Crop  Lien. 

Nothing  has  been  of  greater  financial  moment  to  the  cotton 
planters  than  the  profitable  price  of  cotton  during  the  past  three 
years.  It  has  been  the  means  of  lifting  them  out  of  a  rut  that  at 
times  filled  them  with  despair.  The  crop  lien,  which  was  a  neces- 
sity immediately  after  the  Civil  War,  is  disappearing  where  it 
has  not  already  gone  and  released  the  planters  from  its  bondage. 

For  the  first  time  in  nearly  half  a  century  the  cotton  planter's 
unsecured  note  is  now  good  at  the  bank,  and  his  land  is  a  safe 
security  and  is  salable. 

Increase  in  Farm  Values. 

Such  an  account  of  the  farms  of  the  United  States  as  is  given 
in  the  foregoing  matter  may  seem  too  optimistic  in  tone  and  too 
extravagant  in  expression.  With  the  expectation  that  the  story 
of  .the  year  would  present  this  appearance,  and  to  verify  or  dis- 
credit it,  the  Department  undertook  and  has  just  completed  an 
investigation  of  the  changes  in  the  values  per  acre  of  medium 
farms  since  the  census  of  1900.  The  net  result  of  these  changes 
is  an  enormous  increase  in  the  values,  which  increase  is  entirely 
consonant  with  the  period  of  high  prosperity  that  the  farmers 
have  enjoyed  since  1900,  the  only  considerable  blot  upon  an  other- 
wise clean  record  of  these  years  being  the  very  deficient  corn  crop 
of    1901. 

Inquiries  were  addressed  to  45,000  correspondents,  representing 
almost  every  agricultural  neighborhood  in  the  United  States,  and 
the  returns  of  these  correspondents  warrant  the  statements  that 
follow.  The  values  asked  for  and  reported  include  the  buildings 
and  all  improvements,  but  no  personal  property. 

Percentage  of  Gain. — During  the  five  years  past  the  value  of 
the  real  estate  of  medium  farms  of  this  country  has  increased 
33.5  per  cent,  as  compared  with  the  census  increase  of  25  per 
cent,  for  the  real  estate  of  all  farms  from  1890  to  1900.  The  high- 
est percentage  of  increase — 40.3  per  cent. — is  found  in  the  South 
Central  group  of  States.  Next  to  this  is  40.2  for  the  Western 
group,  which  includes  the  Rocky  Mountain  and  Pacific  States. 
Third  in  order  is  the  South  Atlantic  group,  with  36  per  cent, 
of  increase.  The  North  Central  States,  containing  most  of  the 
great  cereal  and  live-stock  surplus  region,  increased  35.3  per 
cent.,  and  lowest  of  all  was  the  increase  of  the  North  Atlantic 
States — 13.5  per  cent.  Thus  it  appears  that  the  medium  farms 
of  the  South  have  increased  in  value  in  a  greater  degree  than 
the  medium  farms  of  the  entire  North  as  far  west  as  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

Farms  are  classified  according  to  their  principal  sources  of  in- 
come, conforming  substantially  to  the  census  classification  for 
1900.  With  this  understanding,  correspondents  report  an  in- 
crease of  48.2  per  cent,  in  value  per  acre  for  the  medium  cotton 
farms  during  the  five  years,  35  per  cent,  for  the  hay  and  grain 
farms,  34.3  per  cent,  for  the  live-stock  farms,  and  33.2  per  cent, 
for  the  farms  devoted  principally  to  sugar  cane  and  sugar  beets. 
Rice  farming  follows  with  an  increase  of  32.2  per  cent,  in  value 
per  acre,  while  close  to  this  is  32.1  per  cent,  for  tobacco  farms. 
Next  in  order  are  the  farms  devoted  to  general  farming,  with  an 
increase  in  value  per  acre  amounting  to  30.1  per  cent.,  after  which 
are  the  fruit  farms,  with  an  increase  of  27.9  per  cent.;  vegetable 


188  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

farms,  26.7  per  cent;  and,  lowest  of  all,  the  dairy  farms,  with  an 
Increase  of  25.8  per  cent. 

Dollars  of  Gain  Per  Acre. — When  a  comparison  is  made  among 
the  various  regions  of  the  country  and  among  the  various  classes 
of  farms  with  regard  to  the  number  of  dollars  of  increase  rather 
than  the  percentage  of  increase,  the  results  are  very  different 
from  the  preceding.  The  medium  farms  of  the  North  Central  di- 
vision increased  on  the  average  $11.25  per  acre  during  the  five 
years.  In  the  Western  division  of  States  the  increase  was  $5.33; 
in  the  North  Atlantic  States,  $5.26;  while  the  increases  were  low- 
est in  the  South,  where  in  the  South  Atlantic  division  the  gain 
was  $4.93,  and  in  the  South  Central,  $4.66.  The  average  increase 
per  acre  of  medium  farms  in  the  United  States>  all  classes  com- 
bined, was  $7.31. 

Although  the  rate  of  increase  for  cotton  farms  was  highest  of 
all  specialized  farms,  the  amount  of  increase  per  acre  was  lowest, 
or  $5.21.  Next  above  this  is  rice,  with  $5.97;  live  stock,  with 
$6.40;  and  general  farming,  $6.78.  Rising  considerably  above 
this  was  the  increase  for  dairy  farms,  $8.53;  tobacco  farms,  $9.13; 
and  hay  and  grain  farms,  $9.43.  The  highest  increases  are  for 
vegetable  farms,  $11.10;  sugar  farms,  $12.34;  and  fruit  farms, 
$15.29. 

Causes  of  Increase. — While  some  decreased  values  were  found 
in  a  few  places,  due  to  local  causes,  the  general  fact  of  large 
increases  in  farm  values  was  explained  by  correspondents  with 
much  particularity.  The  increase  is  chiefly  due  to  better  prices 
and  more  profitable  results  of  farm  operations,  leading  to  a 
higher  capitalization  of  land  on  account  of  increased  net  profit. 
But  this  by  no  means  fully  accounts  for  the  marked  increase  dis- 
covered in  farm  values,  when  secondary  causes  are  considered. 
Everywhere  is  revealed  a  more  intelligent  agriculture;  the  farm- 
ers are  improving  their  cultural  methods  and  are  changing  from 
less  profitable  to  more  profitable  crops.  They  are  discovering 
that  high  cost  of  production  attends  extensive  agriculture,  and 
that,  on  the  contrary,  intensive  culture  and  intensive  crops  in- 
crease the  net  profits  per  acre.  As  disclosed  in  the  preceding 
increases  of  average  acre  values,  the  farms  of  the  less  intensive 
culture  and  crops  have  increased  in  value  less  than  the  farms 
having  the  more  valuable  crops  receiving  high  culture. 

Other  causes  for  higher  values  are  the  erection  of  new  build- 
ings, the  keeping  of  buildings  in  better  repair,  better  fences,  tile 
draining  of  land  that  has  been  too  wet,  and  a  general  improve- 
ment in  farm  thrift.  New  facilities  for  transportation,  where 
existing,  are  everywhere  reported  as  at  once  raising  the  value  of 
farm  lands,  whether  new  railroads  or  wagon  roads  that  will  per- 
mit the  hauling  of  larger  loads  and  for  longer  distances. 

Another  cause  for  increase  which  has  had  a  distinct  effect  by 
itself  is  the  growing  desire  and  ability  of  farmers,  and  towns- 
people also,  to  invest  in  farm  lands  as  affording  a  safe  invest- 
ment, even  though  the  rate  of  interest,  as  values  now  are,  is  not 
high. 

Many  minor  causes  have  co-operated  with  the  foregoing  to  bring 
about  the  wonderful  increase  in  farm  values  during  the  past  five 
years  that  the  Department  has  discovered. 

Grand  Aggregate  Increase  of  Value. — The  correspondents  re- 
porting with  regard  to  this  matter  were  requested  to  state  in- 
creases and  decreases  for  medium  farms.  There  are  reasons  for 
believing  that  the  increases  for  this  class  of  farms  may  be  ex- 
tended to  farms  below  and  above  the  medium  without  a  material 
distortion  of  the  fact  as  representing  all  farms.  While  the  in- 
creases reported  for  medium  farms  are  higher  than  for  the  more 
poorly  kept  and  less  productive  farms,  on  the  other  hand  they 
are  lower  than  for  the  better  kept  and  more  productive  farms 
of  the  highest  class,  which  are  not  covered  in  the  reports  of  cor- 
respondents. 

Accepting,  then,  the  increased  average  acre  values  of  the  va- 
rious classes  of  medium  specialized  and  general  farms  as  appli- 
cable to  all  farms,  including  those  above  and  below  medium,  with 
such  pertinent  qualifications  as  may  be  made,  these  increases 
are  applied  to  the  total  number  of  farms  of  the  various  classes 
with  results,  which,  it  is  believed,  are  approximately  correct. 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  189 

With  this  understanding  it  is  found  that  the  cotton  farms  liave 
increased  in  value  $460,000,000,  the  most  prominent  increase 
jimong  the  States  being  Texas,  with  $115,000,000,  while  Georgia 
stands  second  with  $77,000,000,  and  Mississippi  third  with  $62,- 
000,000.  Therefore,  it  may  be  said  that  during  the  last  five  years 
the  cotton  plantations  have  had  six  crops  of  cotton,  one  of  these 
crops  being  a  permanent  investment  and  promising  to  pay  a 
good  return  year  by  year. 

Sugar  farms  have  increased  in  value  $20,000,000,  more  than  half 
of  which  is  found  in  Louisiana  and  one-sixth  in  California, 

Hay  and  grain  farms  have  such  an  immense  acreage  that  the 
increase  for  them  amounts  to  $2,000,000,000,  three-fourths  of 
which  is  in  the  North  Central  States;  and  an  even  greater  gain, 
or  $2,263,000,000,  was  made  by  the  live-stock  farms,  nearly  three- 
fourths  of  this  also  being  in  the  North  Central  States.  In  the 
case  of  farms  having  dairying  as  a  specialty  the  increased  value 
was  $369,000,000;  tobacco  farms  increased  $57,000,000;  rice  farms, 
$3,300,000;  fruit,  $94,000,000;  vegetable  farms,  $113,000,000;  and 
farms  devoted  to  general  and  miscellaneous  purposes  $768,- 
000,000. 

In  the  grand  aggregate  of  all  farms  of  all  classes  the  increased 
value  equaled  the  enormous  total  of  $6,131,000,000. 

Every  sunset  during  the  past  five  years  has  registered  an  in- 
crease of  $3,400,000  in  the  value  of  the  farms  of  this  country; 
every  month  has  piled  this  value  upon  value  until  it  has  reached 
$101,000,000;  that  portion  of  the  National  debt  bearing  interest 
is  equaled  by  the  increased  value  of  farms  in  nine  months,  and 
this  increase  for  a  little  over  a  year  balances  the  entire  interest 
and  non-interest  bearing  debt  of  the  United  States. 

This  increased  value  that  has  come  to  farms  is  invested  better 
than  in  bank  deposits  or  even  in  the  gilt-edged  bonds  of  private 
corporations. 

Economic  Position  of  Tarmers. 

If  the  farmers'  economic  position  in  the  United  States  is  to  be 
condensed  to  a  short  paragraph,  it  may  be  said  that  their  farms 
produced  this  year  wealth  valued  at  $6,415,000,000;  that  farm 
products  are  yearly  exported  with  a  port  value  of  $875,000,000; 
that  farmers  have  reversed  an  adverse  international  balance,  of 
trade,  and  have  been  building  up  one  favorable  to  this  country 
by  sending  to  foreign  nations  a  surplus  which  in  sixteen  years 
has  aggregated  $12,000,000,000,  leaving  an  apparent  net  balance 
of  trade  during  that  time  amounting  to  $5,092,000,000  after  an  ad- 
verse balance  against  manufactures  and  o^her  products  not  agri- 
cultural, amounting  to  $543,000,000,  has  been  offset.  The  manu- 
facturing industries  that  depend  upon  farm  products  for  raw  ma- 
terials employed  2,154,000  persons  in  1900  and  used  a  capital  of 
$4,132,000,000.  Within  a  decade  farmers  have  become  prominent 
as  bankers  and  as  money  lenders  throughout  large  areas;  and 
during  the  past  five  years  prosperous  conditions  and  the  better- 
directed  efforts  of  the  farmers  themselves  have  increased  the 
value  of  their  farms  33.5  per  cent,  or  an  amount  approximately 
equal  to  $6,131,000,000. 


NUMBER  AND  ACREAGE  OF  FARMS  AND  NUMBER  OF 
.    ACRES  IMPROVED  AND  UNIMPROVED:  1850  TO  1900. 

(From  reports  of  the  Bureau  of  the  Census,  Department  of  Commerce  and 

Labor.) 

Average    Per  cent  of  farm 

Number     ^Number  of  acres  In  farms.->,    number      , land , 

Census  of  Un-  of  acres         Im-     Unim- 

year.  farms.     Improved,  improved.      Total,      to  a  farm,  proved  proved. 

1850 1,449,073    113,032,614    180,528,000    293,560,614  202.6  38.5  61.5 

I860 2,044,077-  163,110,720    244,101,818    407,212,538  199.2  40.1  59.9 

1870* 2,659,985    188,921,099    218,813,942    407,735,041  153.3  46.3  53.7 

1880* 4,008,907    284,771,042    251,310,793    536,081,835  133.7  53.1  46.9 

1890* 4,564,641    357,616,755    265,601,864    623,218,619  136.5  57.4  42  6 

1900 5,737,372    414,498,487    434,093,287    838,591,774  146.2  49.4  5o!6 

*Not  including  farms  of  less  than  3  acres,  which  reported  the  sale  of  less 
than  $500  worth  of  products  in.  the  census  year. 


IHO 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 


VALUE  or  FABM  PROPERTY:    1850  TO  1900. 

(From  reports  of  the  Bureau  of  the  Census,  Department  of  Commerce  and 

Labor.) 

Per  cent  of  value 
of  all   farm 

f — property  in ^ 

Farm 

land, 

, Value  of ->        with 


Farm   land 

with  im-      Implements 
Census     All  farm    provements,  and 

year.       property.      including       machinery, 
buildings. 
Dollars. 


1850.. 
1860. . 
1870b. 


1890., 
1900.. 


Dollars. 

3.967.343,580 

7.980.493,063 
11.124.958.747 
12,180,501,538 
16,082,267.689    13,279,2iS2,649 


improve- 
ments. 
Live  stock,     includ- 
ing build- 
ings. 
Dollars, 
a  544,180,516 


Dollars. 
3,271,575,426    151,587.638     a  544,180,516        82.5       3.8       lr',.7 
6,645,045,007    240,118.141    al,  089, 329,915        83.3        3.1        ]:;.*; 
9,262,803,861    336,878.429    al,525,276,457        83.3        3.0        13.7 
10,197,096,776    406,520,055    cl,576,884,707        83.7        3.3        13.0 
494,247,467    c2,308, 767,573        82.6        3.1        14.3 
20.439,901,164  dl6,614,647,491    749.775,970    e3,075,477,703       81.3       3.7       15.0 
a  Including  only   the   reported  value   of  live   stock   on   farms. 
b  Values   for   1870   were   reported    in    depreciated    currency.    To    reduce   to 
specie  basis  of  other  years  they  must  be  diminished  one-fifth. 
c  Including   estimated   value    of   live    stock    on    ranges. 
d  value  of  land,  with  improvements,  except  buildings,  $13,058,007,995;  value 
of  buildings,  13,556,639,496.     The  Twelfth  Census  was  the  first  to  collect  sepa- 
rate statistics  of  buildings  on  farms. 

e  Including  value  of  live  stock  on  ranges  as  well  as  on  farms.  Value  of  do- 
mestic animals,  $2,979,197,586.  This  figure  is  more  nearly  comparable  than 
that  in  the  table  with  the  returns  for  value  of  live  stock  at  earlier  censuses. 


COTTON  CROP  IN  SPECIFIED  YEARS,   1850  TO   1904. 
Estimated  Acreage,  Product,  and  Value. 


-Total- 


Ypor  Area. 

^^^^-  Acres. 

1850* 

I860* 

1870* 

1880 15,475,300 

1885 18,300,865 

1886 18,454,603 

1887 18,641,067 

1888 19, 058,591 

1890* 20,175,270 

1893 19,525,000 

1894 23, 687,950 

1895 20, 184,808 

1S96 23,273,209 

15>97 24,319,584 

1898 24,967,295 

1899 23,403,497 

1900 25.758,139 

1901 27,220,414 

1902 27, 114,103 

1903 28,016,893 

1904t 

♦The  crop  of  the  preceding  year.       tPounds. 


Product,  Value, 

Bales.  Dollars. 

2.469.093  

5,387,052  

3,011,996  

12,854,471,100  280,266,242 

6,575,300  269,989,812 

13,127,230,233  257,295,327 

7,020,209  291,045,346 

6,940,898  292,139,209 

7,472,511  

7,493,000  

9,476,435  259,164,640 

7.161.094  293,358,852 
8,532,705  291,811,564 

10,897,857  319,491,412 

11,189,205  305,467,041 

9,142,838  334,847,868 

10,401,453  511,098,111 

10,662,995  418,358,366 

10,725,422  458,051,005 

10,061,289  600,288,626 

13,679,954  

$Cotton  ginned. 


TOBACCO  CROP  IN  SPECIFIED  YEARS,  1893  TO  1905. 
Estimated  Acreage,  Product,  and  Value.* 

Area.  Product,  Value, 

Year.                                                            Acres,  Pounds.  Dollars. 

1893 , 702,952  483,023,963  39,155,442 

1894 523,103  406,678,385  27,760,739 

1895 633,950  491,544,000  35,574,220 

1896 594,749  403,004,320  24,258,070 

1899t $1,101,460  $868,112,865  $56,987,902 

1900 1,046,427  814,345,341  53,661,132 

1901 1,039,199  818,953,373  58,283,108 

1902 1,030,734  821,823,963  80,472,506 

1903 1,037,735  815,972,425  55,514,627 

1904 806,409  660,460,739  53,382,959 

1905 776,112  633,033,719  53,519,068 

♦The  value  given  is  for  December  1.    fCensus  figures.    $Exclusive  of  Hawaii. 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 


191 


CEREAL  CROPS. 


Estimated  Production  and  Value,    1890  to    1905. 

(From  annual  reports  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture.) 
CORN. 
, Total ^      , Average- 


< 
Acres. 
71,970,763 
76,204,515 
70,626,658 
72,036,465 
62,582,269 
82,075,830 
81,027,156 
80,095,051 
77,721,781 
82,108,587 
83,320,872 
91,349,928 
94,043,613 
88,091,993 
92.231,581 
94,011,369 


g 

Bushels. 
1,489,970,000 
2,060,154.000 
1,628,464,000 
1,619,496,131 
1,212,770,052 
2,151,138,580 
2,283,875,165 
1,902,967,933 
1,924,184,660 
2,078,143,933 
2,105,102,516 
1,522,519,891 
2,523,648,312 
2,244,176,925 
2,467,480,934 
2,707,993,540 


as 

Dollars. 
754,433,451 
836,439,228 
642,146,630 
591,025,627 
554,719,162 
544,985,534 
491,006,967 
501,072,952 
552,023,428 
629,210,110 
751,220,034 
921,555,768 
1,017,017,349 
952,868,801 
1,087,461,440 
1,116,696,738 


13.50 
> 

Cts. 
50.6 
40.6 
39.4 
36.5 
45.7 
25.3 
21.5 
26.3 
28.7 


Bush. 

20.7 
27.0 
23.1 
22.5 
19.4 
26.2 
28.2 
23.8 
24.8 
25.3 
25.3 
16.7 
26.8 
25.5 


> 

Doll. 

10.48 

10.98 

9.09 

8.21 

8.86 

6.64 

6.06 

6.26 

7.10 

7.66 

9.02 

10.09 

10.81 

10.82 

11.79 

11.88 


36,087,154 
39,916,897 
38,554,430 
84,629,418 
34,882,436 
34,047,332 
34,618,646 
39,465,066, 
44,055,278 
44,592,516 
42,495,385 
49,895,514 
46,202,424 
49,464,967 
44,074,875 
47,854,079 


WHEAT. 

399,262,000 
611,780,000 
515,949,000 
396,131.725 
460,267,416 
467,102,947 
427,684,346 
530,149,168 
675,148,705 
547,303,846 
522,229,505 
748,460,218 
670,063,008 
637,821,835 
552,399,517 
692,979,489 


334,773,678 
513,472,711 
322,111,881 
213,171,381 
2'>5, 902,025 
237,938,998 
310,602,539 
428,547,121 
392,770,320 
319,545,259 
323,525,177 
467,350,156 
422,224,117 
443,024,826 
510,489,874 
518,372,727 


62.4 
53.8 
49.1 
50.9 
72.6 
80.8 
58.2 
58.4 
61.9 
62.4 
63.0 

9214 
74.8 


11.1 
15.3 
13.4 
11.4 
13.2 
13.7 
12.4 
13.4 
15.3 
12.3 
12.3 
15.0 
14.5 
12.9 
12.5 
14.5 


9.28 
12.86 
8.35 
6.16 
6.48 
6.99 
8.97 
10.86 
8.92 
7.17 
7.61 
9.37 
9.14 
8.96 
11.58 
10.83 


26,431,369 

25,581,861 
27,063,835 
27,273,033 
27,023,553 
27,878,406 
27,565,985 
25,730,375 
25,777,110 
26,341,380 
27,364,795 
28,541,476 
28,653,144 
27,638,126 
27,842,669 
28,046,746 


OATS. 

523,621,000 
738,394,000 
661,035,000 
638,854,850 
662,036,928 
824,443,537 
707,346,404 
698,767,809 
730,906,643 
796,177,713 
809,125,989 
736,808,724 
987,842,712 
784.094,199 
894,595,552 
953,216,197 


222,048,486 
232,312,267 
209,253,611 
187,576,092 
214,816,920 
163,655,068 
132,485,033 
147,974,719 
186,405,364 
198,167,975 
208,669,233 
293,658,777 
303,584,852 
267,661,665 
279,900,013 
277,047,537 


42.4 
31.5 
31.7 
29.4 
32.4 
19.9 
18.7 
21.2 
25.5 
24.9 
25.8 
39.9 
30.7 
34.1 
31.3 
29.1 


19.8 

28.9 
24.4 
23.4 
24.5 
29.6 
25.7 
27.2 
28.4 
30.2 
29.6 
25.8 
34.5 
28.4 
32.1 
34.0 


8.40 
9.08 
7.73 
6.88 
7.95 
5.87 
4.81 
5.75 
7.23 
7.52 
7.63 
10.29 
10.60 
9.68 
10.05 


2,141,853 
2,176,466 
2,163,657 
2,038,485 
1,944,780 
1,890,345 
1,831,201 
1,703,561 
1,643,207 
1,659,308 
.1,591,362 
1,987,505 
1,978,548 
1,906,894 
1,792,673 
1,662,508 


RYE. 

25,807,472 
31,751,868 
27,978,824 
26,555,446 
26,727,615 
27.210,070 
24,369,047 
27,363,324 
25,657,522 
23,961,741 
23,995,927 
30,344,830 
33,630,592 
29,363,416 
27,241,515 
27,616,045 


16,229,992 
24,589,217 
15,160,056 
13,612,222 
13,395,476 
11,964,826 
9,960,769 
12,239,697 
11,875,350 
12,214,118 
12,295,417 
16,909,742 
17,080,793 
15,993,871 
18,748,323 
16,754,657 


62.9 

77.4 
54.2 
51.3 
50.1 
44.0 
40.9 
44.7 
46.3 
51.0 
51.2 
55.7 
50.8 
54.5 
68.8 
60.7 


12.0 
14.6 
12.9 
13.0 
13.7 
14.4 
13.3 
16.1 
15.6 
14.4 
15.1 
15.3 
17.0 
15.4 
15.2 
16.6 


7.58 
11.30 

7.01 


6.33 
5.44 
7.18 
7.23 
7.36 
7.73 
8.51 


10.  < 
10.{ 


192 


REPUBUCAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 


CEREAL  CBOPS. 


Estimated  Production  and  Value, 

BARLEY. 
, Total 


1890  to   1905— Continued. 


-Average 


Calendar 
year. 


t 
Acres. 


1890 3, 

1891 3. 

1892 3, 

1893 3, 

1894 3. 

1X95 3 

1,S9fi 2, 

1897 2, 

1898 2, 

1899 2, 

1900 2, 

1901 4, 

]<»<iL' 4, 

i9o:; 4, 

UMI4 5, 

1905 5, 


302 
579 
3G1 
371 
«02 
,973 
539 
116 
125 
229 
282 
,744 
063 
,137 
878 
,528 


2 

Bushels. 

67. 168,344 

86,839,153 

80,096,762 

69,869,495 

61,400,465 

87,072,744 

69,695,223 

66,685.127 

55,792,257 

73,381,563 

58,925,833 

109,932,924 

134,954,023 

131,861,391 

139,748,958 

136.651,020 


5  oj 

Dollars. 

42,140,502 
45,470,342 
38,026,062 
28,729,;{86 
27,134,127 
29,31.2,413 
22,491.241 
25,142,139 
23,064,359 
29,594,254 
24,075,271 
49,705,163 
61,898,634 
60,166,313 
58,651,807 
55,047,166 


> 

Cts. 

62.7 
52.4 
47.5 
41.1 
44.2 
33.7 
32.3 
37.7 
41.3 
40.3 
40.8 
45.2 
45.9 
45.6 
42.0 
40.3 


Bush. 

21.4 
25.9 
2S.6 
21.7 
19.4 
26.4 
23.6 
24.5 
21.6 
25.5 
20.4 
25.6 
29.0 
26.4 
27.2 
26.8 


1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1S95. 
l>?9r.. 
1897. 
1898. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 


844 
849. 
861, 
815, 
789, 
763, 
754, 
717, 
678, 
670, 
637, 
811, 
804, 
804, 
793, 
760, 


579 
364 
451 
614 
232 
277 
898 
836 
332 
148 
930 
164 
889 
393 
625 
118 


BUCKWHEAT. 

12,432,831 
12,760,932 
12,143,185 
12,122,311 
12,668,200 
15,341,399 
14,089,783 
14,997,451 
11,721,927 
11,094,473 
9,566,966 
15,125,939 
14,529,770 
14,243,644 
15,008,336 
14,585,082 


7,132,872 
7,271,506 
6,295,643 
7,074,450 
7,040,238 
6,936,325 
5.522,339 
6,319,188 
5,271,462 
6,183,675 
5,341,413 
8,523,317 
8,654,704 
8,650,733 
9,330,768 
8,565,499 


57.4 
.57.0 
51.8 
58.4 
55.6 
45.2 
39.2 
42.1 
45.0 
55.7 
55.8 
56.3 
.59.6 
60.7 
62.2 
58.7 


14.7 
15.0 
14.1 
14.9 
16.1 
20.1 
18.7 
20.9 
17.3 
16.6 
15.0 
18.6 
18.1 
17.7 
18.9 
19.2 


Year, 


POTATO  CROP  1900  TO  1905. 

Acreage,   Production,   and  Value.* 

(From  reports  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture.) 

Yield  Price 

Acreage.       per  acre.     Production,      per  ton. 
Acres.  Tons.  Tons.  Dollars. 

1905 2,996,757  87.0  260,741,294  61.7 

1904 3,015,675  110.4  332,830,300  45.3 

1903 2,916,855  84.7  247,127,880  61.4 

1902 2,965,587  96.0  284,632,787  47.1 

1901 2,864,335  65.5  187,598,087  76.7 

1900 2,611,054  80.8  210,926,897  43.1 

♦Does  not  include  swe«t  potatoes. 


HAY    CROP    1900    TO    1905. 

Acreage,   Production,  and  Value. 

(From  reports  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture.) 

Yield  Price 

Acreage.       per  acre.     Production,      per  ton. 
Acres.  Tons.  Tons.  Dollars. 

Year,    19(K5 ^9,361,960  1.54  60,531,611  8.52 

1904 :i9,998,602  1.52  60,696,028  8.72 

1903 39,933,759  1.54  61,305,940  9.08 

1902 39,825,227  1.50  59.857,576  9.06 

1901 39,390,508  1.28  50,590,877  10.01 

1900 39,132,890  1.28  50,110,906  8.89 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 


193 


PRODUCTION  AND  COMMERCIAL  MOVEMENT  OF  SUGAR. 

Quantity  of  Sugar  Consumed  in  the  United  States  from  1877 

to  1905. 

(Data  furnished  by  Messrs.    Willett  &  .  Gray,   of   New  York.) 


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mol 

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Pi     % 

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O 

H 

0 

Tons. 

Tons, 

Tons. 

Tons. 

Pounds. 

1877 

606,750 

89,000 

446 

745,250 

36 

1878 

649,872 
663,196 

71,000 
112,000 

223 
357 

773,472 
831,896 

36.2 

1879 

38.1 

1880 

805,045 

88,822 

357 

956,784 

42.7 

1881 

835,261 

127,367 

629 

1,012,206 

44.2 

1882 

973,720 

76,372 

446 

1,134,994 

48.4 

18S3 

1,021,956. 

142,297 

536 

1,224,011 

51.1 

1884 

1,098,090 

135,243 

737 

1,309,383 

53.4 

1885 

1,122,345 

100,876 

600 

1,298,380 

51.8 

1886 

1,232,755 

135,158 

754 

1,459,280 

56.9 

1887 

1,213,791 

85,394 

255 

1,381,714 

52.7 

1888 

1,270,629 

167,814 

1,640 

1,519,283 

56.7 

1SS9 

1,193,761 

153,909 

2,400 

1,416,474 

51.8 

1?90 

1,25V,292 

136,503 

2,800 

1,476,377 

52.8 

1891 

1,614,580 

221,951 

5,400 

1,888,851 

66.3 

1S92 

1,597,306 

204,064 

12,000 

1.853.370 

63.8 

1893 

1,623,872 

235,886 

16,000 

1,906.758 

64.4 

1894...- 

1,700,635 

271,336 

20,443 

2,012,714 

«6.7 

1S95 

1,572,438 

324,506 

30,000 

1,949,744 

63.4 

1896 

1,670,963 

243,220 

40,000 

1,960,086 

62.5 

1897 

1,715,607 

310,537 

39,684 

2,070,978 

64.8 

1898 

1,708,937 

252,812 

34,453 

2,002,902 

61.. n 

1S99 

1,844,642 

160,400 

62,826 

2,078,068 

62.6 

1900 

1,950,014 

174,450 

82,736 

2.219,847 

65.2 

1901 

tl,932,330 

292,150 

124,859 

2,372,316 

6S.7 

1902 

t2,092,657 

296,000 

148,526 

2,566,108 

72.8 

1903 

§1,982,605 

292,800 

247,563 

2,549,643 

70.9 

1904 

112  246,068 

32?,,  649 

170,135 

2,767,162 

75.3 

1905 

**2,056,092 

334,522 

220,722 

2,632,216 

70.5 

♦Leading  refiners  state  that  little  or  no  sugar  is  manufactured  from 
domestic  molasses.  Messrs.  Willett  &  Gray,  New  York,  state  that  of  the 
sugar  consumed  in  1902  only  about  44,749  tons  were  unrefined. 

flncludes  309,070  tons  Hawaiian,  66,279  tons  Porto  Rican,  and  5,100  tons 
Philippine. 

Jlncludes  311,139  tons  Hawaiian,  84,827  tons  Porto  Rican,  and  2,550  tons 
Philippine. 

§Includes  357,850  tons  Hawaiian,  85,989  tons  Porto  Rican,  and  29,947  tons 
Philippine. 

^Includes  330,745  tons  Hawaiian,  116,942  tons  Porto  Rican,  and  22,100  tons 
Philippine. 

♦♦Includes  376,497  tons  Hawaiian,  124,928  tons  Porto  Rican,  and  14,673  tons 
Philippine. 

Quantity  of  Beet  Sugar  Produced  in  the  United  States,  1891-92 
to  1904-5. 

(From  reports  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture.) 

Average  extraction  of 
, raw  sugar ^ 


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Num- 

Short 

ber. 

Acres. 

tons. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

1891-92. . . 

6 

7,155 

72,530 

12,004,838 

184 

9.20 

1,864 

1892-93... 

6 

13,128 

128,887 

27,083,288 

233 

11.67 

2,292 

1893-94... 

6 

19,645 

194,896 

45,191,296 

256 

12.82 

2,556 

1894-95... 

5 

19,538 

(t) 

45,006,000 

(t) 

(t) 

2,559 

1895-96... 

6 

22,948 

(t) 

65,453,000 

(t) 

(t) 

3,169 

1896-97... 

7 

57,239 

(t) 

84,081,000 

(t) 

(t) 

1,632 

1897-98... 

9 

41,272 

389,635 

90,491,670 

258 

12.98 

2,436 

1898-99... 

15 

37,400 

(t) 

72,735,000 

(t) 

(t) 

2,161 

1899-1900. 

31 

135,305 

794,658 

163,458,075 

229 

11.43 

1,342 

1900-1901. 

34 

132,000 

811,654 

172,164,000 

236 

11.78 

1,449 

1901-2.... 

39 

194,725 

1,704,595 

365,402,000 

.   238 

11.91 

2,085 

1902-3.... 

44 

259,513 

1,888,665 

437,837,000 

258 

12.88 

1,875 

1903-4.... 

53 

292,295 

2,022,839 

466,222,000 

256 

12.80 

1,772 

1904-5.... 

51- 

252,100 

2,024,558 

469,777,000 

258 

12.89 

2,071 

*The  bulk  of  the  sugar  produced  is  refined.  For  calculating  the  average 
extraction  the- figures  here  given  have  been  reduced  to  terms  of  raw  sugar 
on  the  assumption  that  90  pounds  of  refined  is  equivalent  to  100  pounds  of  raw. 

tNot  stated. 


194  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

SUGAR    CONSUMPTION. 

Per  Capita  in  Europe  and  in  This  Country. 

The  per  capita  consumption  of  sugar  in  the  United  States  in 
1904  was  75.3  pounds,  an  increase  of  4.2  pounds,  as  compared 
with  1903.  There  was  a  further  increase  in  1905  so  that  the  per 
capita  consumption  of  sugar  in  this  country  is  now  practically 
equal  to  that  of  Great  Britain  and  more  than  double  that  of 
Germany  or  France.  F.  0.  Licht,  in  his  "Monthly  Report,"  dated 
Madgeburg,  February  16,  1906,  gives  the  per  capita  consumption 
of  sugar  in  Europe  last  year  as  follows: 

I       .  I      .. 

Country.  -gw       -o^  Country.  9g       "Sg 

Germany    60;131,000  32.9       Spain    19,100,n00  12.1 

Austria   48,592,000  20.5  Portugal  &  Madeira.  5,574,000  14.7 

Prance    39,102,000  34.4        England    43,307,000  81.3 

Russia   110,000,000  19.5       Bulgaria  3,753,000  6.5 

Holland    5,546,000  35.6       Greece    : 2,490,000  8.2 

Belgum    6,985,000  25.6        Servia    2,624,000  5.5 

Denmark     2,585,000  60.6       Turkey    24,640,000  8.5 

Sweden  and  Nor^^y  7,514,000  42.6       Switzerland    3,450,000  44.1 

Italy   33,218,000  7.2 — - 

Roumania  6,292,000  7.4             All  Europe 424.903,000  27.9 


OUR   WOOL   INDUSTRY. 

A  glance  at  our  production  and  imports  of  wool  during  recent 
years,  at  our  sheep  census,  and  at  the  various  prices  of  wool,  will 
show  more  clearly  than  any  explanation  can  convey,  the  benefits 
of  protection  to  this  great  industry  of  our  country.  Free  wool 
has  been  made  one  of  the  rallying  cries  of  Free-Traders  for  many 
years,  and  finally  after  various  attempts  we  were  given  a  tariff  in 
1894  that  carried  in  its  schedules  free  wool  to  our  manufacturers. 
The  result  was  most  disastrous.  Our  sheep  were  killed,  our  far- 
mers could  not  get  profitable  prices  for  their  wool;  and  during 
the  operation  of  that  tariff  we  imported  from  abroad  over  800,- 
000,000  pounds,  displacing,  of  course,  to  that  extent  the  American 
production.  Our  manufacturers  had  free  raw  material  indeed, 
and  yet  their  mills  were  closed  and  their  hands  were  idle  and 
their  dividends  were  passed. 

"We  are  only  beginning  to  recover  fully  from  the  blow  which 
was  dealt  to  both  manufacturers  and  sheep  raisers  by  the  free 
wool  tariff,  which  was  in  operation  from  1894  to  1897,  and  yet  in 
the  face  of  that  experience  our  Free-Traders  would  again,  if  they 
had  the  opportunity,  place  wool  upon  the  free  list. 


Wool  Statistics. 


June  30— 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1896 

1897 

1898 

1899 

1900 

1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 

1905 


Production, 

Imports, 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 

276,000,000 

105,431,285 

285,000,000 

129,303.648 

294,000,000 

148,670,652 

303,153,000 

172,433,838 

298,057,384 

55,152,585 

309,748,000 

206,033,906 

272,474,708 

230,911,473 

259,153,251 

350,852,026 

266,720,684 

132,795,202 

272,191,330 

76,736,209 

288,636,621 

155,928,455 

302,502,328 

103,583,505 

316,341,032 

166,576,966 

287,450,000 

177,137,796 

291,783,032 

173,742,834 

295,488,438 

249,135,746 

REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGiN  TEXT-BOOK. 


195 


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REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 


197 


OCCUPATIONS  OF  OUR  WAGE  EABNERS. 

Population  at  Least  10  Years  of  Age  Engaged  in  Gainful  Oc- 
cupations, Classified  by  Sex  and  Specified  Occupations, 
1890   and    1900. 

1890.  , 1900 s 

OCCUPATION.  Total.  Male.  Female.  Total. 
Agricultural  Pursuits. 

Agricultural   laborers    3,004,061  3,747,668  663,209  4,410,877 

Dairymen  and  dairywomen 17,895  9,983  892  10,875 

Farmers,   planters  and  overseers....  5,281,557  5,367,169  307,706  5,674,875 

Gardeners,  florists,  nurserymen,  etc.  72,601  58,928  2,861  61,788 

Lumbermen  and  raftsmen  65,866  71,920  100  72,020 

Stock  raisers,   herders  and  drovers.  70,729  83,056  1,932  84,988 

Turpentine  farmers  and  laborers....  *  24,456  281  24  737 

Woodchoppers     33,697  35,962  113  36,07"i 

Other  agricultural  pursuits  *19,520  5,287  243  5,530 

Totals    8,565,926  9,404,429  977,336    10,381,765 

Professional  Service. 

Actors,  professional  showmen,  etc..  27,783  27,903  6,857  34,760 
Architects,      designers,      draftsmen, 

etc 17,461  28,483  1,041  29,524 

Artists  and  teachers  of  art 22,496  13,852  11,021  24,873 

Clergymen     88,203  108,265  3,873  111,638 

Dentists    17,498  28,858  786  29,644 

Electricians    t  50,308  409  50,717 

Engineers    (civil,    etc.)    and   survey- 
ors      t43,239  43,155  84  43,239 

Journalists    21,849  27,845  2,193  30,038 

Lawyers    89,630  113.450  1.010  114,460 

Literary  and  scientific  persons 11,217  13,082  5,984  19,066 

Musicians  and  teachers  of  music...  62,155  39,815  52,359  92,174 

Officials   (Government)    82,590  78,488  8,119  86,607 

Physicians  and   surgeons    104,805  124,615  7,387  132,002 

Teachers  and  college  professors,  etc.  347,344  118,519  327,614  446,133 

Other   professional  service 8,063  11,525  2,339  13,864 

Totals    944,333  828,163  430,576  1,258,739 

Domestic  and  Personal  Service. 

Barbers  and  hairdressers   84,982  125,542  5,574  131,116 

Bartenders    55,806  88,377  440  88,817 

Boarding-  and  lodging-house  keep- 
ers      44,349  11,826  59,455  71,281 

Hotelkeepers     44,076  46,264  8,533  54,797 

Housekeepers  and  stewards   92,036  8,224  146,929  155,153 

Janitors  and   sextons    26,538  48,544  8,033  56,577 

Laborers   (not  specified)    1,913,373  2,505,287  123,975  2,629,262 

Launderers  and   laundresses 248,462  50,683  335,282  385,965 

Nurses   and   midwives 47,586  12,265  108,691  120,956 

Restaurant-keepers    19,283  28,999  4,845  33,844 

Saloon-keepers    71,385  81,660  2,086  83,746 

Servants   and    waiters 1,454,791  276,958  1,283,763  1,560,721 

Soldiers,  sailors  and  marines  (U.S.)..  27,919  43,235         43,235 

Watchmen,  policemen,  firemen,  etc.  74,629  129,711  879  130,590 

Other  domestic  and  personal  service  15,597  27,633  6,964  34,597 

Totals     4,220,812  3,485,208  2,095,449  5,580,657 

Trade  and  Transportation. 

Agents    174,582  230,606  10,656  241,162 

Bankers  and  brokers 35,968  72,984  293  73,277 

Boatmen  and  sailors 76,874  78,253  153  78,406 

Bookkeepers  and  accountants 159,374  180,727  74,153  254,880 

Clerks   and   copyists 557,358  544,881  85,246  630,127 

Commercial  travelers 58,691  91,973  946  92,919 

Draymen,  hackmen,   teamsters,   etc.  368,499  538,029  904  538,933 

Foremen  and  overseers 36,084  54,032  1,418  55,450 

Hostlers    54,036  64,850  79  64,929 

Hucksters    and    peddlers 59,083  73,734  2,915  76,649 

Livery  stable  keepers 26,757  33.466  190  33,656 

Merchants      and      dealers      (except 

wholesale)     660,239  756,802  34,084  790,886 

Merchants  and  dealers  (wholesale)...  31.086  42,032  261  42,293 
Messengers    and    errand    and    office 

boys    51,355  64,959  6,663  71,622 

Officials  of  banks  and  companies....  t39,900  72,801  1.271  74,072 

Packers   and    shippers 24,946  39,557  19,988  59,545 

Porters  and  helpers  (in  stores,  etc.)  24,356  53,625  566  54,191 

Salesmen  and  saleswomen 264,394  461,909  149,230  611,139 

Steam  railroad  employees 462,213  580,462  1,688  582,150 

Stenographers  and  typewriters 33,418  26,246  86,118  112,364 

Street  railway  employees   37,434  68,873  46  68,919 

Telegraph  and  telephone  linemen...  $11,134  14,757         14,757 

*Turpentine  farniers  and  laborers  included  in  other   agricultural   pursQits. 

tElectricians  included  in  engineers  (civil,  etc.)  and  surveyors. 

tincludes  officials  of  mining  and  quarrying  companies  (number  not  stated), 

classified  in  1900  with  manufacturers  and  officials  under  "Manufacturing  and 
mechanical    pursuits." 

^Includes  electric  light  and  power  company  employees  (number  not  stated), 
classified  in  1900  under  "Manufacturing  and  mechanical  pursuits." 


•Mi 


RKPUBUCAN  CAMPAIGN  TKXT-BOOK. 


Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

52.459 
15,8(J6 

22.556 
323 

75.015 
16,189 

49.734 
4,263,617 

3,700 
503.347 

53.434 
4,766,964 

OCCUPATIONS   OF   OUR   WAGE   EARNERS.— Continued. 

1890. 

OCCUPATION.  Total. 
Trade  and  TraMportntton.^ConHivued. 

Telegraph  and  telephone,  operators.  52,214 

Undertakers   9,891 

Other   persons  in   trade  and   trans- 
portation      16,236 

Totals    3,326,122 

Manufacturing  ami  Mechanical 
Pursuits. 
Building  Trades. 

Carpenters   and   joiners 618.242 

Masons  (brick  and  stone) 160,845 

Painters,   glaziers   and   varnishers. .  222,233 

Paper  hangers  12.369 

Plasterers    39,002 

Plumbers  and  gas  and  steam  fitters.  61.231 

Hoofers  and  slaters   7,043 

.Mechanics   (not  otherwise  specified)  15,485 

Chemicals  and  allied  products. 

Oil-well   and  oil-works  employees..  14,771 

Other  chemical  workers  8,256 

Clay,  glass  and  stone  products. 

Brick  and  tile  makers,  etc 60,214 

Glassworkers    34,282 

Marble  and   stone   cutters 61.070 

Potters    14,928 

Fishing  and  mining. 

Fishermen   and  oystermen 60,162 

Miners  and  quarrymen   387,248 

Food  and  kindred  products. 

Bakers     60.197 

Butchers    105.456 

Butter  and  cheese  makers 11.211 

Confectioners    23,251 

Millers    52,841 

Other  food  preparers 9,725 

Iron  and  steel  and  their  products. 

Blacksmiths   209,581 

Iron  and  steel  workers 220,428 

Machinists    186,828 

Steam  boiler  makers  21,339 

Stove,  furnace  and  grate  makers...  8.932 

Tool  and  cutlery  makers 17.985 

Wheelwrights    12,856 

Wire   workers    12,319 

Leather  and  its  finished  products. 

Boot  and  shoe  makers  and  repairers  214,575            169,393          39,519         208,912 

Harness  and  saddle  makers  and  re- 
pairers       43,480              39.506                595           40,101 

Leather  curriers  and  tanners 39,753              40,917            1,754          42.671 

Trunk  and  leather  case  makers,  etc.  6,279               5,472           1,579            7,051 

Liquors  and  beverages. 

Bottlers,    soda   water   makers,   etc..  7,230               9,725              794          10.519 

Brewers  and  maltsters  20.362              20,687               275          20,962 

Distillers  and  rectifiers  3,314               3,114                30           3,144 

Lumber  and  its  remanufactures. 

Cabinet   makers    35,915             35,552                67 

Coopers    47,486              37,087               113 

Saw    and    planing-mill    employees..  tl38,678            161,251               373 

Other  woodworkers    $98,151            104,468            6,805 

Metals    and    metal    products    other 
than  iron  and  steel. 

Brass    workers    §17,265             25,870              890 

Clock    and    watchmakers    and    re- 
pairers       25.252              19,305            4,815 

Gold  and  silver  workers 20.263              19,732            6,380 

Tin  plate  and  tinware  makers 57,525  68,730            1,775 

Other  metal  workers 1137,512              54,282            2,320 

Paper  and  printing. 

Bookbinders     23,858              14,646          15,632 

Boxmakers  (paper)    17,757               3,796          17,302 

Engravers    8,320              10,698               453 

Paper  and  pulp   mill   operatives....  27,817              26,904            9,424 
Printers,    lithographers    and    press- 
men       123,059             139,166           15,981 

tincludes  door,  sssh  and  blind  makers. 

^Includes  piano  and   organ   tuners  (number  not  stated),   classified 
under  "Other  miscellaneous  industries." 
§Bras8  molders  included  under  "Iron  and  steel  workers." 

UMolders   (metals)    included  under  "Iron  and   steel  workers." 


599,707 

545 

600,252 

160,638 

167 

160,805 

275,782 

1,759 

277,541 

21.749 

241 

21,99f 

35.649 

45 

35,694 

97,659 

126 

97.78." 

9,065 

2 

9,06' 

9,351 

41 

9,392 

24,573 

53 

24,620 

12,035 

2,779 

14,814 

49,455 

478 

49,933 

47.377 

2,621 

49,99t 

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143 

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4,328 

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378 

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18,593 

648 

19,24 

21,980 

9,214 

31.19 

40,362 

186 

40,54 

23.640 

5,142 

28.78 

226,284 

193 

226,47 

287,241 

3,370 

290,61 

282,574 

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283.14 

33,038 

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33,04 

12,430 

43 

12,47 

27,376 

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28.12 

13,495 

10 

13.50 

16,701 

1,786 

18,48 

REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN   TEXT-BOOK. 


199 


OCCUPATIONS   OF    OUR    WAGE    EARNERS.— Continued. 

ISOO.  , 1900 , 

OCCUPATION.                           Total.  Male.      Female.         Total. 
Manufacturing  and  Mechanical 
Pursuits— (continued) . 

Textiles. 

Eleachery  an(J  dye  works  operatives  14,210  20,493  1,785  22,278 

Carpet  factory  operatives $22,302  10,371  9,017  19,388 

Cotton    mill    operatives    173,142  125,788  120,216  246,004 

Hosiery    and     knitting    mill     opera- 
tives      29,555  12,630  84,490  47,120 

Silk   Mill   operatives    34,855  22,023  32,437  54,460 

Woolen  mill  operatives   84,109  42,566  30,630  73,196 

Other   textile   mill    operatives §108,298  53,437  51,182  104,619 

Dressmakers    293,504  2,090  344,794  346,884 

Hat  and  cap  makers 24,013  15,110  7,623  22,733 

Milliners    61,686  1,739  86,120  87,859 

Seamstresses    150,044  4,837  146,105  150,942 

Shirt,  collar  and  cuff  makers 21,107  8,491  30,941  39,432 

Tailors  and   tailoresses   188,025  160,714  68,935  229,649 

Other  textile  workers   1|15,639  8,925  21,042  29,967 

Miscellaneous  industries. 

Broom  and  brush  makers 10,115  8,643  1,577  10,220 

Charcoal,    coke   and    lime    burners.,  8,704  14,405  43  14,448 
Engineers    and    firemen    (not    loco- 
motive)   139,765  223,318  177  223,495 

Glove   makers    6,416  4,503  7,768  12,271 

Manufacturers  and  officials,  etc 1[153,882  239,649  3,433  243,082 

Model  and  pattern  makers 10,300  14,869  204  15,073 

Photographers    20,040  23,361  3,580  26,941 

Rubber  factory  operatives 16,162  14,492  7,374  21,866 

Tobacco    and    cigar    factory    opera- 
tives      111,625  87,955  43,497  131,452 

Upholsterers    25,666  28,663  2,158  30,821 

Other   miscellaneous   industries •*211,123  380,490  90,810  471,300 

Totals    5,678,468         5,772,788      1,313,204      7,085,992 

Grand  totals   22,735,661       23,754,205      5,319,812    29,074,117 

^Includes  carpet  (rag)  makers. 

ilncludes  textile  mill  operatives  (not  otherwise  specified),  and  also  mill  and 
factory  hands  for  whom  the  specific  branch  of  industry  was  not  reported. 

il Carpet   (rag)   makers  included   with   factory   operatives. 

ifOfficials  of  mining  and  quarrying  companies  included  with  officials  of 
banks  and  companies  under  "Trade  and  transportation." 

**Blectric  light  and  power  company  employees  included  with  telegraph  and 
telephone  linemen  under  "Trade  and  transportation,"  and  piano  and  organ 
tuners  included  with  piano  and  organ  makers,  classified  in  1900  under  "Other 
woodworkers." 


No  nation  has  ever  prospered  as  we  are  prospering  now, 
and  we  must  see  to  it  that  by  our  folly  we  do  not  mar  this 
prosperity. — President  Roosevelt  at  Union  League  banquet, 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  November  23,   1902. 


The  nation  has  appreciated  the  valor  and  patriotism  of  the 
black  men  of  the  United  States.  They  not  only  fought  in 
Cuba,  but  in  the  Philippines,  and  they  are  still  carrying  the 
flag  as  the  symbol  of  liberty  and  hope  to  an  oppressed  people. 
— President  McKinley  to  colored  citizens,  at  Chicago,  Oct.  8, 
1899. 


At  all  hazards,  and  no  matter  what  else  is  sought  for  or 
accomplished  by  changes  of  the  tariff,  the  American  working- 
man  must  be  protected  in  his  standard  of  wages — that  is,  in 
his  standard  of  living — and  must  be  secured  the  fullest  op- 
portunity of  employment. — President  Roosevelt  at  Logansport, 
Ind.,  September,  1902. 


This  is  not  and  never  shall  be  a  government  of  a  plutoc- 
racy; it  is  not  and  never  shall  be  a  government  by  a  mob. 
It  is,  as  it  has  been  and  as  it  will  be,  a  government  in  which 
every  honest  man,  every  decent  man,  be  he  employer  or  em- 
ployed, wage-worker,  mechanic,  banker,  lawyer,  farmer,  be  he 
v/ho  he  may,  if  he  acts  squarely  and  fairly,  if  he  does  his 
duty  by  his  neighbor  and  the  State,  receives  the  full  protec- 
tion of  the  law  and  is  given  amplest  chance  to  exercise  the 
ability  that  there  is  within  him,  alone  or  in  combination  with 
his  fellows,  as  he  desires. — President  Roosevelt  at  Butte, 
Mont.,  May  27,  1903. 


200 


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REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT- BOOK.  209 

STATISTICS  OF  THE  AMEHICAN  lEON  TBADE  EOR  1905. 

General  Statistical  Summary. 

The  following  table  gives  the  shipments  in  1904  and  1905  of 
Lake  Suptrior  iron  ore,  the  shipments  of  coke  and  of  anthracite 
coal,  the  total  production  of  all  kinds  of  iron  and  steel,  the  im- 
ports and  exports  of  iron  and  steel,  etc.  The  statistics  of  the 
production  of  iron  ore,  coal,  and  coke  in  1905  have  not  been  re- 
ceived from  the  Geological  Survey  in  time  for  this  report. 

Articles— Gross   tons,   except  for  coke   and  nails.  1904.  1905. 

Shipments  of  iron  ore  from  Lake  Superior 21,822,839  34,353,456 

Total    production   of   iron   ore 27,644,330    

Shipments  of  Pennsylvania  anthracite  coal 57,492,522  61,410,2(11 

Total  production  of  all  kinds  of  coal 314,562,881 

Total  production  of  coke,  in  net  tons 23,621,520 

Shipments  of  Connellsville  coke,   in  net  tons 12,427,468  17,896,528 

Shipments  of  Pocahontas  Flat  Top  coke,  in  net  tons..  1,617,801  2,156,805 

Production  of  pig  iron,  including  spiegel  and  ferro...  16,497,033  22,992,380 

Production  of  spiegel,  ferro-mang.,   ferro-phos.,  etc..  220,392  293,976 

Production  of  Bessemer  steel  ingots  and  castings 7,859,140  10,941,375 

Production  of  open-hearth  steel  ingots  and  castings..  5,908,166  8,971,376 

Production  of  all  kinds  of  steel  ingots  and  castings..  13,859,887  20,023,947 

Production  of  structural  shapes,  not  including  plates.  949,146  1,660,519 

Production  of  plates  and  sheets,  except  nail  plate 2,421,398  3,532,230 

Production  of  iron  and  steel  wire  rods 1,699,028  1,808,688 

Production  of  all  rolled  iron  and  steel,  except  rails..  9,728,670  13,464,086 

Production  of  Bessemer  steel  rails 2,137,957  3,192,347 

ProducUon  of  all  kinds  of  rails 2,284,711  3,375,929 

Production  of  all  rolled  iron  and  steel,  including  rails.  12,013,381  16,8t0,015 

Production  of  iron  and  steel  cut  nails,  in  kegs 1,283,362  1,357,549 

Production  of  iron  and  steel  wire  nails,  in  kegs 11,926,661  10,854,892 

Imports  of  iron  ore 487,613  845,651 

Exports  of  iron  ore 213,865  m,()5S 

Imports  of  iron  and  steel,  foreign  value $21,621,970  $26,392,728 

Exports  of  iron  and  steel,  home  value $128,553,613  $142,928,513 

Miles  of  new  railroad  built  (estimated  for  1905) 5,003  5,000 

Tonnage  of  steel  vessels  built  in  the  calendar  year. .  160,809  248,766 

The  table  shows  that  the  increase  in  the  production  of  pig  iron 
in  1905  over  1904  was  6,495,347  tons;  in  Bessemer  steel  ingots 
and  castings,  3,082,235  tons;  in  open-hearth  steel  ingots  and  cast- 
ings, 3,063,210  tons;  and  in  all  kinds  of  steel  ingots  and  castings, 
6,164,060  tons.  In  all  kinds  of  rails  there  was  an  increase  of 
1,091,218  tons;  in  structural  shapes,  711,373  tons;  in  plates  and 
sheets,  1,110,832  tons;  in  wire  rods,  109,660  tons;  and  in  cut  nails 
and  cut  spikes,  74,187  kegs.  The-  increase  in  all  forms  of  finished 
rolled  iron  and  steel  amounted  to  4,826,634  tons. 


The  present  phenomenal  prosperity  has  been  won  under  a 
tariff  which  was  made  to  protect  the  interests  of  the  Ameri- 
can producer,  business  man,  wage-worker,  and  farmer  alike. 
— President  Roosevelt  at  Minneapolis,  April  4,   1903. 


We  freely  extend  the  hand  of  welcome  and  of  good-fellow- 
ship to  every  man,  no  matter  what  his  creed  or  birthplace, 
who  comes  here  honestly  intent  on  becoming  a  good  United 
States  citizen  like  the  rest  of  us. — President  B-oosevelt,  on 
"True  Americanism,"  in  his  book  on  American  Ideals,  p.  45. 


Corporations  that  are  handled  honestly  and  fairly,  so  far 
from  being  an  evil,  are  a  natural  business  evolutioix  and  make 
for  the  general  prosperity  of  our  land.  We  do  not  wish  to 
destroy  corporations,  but  we  do  wish  to  make  them  subserve 
the  public  good. — President  Roosevelt  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio, 
September  20,  1902. 


During  the  seven  years  that  have  just  passed  there  is  no 
duty,  domestic  or  foreign,  which  we  have  shirked;  no  neces- 
sary task  which  we  have  feared  to  undertake,  or  which  we 
have  not  performed  with  reasonable  eflB.ciency.  We  have  never 
pleaded  impotence.  "We  have  never  sought  refuge  in  criticism 
and  complaint  instead  of  action.  We  face  the  future  with  our 
past  and  our  present  as  guarantors  of  our  promises;  and  we 
are  content  to  stand  or  to  fall  by  tlie  record  which  we  have 
made  and  are  making. — President  Roosevelt's  speech  accepting 
1904  nomination. 


i:io 


Hfvi  I  MulvAN   CAMl'AiGN   TICXT-BOOK. 


Production  and  Prices  of  Bessemer  Steel  Rails  in  the  United 

States. 

The  following  table  gives  the  annual  production  of  gross  ions 
of  Bessemer  steel  rails  In  the  United  States  from  1867  to  1905, 
together  with  their  average  annual  price  at  the  works  in  Penn- 
sylvania and  the  rates  of  duty  imposed  by  our  Government  at 
various  periods  on  foreign  steel  rails.  Prices  are  given  in  cur- 
rency : 


Years.      Gross 

isr,7 2, 

1S6S 6, 

18«9 8, 

1870 30. 

ISri 34. 

1872 83, 

1^3 115. 

1574 129. 

1875 259. 

1876 368, 

1877 385, 

1878 491. 

1879 610, 

1880 852, 

1881 1.187. 

1882 1,284. 

1883 1.148. 

1884 996, 

1885 959. 

1886 1.574. 

1887... 2,101, 

1888 1,386, 

1889 1,510, 

1890 1.867. 

1891 1,293, 

1892 1,537. 

1893 1.129, 

1894. 1,016, 

189r 1,299. 

18?6 1,116. 

18)7 1,644 

18)8 1,976. 

K99 2,270, 

1900 2.383, 

1901 2,870, 

1902 2.935, 

1903 2.946, 

1904 2,137, 

1905 ^ 8,192. 


tons. 

277 

451 

616 

357 

152 

991 

192 

414 


Price. 
1166.00  "^ 
IRS  Kn  I 


.25 
.75    J 
.50  1 


158.50  ^ 
132.25  '' 
106.^ 
102. 
112.00 
120.50 
94.25 
68.75 
59.25 
45.50 
42.25 
48.25 
67.50 
61.13 
48.50  4 
37.75 
30.75 
28.50 
34.50 
37.08 
29.83 
29.25 
31.75 
29.92 
30.00 
28.12 
24.00 
24.33 
28.00 
18.75 
17.62 
28.12 
32.29 
27.33 
28.00 
28.00 
28.00 
28.00  -' 


45  per  cent. 
1,   1871. 


Duty, 
ad  valorem  to  January 


$28  per  ton  from  January  1,  1871,  to 
August  1,  1872;  $25.20  from  August 
1,  1872,  to  March  3,  1875;  $28  from 
March  3,  1875,  to  July  1,  1883. 


$17  per  ton  from  July  1.  1883,  to  Oc- 
tober 6,   1890. 


$13.44   per  ton   from   October   G,   1890, 
to  August  28,  1894. 


$7.84  per  ton  from  August  28,  1894. 


Our  Foreign  Trade. 

An  analysis  of  the  exports  and  imports  of  the  United  States 
for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1906,  shows  that  compared  with 
the  previous  year  the  exports  of  agricultural  products  increased 
?148,382,867,  and  of  manufactured  articles  $59,607,593.  Of  the  im- 
ports, food  products  alone  of  the  various  classes  show  a  decrease, 
the  amount  of  loss  being  $18,466,376. 

The  totals  under  the  several  clauses  and  the  gains  and  losses 
compared  with  the  year  1904-05  are: 


EXPORTS. 

Agricultural   products   $969,457,306 

^Manufactured  articles   603,227,836 

^Tineral  products    ii5,055.261 

Forestry  products  75,512,511 

Miscellaneous    16,700,668 

Re-exports  25,911,118 

Total   $1,743,864,309 

IMPORTS. 

Food   products    $2''5,1 57,969 

Unmanufactured  articles  4l6'856'l56 

Partly  manufactured    175  445  385 

WTiolly  manufactured   206  457043 

Luxuries,   etc 175!o46!290 

Total    $1,220,063,843 

•Decrease. 


Increase. 

$148,382,867 
59.607,593 
52,408,814 
15413,412 
2,396  055 
♦1.805,907 

$225,302,834 


*$16,466,376 
29,394.735 
32,293,340 
40,576.961 
25,282,053 

$109.0f^0  772 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  211 

Tin  Plate  Industry. — Wire  Nails. 

Perhaps  there  is  no  single  American  industry  which  lias  been 
so  much  considered  during  the  past  few  years  as  the  tin  plate 
industry.  This  is  not  due  so  much  to  the  importance  of  that  in- 
dustry as  compared  with  other  industries  of  our  country,  but 
more  because  of  the  assault  made  upon  the  imposition  of  a  duty 
by  the  McKinley  bill,  and  the  most  emphatic  example  of  the  im- 
mediate and  substantial  workings  of  a  Protective  Tariff,  which 
has  been  afforded  by  the  rapid  and  successful  establishment  of 
that  industry. 

Going  back  to  1864  we  find  that  in  that  year  a  duty  of  2  1-2 
cents  per  pound  was  fixed  on  tin  plate,  the  wording  being  as  fol- 
lows: 

"On  the  tin  plate,  and  iron  galvanized  or  coated  with  any  metal 
by  electric  batteries  or  otherwise,  two  and  one-half  cents  per 
pound." 

On  July  22  of  that  year,  William  Pitt  Fessendon,  the  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury,  rendered  a  decision  which  is  embraced  in  the 
following  letter  to  Hiram  Barney,  Collector  of  the  Port  of  New 
York. 

"It  would  appear  that  an  error  of  punctuation  v/as  made  by 
some  one;  most  probably  a  clerk  who  engrossed  that  part  of  the 
act.  If  the  comma  which  '  inserted  after  the  word  "plate"  be 
omitted,  and  a  comma  be  placed  after  the  word  "iron,"  the  true 
sense  will  be  had,  which  unquestionably  is,  that  tin  plates,  as 
well  as  iron,  must  be  galvanized  or  coated  with  any  metal  by 
electric  batteries  or  otherwise,  in  order  to  bring  them  within  the 
provision." 

The  same  Tariff  law  contained  a  clause  which  read  as  follows: 

"Tin  in  sheets  or  plates,  terne  and  taggers'  tin,  25  per  cent,  ad 
valorem." 

Tin  plate  consequently  was  made  subject  to  an  ad  valorem  duty 
of  twenty-five  per  cent,  instead  of  two  and  one-half  cents  per 
pound.  No  attempt,  therefore,  was  made  to  manufacture  tin 
plates  in  this  country,  until  1873,  when  four  mills  were  started 
and  an  attempt  to  establish  the  industry  developed  the  fact  that 
we  could  make  just  as  good  tin  plate  in  this  country  as  we  had 
been  importing.  At  that  time  the  price  of  tin  plate  was  from 
$11  to  $12  per  box  of  one  hundred  pounds.  The  American  man- 
ufacture was,  however,  no  sooner  found  to  be  a  success  than  the 
Welsh  manufacturers  reduced  their  price  from  $12  a  box  to  $4.50 
a  box.  The  result  was  that  our  mills  were  closed,  and  that  as 
soon  as  this  happened  the  foreigners  again  put  up  their  price, 
and  for  nearly  twenty  years  we  paid  whatever  they  chose  to  de- 
mand. The  McKinley  law  of  1890,  however,  imposed  a  duty  of 
2.2  cents  per  pound,  although  that  clause  of  the  bill  did  not  go 
into  effect  till  July  1,  1891.  The  result  of  that  duty  is  most 
clearly  seen  in  the  following  tables: 

First,  let  us  see  about  these  thousands  of  concerns  which  it  has 
interfered  with  or  ruined;  let  us  find  out  how  many  canning 
factories  were  compelled  to  reduce  wages,  and  discharge  hands, 
and  pay  lower  prices  for  vegetables  and  fruits.  Let  us  look  into 
this  enormous  loss  to  the  farmers.  It  must  be  remembered  that 
in  1890  we  had  no  tin  plate  industry  in  this  country;  that  we 
were  importing  all  we  used.  Let  it  be  remembered  also  that  ten 
years  later  the  industry  was  firmly  established  in  this  country, 
and  that  we  were  making  almost  our  entire  consumption.  The 
following  from  the  Census  of  1900  shows  the  condition  of  our 
canning  and  preserving  industry  in  fruits  and  vegetables  in  1890 
and  1900: 

1900.  1890. 

Number  of  establishments   1,808  886 

Wages    $8,050,793  $4,651,317 

Cost  of  material    37,527,297  18,665,163 

Value  of  products  56,668,313  29,862,416 

In  1905  the  increases  over  1900  were: 

Per  cent.  gain. 

Capital 63 

Wj^jges ., 26 

"WllUre  of  product ...  10 

...^mjfvmii.  of  producM-  22 


212  RBPUBLICAK  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

The  following  shows  the  canning  and  preserving  industry  as  re- 
gards fish  for  the  two  dates  1890  and  1900: 

1900.  1890. 

Number  of  establishments  ;•••:••:;:;.;:::::    $4.229S  $i.i2s,r.?. 

SSSf  maieriais"-.::;:::::::.::;::::.::..: ^^'^       j.^ji^^^ 

Vaiue  of  product  22,^u3,749  u,\i'l^.^u 

The  following  shows  our  exports  of  fish,  fruit  and  vegetables, 
canned  or  preserved,  in  1890  and  1900: 

1900.  1890. 

Prulta                                       ?5,438,577  $l,2(J7,4Sl 

pSh        .!..!:.!.. 4,019,450  3,593,r,22 

Vegetebies*'.*.'.'*.'.".*.*' ■..■.■.■.■.■.. ..'. •      1.099.830  46G,^9l 

$10,557,857  $5.21., 

Surely  these  figures  do  not  sustain  the  assertion  that  our  can- 
ning industries  have  been  interfered  with  and  ruined.  The  fact 
of  the  matter  is,  that  few  industries  in  this  or  any  other  country 
can  show  the  great  progress  and  advance  which  is  shown  by  our 
canning  factories  since  we  began  to  make  our  own  tin  plate. 

Now,  as  to  the  tin  plate  industry  itself.  The  following  table 
will  give  at  a  glance  its  whole  history: 

Production  and  Importation  of  Tin  Plate. 


§ 

is 

f|- 

a 
.S 

11 

^'2 

>> 

3  o 
SO 

P 

u 

•g 
>> 

ti 
P 

li 

t.2 

o  a 

a" 

1890.... 

..     329,425 

None. 

3 

1898.... 

..     66,775 

326,915 

2.2 

1891.... 

. .     327,882 

999 

3 

1899.... 

..     58,915 

360,875 

2.3 

1892.... 

..     268.472 

18,803 

2.9 

1900.... 

..     66,055 

302,665 

3.2 

1893.... 

..     253,155 

55,182 

2.8 

1901 

..     52,625 

399,291 

3.2 

1894.... 

..     215,068 

74,260 

2.6 

1902.... 

..     88,837 

360,000 

3 

1895.... 

..     219,545 

113,666 

2.4 

1903.... 

..     48,931 

480,000 

2.9 

1896.... 

. .     119,171 

160,362 

2.3 

1904.... 

. .     56,f56 

458,000 

2.7 

1897.... 

. .      83,851 

256.598 

2.3 

1905.... 

..     71,904 

493,500 

2.8 

McKinley  law  dutj',  2  2-10  cents  per  pound,  went  into  effect  .Tuly  1,  1891. 
Wilson-Gorman  law  duty,  1  1-5  cents;  Dingley  law  duty,  l^^  cent... 

.Tust  why  Free-Traders  in  the  United  States  have  alv  3  had 
such  an  aversion  to  American  tin  plate  has  never  bet  .i  detei- 
mined,  unless  it  is  such  a  perfect  example  of  the  benefit  of  a 
Protective  Tariff  that  it  has  been  assailed  for  that  reasor. 

It  will  be  remembered  how,  in  1893,  when  Mr.  Lascelle,;  Carr, 
editor  of  the  Cardiff,  Wales  "Western  Mail,"  visited  this  c  untry 
for  the  purpose  of  looking  into  our  tin  plate  works.  President 
Cleveland  said  to  him: 

"Well,  Mr.  Carr,  when  you  find  them  be  sure  and  let  me  know 
their  exact  locality,  for  we  have  been  searching  for  these  tin 
plate  works  for  some  years  and  have  failed  to  find  them." 

Although  the  industry  had  not  then  been  fully  established,  yet 
we  were  actually  turning  out  more  than  a  million  boxes  annually, 
and  the  prices  had  already  dropped  considerably.  It  may  be  said 
in  conclusion,  that  we  have  not  only  established  this  industry 
in  the  United  States  sufficiently  to  meet  all  our  own  requirements, 
but  we  are  now  making  goods  for  export  trade;  that  we  are 
paying  wages  to  American  workingmen  in  excess  of  $20,000,000 
a  year,  because  of  this  industry;  that  these  worKingmen  are  in- 
dividually earning  $2.00  and  $3.00  a  day,  against  less  than  half 
this  amount  in  Wales  for  the  same  work,  and  that  we  are  paying 
no  more  for  our  tin,  either  for  roofing,  canning  or  for  any  other 
purpose,  than  we  would  have  been  paying  had  we  been  at  the 
mercy  of  foreign  trusts  instead  of  our  own.  The  peculiarities 
of  the  industry  are  such  that  it  is  confined  for  the  most  part 
to  one  locality,  and  there  is  a  community  of  interest  between 
the  different  establishments  which  conserves  to  both  economy 
in  production,  to  better  material  and  to  higher  wages  of  work- 
ingmen, without  any  increase  of  prices,  excepting  as  the  pric^ 
of  material  may  fluctuate. 


frp 

I 


REPUBLICAN   CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  213 


pm  Speech  of  Hon.  Charles  B.  Landis  in  House  of  Represen- 
tatives May  23,  1906. 


Abraham  Lincoln  made  the  best  tariff  speech  ever  recorded 
wnen  he  said: 

"I  do  not  know  much  about  the  tariff,  but  I  know  this  much, 
when  we  buy  manufactured  goods  abroad  we  get  the  goods  and 
the  foreigner  gets  the  money.  When  we  buy  the  manufactured 
goods  at  home  we  get  both  the  goods  and  the  money." 

That  is  the  whole  protective  theory  in  a  nutshell.  Up  to  the 
enactment  of  the  McKinley  law  we  sent  $20,000,000  abroad  each 
year  for  tin  plate.  We  got  the  tin  plate  and  Great  Britain  got  the 
$20,000,000. 

Last  year,  and  indeed  for  several  years,  we  made  in  our  own 
factories  all  the  tin  plate  we  consumed.  In  other  words,  under 
our  policy,  Lincoln's  policy  and  McKinley's  policy,  we  got  both 
the  tin  plate  and  the  money — the  American  consumer  got  the  tin 
plate  and  the  American  laborer  and  American  manufacturer  got 
the  money.    And  the  price  of  tin  plate  did  not  advance. 

The  draining  of  this  country  of  money,  which  is  the  case 
under  low-tariff  laws,  is  what  makes  it  poor  and  weak.  The  gold 
and  silver  of  a  nation  is  its  lifeblood.  Take  it  away  by  the  mil- 
lion to  pay  for  goods  manufactured  abroad  and  you  sap  our  na- 
tions' strength,  just  as  you  sap  an  individual's  strength  if  you 
tap  an  artery.  Under  a  low  Democratic  tariff  we  send  away  our 
money— our  blood.  Under  a  Republican  protective  tariff  we  are 
getting  new  blood  all  the  time,  because,  as  a  rule,  the  balance  of 
trade  is  in  our  favor.  Read  the  messages  of  our  Presidents  back 
in  the  fifties  and  you  will  see  that  they  tell  how,  under  the  low 
Walker  tariff,  the  millions  of  gold  mined  in  California  went  in 
one  ceaseless  current  abroad  to  pay  for  manufactured  goods.  W^e 
are  now  keeping  that  gold,  the  nation's  lifeblood,  at  home  where 
it  belongs. 

In  speaking  of  having  both  the  tin  plate  and  the  money  that 
went  into  its  manufacture  under  the  policy  of  protection,  I  called 
attention  to  the  fact  that  the  price  of  tin  plate  was,  at  the  same 
time,  no  higher  to  the  consumer.  American  inventive  skill  and 
genius  and  competition  always  come  to  the  rescue  when  the 
American  manufacturer  and  American  laborer  are  given  a  chance 
by  the  protective  tariff.  The  gentleman  from  Mississippi  [Mr. 
Williams]  contends  that  the  price  of  the  article  that  is  manufac- 
tured, if  protected  by  the  tariff,  is  always  higher.  This  assertion 
is  absolutely  without  foundation.  Inventive  genius  and  competi- 
tion almost  invariably  reduce  the  price.  Our  experience  with 
wire  nails  shows  how  it  works  and  explodes  absolutely  Mr. 
Williams's  theory.  In  1883  there  were  no  wire  nails  produced  in 
this  country.  They  were  then  selling  at  $6  a  keg.  We  manufac- 
tured that  year  50,000  kegs,  when  a  tariff  of  $4  a  keg  was  placed 
upon  wire  nails.  In  1884  we  manufactured  75,000  kegs,  and  the 
price  dropped  to  $5  a  keg.  In  1885  we  manufactured  200,000 
kegs,  and  the  price  dropped  to  $4  a  keg,  which  was  exactly  the 
tariff  duty.  In  1886  we  manufactured  500,000  kegs,  and  the  price 
dropped  to  $3.40  a  keg.  In  1887  we  manufactured  700,000  kegs, 
and  the  price  dropped  to  $3.30  a  keg.  In  1888  we  manufactured 
2,000,000  kegs,  and  the  price  dropped  to  $2.60  a  keg.  In  1888  we 
made  over  2,800,000  kegs,  and  the  price  dropped  to  $2.10  a  keg. 
And  all  this  time  the  duty  was  $4  per  keg.  The  average  price  in 
1905,  the  last  available  report  was  $1.93. 

That  is  an  excellent  illustration  of  the  way  Republican  protec- 
tion works.  It  is  exactly  the  same  as  the  working  of  the  McKiu- 
ley  tariff  on  tin  plate,  which  built  up  the  tin-plate  industry  from 
nothin?-?  to  an  aggregate  value  of  $20,000,000  a  year. 

Republican  protection  not  only  protects,  it  builds  up.  It  gives 
employ  to  American  workmen.  It  secured  to  Americans  the  con- 
trol of  the  markets  of  their  own  country.  It  affords  to  American 
labor  a  standard  of  wages  far  above  the  wages  of  any  other 
people  under  the  sun. 

But,  you  ask,  why  keep  the  tariff  on  if  wire  nails  are  sellin;? 
for  less  than  the  tariff? 

I  answer  you  that  we  must  keep  the  tariff  on  to  protect  this 


::14  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN    Ti:\  l-BOOK. 

country   from    being   made  a  dumping   ground   for  the  surplu 
products  of  the  nail  mflls  of  all  the  other  countries  on  earth. 

We  needed  the  protective  tariff,  first,  to  enable  us  to  build  th 

factory.    Now  that  we  have  the  factory  running,  we  need  a  pre 

tective  tariff  to  protect  the  American  market  and  the  laborer  wh 

is  working  in  this  American  factory;   and  we  will  continue  t 

unril  the  American  laborer  is  willing  to  work  for  the  lo^ 

.   p.; id  the  foreign  laborer.    To  my  mind  nothing  is  clearer. 


IRON  AND  STEEL  COMPARISONS. 
From  Report  of  the  British  Tariff  Commission,   1904. 

(1)  At  the  end  of  the  seventies,  the  total  amount  of  pig  iroi 
produced  in  the  United  Kingdom  was  nearly  six  and  three-quai 
ter  million  tons,  that  is,  as  much  as  the  total  production  of  th 
five  iron-producing  countries  next  in  importance,  and  no  less  thai 
45  per  cent,  of  the  total  production  of  the  world. 

(2)  At  the  end  of  the  eighties,  the  total  amount  of  pig  iro] 
produced  in  all  countries  had  increased  by  59  per  cent.,  but  tha 
of  the  United  Kingdom  by  only  17  per  cent.  Germany  and  th 
United  States,  on  the  other  hand,  had  increased  their  productioi 
by  93  per  cent,  and  175  per  cent,  respectively. 

(3)  Early  in  the  nineties,  the  United  Kingdom  lost  the  pr€ 
eminence  it  had  enjoyed  for  more  than  100  years,  and  the  Unite* 
States  took  the  first  place.  Since  then,  the  United  Kingdom  ha 
been  overtaken  by  Germany  and  has  now  fallen  to  the  thir< 
place,  while  the  total  production  of  the  United  States  is  only  jus 
less  than  that  of  the  United  Kingdom  and  Germany  together. 

(4)  In  the  United  Kingdom,  the  production  of  pig  iron  has  jus 
kept  pace  with  the  increase  of  population.  In  Germany  and  th' 
United  States,  the  increase  in  production  has  been  continuous  am 
much  more  rapid  than  the  increase  of  population.  Of  the  si: 
periods  of  years  under  review,  three  show  a  diminution  of  pre 
duction  as  compared  with  the  immediately  preceding  period  iij 
■the  case  of  the  United  Kingdom,  while  in  the  case  of  the  Unite*; 
States  and  Germany  each  period  has  marked  a  considerable  ac| 
vance  on  the  preceding  period. 

(5)  If  we  turn  to  the  consumption  of  pig  iron,  we  find  that  th 
United  Kingdom  is  now  third  among  the  iron-consuming  cour 
tries.' 

(6)  Thus,  whatever  test  we  apply,  we  find  that  the  pig  iron  ir 
dustry  of  the  United  Kingdom  is  almost  stationary,  and  all  thi 
principal  districts  of  the  United  Kingdom  where  it  is  carried  o: 
are  alike  affected. 

The  results  in  the  case  of  steel  are,  if  possible,  even  mor 
striking  than  in  the  case  of  pig  iron:  — 

(1)  In  the  period  of  1876-80,  the  quantity  of  steel  annually  pre 
duced  in  the  United  Kingdom  was  one-third  of  the  total  quantity 
produced  by  all  countries;  it  is  now  less  than  one-seventh.  Th 
United  States  on  the  other  hand  has  increased  its  share  of 
total  production  of  steel  from  about  one-quarter  to  two-fifths 
and  Germany  from  one-sixth  to  more  than  one-fifth. 

(2)  If  we  take  consumption  o.;  steel  per  head  of  the  populatior 
the  increase  in  the  case  of  the  United  Kingdom  is  from  64  pound 
to  253  pounds,  but  in  the  case  of  the  United  States,  the  increas 
is  from  37  pounds  to  404  pounds,  and  in  Germany,  from  25  pound 
to  282  pounds. 

(3)  While  the  steel  requirements  of  the  world  are  rapidly  ii 
creasing,  the  steel  industry  of  the  United  Kingdm  is  almost  stj 
tionary,  and  the  steel  industry,  both  of  the  United  States  an. 
Germany,  is  rapidly  progressing, 


Protection  secures  to  the  American  workman  at  least  on 
market— the  market  of  the  greatest  consuming  nation  o: 
earth.  Protection  secures  to  the  American  farmer  at  least  on 
market— the  market  of  the  greatest  manufacturing  nation  o 
earth.  Free  trade  secures  no  market  either  to  manufactui 
or  agriculture.— Senator  Geo.  F.  Hoar. 


REPUBLICAN   CAMPAIGN   TEXT-BOOK.  215 

Protection  to  Woolen  Industry. 

One  of  the  witnesses  who  testified  before  the  Industrial  Com- 
mission was  William  G.  Steel  of  Philadelphia.  His  experience  is 
that  of  many  of  our  manufacturers  who  have  been  compelled  to 
close  their  mills,  even  to  moving  to  England  and  moving  back, 
according  as  free  trade  or  protection  prevailed  in  this  country. 
The  following  portion  of  his  testimony,  given  verbatim,  will  be 
found  not  only  interesting,  but  instructive: 

Q.  How  long  have  you  been  engaged  in  the  manufacture  in  this 
country?    A.  Since  1892. 

Q,  Were  you  engaged  in  it  in  any  other  country  previous  to 
that  time?  A.  Yes,  in  England.  I  went  over  there  for  that  pur- 
pose.   I  am  an  American — born  in  this  city. 

Q.  How  long  did  you  manufacture  in  England?  A.  About  eight 
years. 

Q.  Were  most  of  your  English  made  goods  exported?  A.  Vv'ith 
very  few  exceptions  they  were  sent  to  this  country. 

Q.  What  induced  you  to  give  up  the  manufacture  there  and  es- 

t^;')lish  it  in  this  country?    A.  The  change  in  the  tariff.     The  in- 

.  creased    duties  on  imported  goods  compelled  us  to  abandon  our 

J  operations  over  there  and  transfer  them  back  to  this  country. 
Q.  Did  you  bring  over  any  of  your  machinery  or  your  help?     A. 
Brought  a  large  portion  of  the  machinery  which  was  operated  for 
our  account  over  there.    We  brought  none  of  the  help.    Some  few 
of  them  followed  us  and  came  over  here  and  got  employment 
after  we  were  established,  or  partially  established.     Previous  to 
1884  we  were  importers  of  foreign  goods,  and  we  handled  largely 
goods   made   of  American   manufacture.     That  was  by   far   the 
larger  part  of  our  business— goods  made  by  American  mills.    We 
used  to  make  contracts  with  those  mills  for  certain  lines  of  their 
product,  sometimes  for  the  whole  product  of  their  mill,  and  have 
the  exclusive  control  of  them.    The  proposed  changes  of  the  tariff 
in  1883  were  made  under  the  operation  of  the  commission  that 
traveled  through  the  country  taking  evidence.    That  took  so  much 
time  that  people  engaged  in  the  business  were  forwarned  of  what 
w'ls  going  to  take  place,  and  I  immediately  watched  the  proceed- 
ings very  closely  as  related  to  the  goods  that  we  were  handling. 
As  I  say,  we  were  importers  of  foreign  goods,  and  we  knew  the 
'•  iRtive  cost  of  laying  those  down  compared  with  the  products 
Vmerican  mills  that  we  handled.    That  change  was  not  a  very 
!    .vy  change,  but  it  was  so  great  as  to  entirely  destroy  our  busi- 
ness in  American  woolens.     After  that  tariff  went  into  effect  we 
never  ordered  one  piece  of  American  woolens.    As  we  had  been 
importers,  we  knew  the  localities  to  obtain  such  goods  as  we  used 
from  American  mills,  and  I  went  over  with  that  purpose  in  view. 
Tt  resulted  in  our  building  up  quite  a  large  business  in  foreign 
(Is  to  take  the  place  entirely  of  the  American  goods  we  had 
u  using.    We  never  ordered  another  piece  of  American  goods 
T  that  time;  the  whole  business  was  in  the  foreign  markets. 
>       continued  that  operation  until  there  was  a  change  the  other 
\vrdy  in  the  tariff,'  which   entirely   blocked   our  operations  over 
Uhere;  and  then  I  made  a  purchase  of  machinery  and  transferred 
hi  to  this  country,  and  located  it  in  Bristol,  Pa.,  where  we  still 
I  run  it.    A  few  of  the  hands  that  had  been  employed  by  us  fol- 
ji  lowed  us  over  here,  particularly  weavers.    Quite  a  portion  of  the 
I  hands  that  we  employed  were  minors;   of  course,  they  could  not 
^^  come  without  their  parents,  so  we  had  practically  to  open  a  school 
i  in  our  mill  to  teach  that  class  of  labor.     And  we  have  since  car- 
I  ried  on  our  business,  only  interrupted  by  the  change  to  low  tariff 
again.    Owning  mills  here,  we  could  not  very  easily  transfer  them 
back  to  England,  although  under  that  tariff  we  could  have  done 
-^  better   by    so    doing. 

iji      Q.  Do  you  refer  now  to  the  Wilson  Tariff?    A.  Yes. 
i,j     Q.  How  did  that  affect  your  business?     A.  It  compelled  us  to 
'i  stop  our  mills  for  a  while  and  to  discharge  our  employees.     We 
^]  could  not  compete  with  the  importation  of  the  class  of  goods  we 
i:|  made. 

Ill      Q.  Was  that  on  account  of  its  reduction  of  the  duties  on  piece 
i  goods?    A.  Yes;  entirely. 

Q.  You  were  speaking  of  the  class  of  persons  largely  employed 


21G  REPUBUCAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

in  your  works  In  England.  How  would  that  class  compare  wuh 
the  class  you  employ  here  as  to  age  and  capability?  A.  The  ago  is 
about  the  same.  I  think  the  capabinLy  of  the  English  work  peo- 
ple in  the  textile  trade,  in  my  branch  of  it,  is  superior  to  that  of 
the  American.  That  is  owing  largely,  though,  to  the  more  rigor- 
ous conditions  under  which  they  work  over  there.  They  are  not 
so  independent  as  our  people.  In  fact,  there  is  a  surplus  of  good 
labor  over  there,  and  the  employers  can  be  more  exacting  and, 
compel  them  to  pei-form  their  work  carefully  and  properly.  Her<^ 
that  is  scarcely  possible.  '  ] 

Q.  How  do  the  wages  compare?  A.  The  wages  are  much  higher 
here  than  there.  1  will  give  you  an  instance  showing  that  in  one 
department  of  the  business— that  is,  the  weaving  department— 
the  weavers  over  there,  as  a  rule,  are  highly  skilled  weavers;  they 
can  only  get  work  as  learners  unless  they  are  skilled  and  capable. 
I  just  speak  of  this  one  instance,  although  it  is  a  good  comparison 
of  the  great  number  of  workers — there  was  one  woman — and  thei 
weavers  in  England  are  mostly  wom^n;  here  they  are  largely; 
men.  This  woman  was  a  very  good  weaver,  but  the  highest  wages  | 
that  I  remember  of  her  making  were  about  $5  a  week.  She  came 
to  our  mill  and  she  worked  on  the  same  loom  and  on  the  samej 
class  of  goods  precisely — not  made  out  of  the  same  wools,  but  the 
character  of  the  goods  was  similar — and  she  made  $14  in  our  mill 
— and  we  have  people  now — men — that  earn  as  high  as  $18  a 
week ;  but  I  never  knew  of  a  man  weaver  over  there  making  over 
$7.50. 

Q.  Have  you  looked  up  the  comparative  expense  oi  living  so  as 
to  be  able  to  make  a  comparative  statement  of  the  real  wages? 
A.  To  a  certain  extent.  I  was  quite  familiar  with  many  of  those 
work  people.  One  thing  about  them,  they  retain  their  places. 
They  seem  to  be  contented  if  they  are  making  a  living,  and  they 
are  pretty  sure  of  retaining  their  places.  I  took  an  interest  in 
some  of  them,  and  they  were  really  an  excellent  class  of  people — 
good  type  of  English  work  people.  My  conclusions  were  that  the 
cost  of  living  is  something  lower  there,  generally,  but  among 
work  people  it  is  almost  as  high  as  it  is  here.  The  prices  of  food, 
if  anything,  are  higher  there  than  they  are  here,  which  is  an 
essential  factor  in  the  cost  of  living.  As  I  lived  over  there  and 
kept  house,  that  was  a  question  I  looked  into  somewhat.  The 
only  article  that  I  ever  discovered  over  there  that  was  cheaper 
than  in  this  country  was  potatoes.  That  in  some  sections  is  a 
very  important  article  of  diet.  But  they  live  fairly  well  over 
there;  they  do  not  consume  a  great  deal  of  meat;  their  food  is 
more  of  the  character  of  cere;  Is-bread,  and  things  of  that  kind. 
Over  there,  instead  of  living  in  houses  as  they  do  here,  they  live 
in  rooms.  We  have  work  people  in  our  town  living  in  houses  by 
themselves  that  have  all  the  necessary  conveniences,  such  as 
bathroom,  heater  and  gas. 

Q.  Is  it  not  an  advantage  to  the  American  people — American 
labor — to  reduce  the  scale  of  wages  to  the  foreign  level?  A.  No, 
we  cannot  do  that.  I  think  that  the  purchasing  power  of  the  peo- 
ple in  this  country,  owing  to  the  higher  wages,  is  one  great  cause 
of  the  prosperity  of  the  country.  The  work  people,  the  common 
class  of  people  in  Europe,  have  no  purchasing  power  practically. 
They  confine  themselves  perforce  entirely  to  necessities,  mostly 
food.  Their  clothing,  while  it  is  good  enough,  they  make  last  a 
long  time,  and  they  do  not  consume  much  in  the  way  of  anything 
but  food  and  shelter. 

Q.  Given  the  proposition  that  the  tariff  shuts  out  the  foreign 
importations,  what  is  your  competition  in  this  country?  Is  it 
close?    Is  it  severe?    A.  It  is  among  our  own  people. 

Q.  What  are  your  average  dividends  in  fairly  good  years  in 
your  business?  A.  If  we  can  clear  5  per  cent,  we  think  we  have 
done  very  well.  *  *  *  You  asked  me  something  about  the 
price  of  goods  on  the  other  side.  I  just  think  now  of  clothing. 
There  is  no  country  in  the  world  that  I  know  of,  no  civilized  coun- 
try, where  ihe  ready-made  clothing  business  has  developed  to  such 
an  extent  as  it  has  in  this  country,  nor  v/here  the  garments  are 
so  well  made,  not  only  in  point  of  workmanship,  but  style,  and 
the  general  character  of  the  garment.  Those  goods  are  sold  to 
consumers,  I  think,  quite  as  cheaply  as  the  production  of  the  ordi- 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN   TEXT-BOOK.  217 

nary  class  of  tailors  in  England.  Germany  I  do  not  know  so 
much  about.  I  never  bought  any  clothing  there,  but  I  presume 
about  the  same  conditions  prevail. 

Q.  With  the  tariff  on  wool,  with  the  tariff  on  machinery,  with 
double  the  wages  in  this  country,  yet  you  say  ready-made  clothing 
is  sold  at  equal  prices  over  here.  How  do  you  account  for  it  as  a 
business  proposition?  A.  I  think  it  is  largely  owing  to  the  ex- 
tent of  the  business,  the  magnitude  of  the  manufacture  of  cloth- 
ing in  this  country,  the  methods  that  are  carried  on  by  clothing 
manufacturers  to  obtain  their  work  cheaply. 


MANUFACTUHING  PROGRESS. 
Southern  States   Make   Gratifying  Exhibit. 

The  Manufacturers'  Record,  of  Baltimore,  has  prepared  from 
figures  of  the  Census  Burea«  a  statement  showing  remarkable 
progress  made  in  manufacturing  by  the  Southern  States  the  past 
five  years: 

Factories  of  the  South  are  now  producing  goods  to  the  value  of 
about  $2,000,000,000  annually.  Between  1900  and  1905  the  capital 
invested  in  them  increased  from  $967,701,865  to  $1,597,513,217,  or 
by  $629,811,352,  an  average  of  $1^6,000,000  a  year,  and  the  value 
of  their  products  increased  from  $1,237,589,667  to  $1,787,776,794, 
or  by  $550,187,127,  an  average  of  $110,000,000  a  year.  Their  cap- 
ital increased  65  per  cent.,  and  the  value  of  their  products  44.4  per 
cent.,  while  for  the  country  at  large  the  increases  are  estimated 
at  a  little  more  than  4  per  cent,  in  capital  and  just  about  3  per 
cent,  in  value  of  products.  Bearing  in  mind  that  the  1905  figures, 
or,  correctly,  the  figures  as  of  the  year  ended  December  31,  1904, 
deal  with  factories  proper,  and  that  they  are  compared  with  fig- 
ures for  factories  proper  in  1900,  less,  therefore,  than  the  figures 
for  manufacturing  of  the  Twelfth  Census,  which  included  neigh- 
borhood industries  and  hand  trades  in  the  statistics,  one  may 
make  comparison  for  five  years  of  capital  invested  and  of  the 
value  of  products  by  States  in  the  following  table  compiled  by 
the  Manufacturers'  Record  from  figures  of  the  Census  Bureau: 

Capital  invested.  Value  of  products. 
State. 

1900.  1905.  1900.  1905. 

Alabama    $60,110,360  $105,382,S59  $72,082,621  -$109,169  922 

Arkansas   24,275.158  46,306,116  38,481678  53,8n4,'i94 

District    of    Columbia....        17,960,498  20  199,783  16,426,408  18.359,159 

Florida   25,682,171  32  958.482  34,193,509  50.241,078 

Georgia   79,303.316  135,?11,551  94,532.368  151.040  455 

iKentucky  87.995.822  147  282  478  126,508.660  159,753,9"8 

Louisiana    100.S74.729  1-50,810,608  111,?97.919  186,379,592 

Maryland     149,555,593  201.877,966  210.343.559  243,375  9P6 

»  Mississippi    22.712,186  50,250,309  33,718..517  57,451,445 

^North    Carolina 68.283,005  141.000,639  85,274,083  142,520,776 

South    Carolina 62,7.50,027  113,422,224  53,335.811  79.376.2''2 

Tennessee    63,140,657  102,439,481  92,749,129  137,960,476 

Texas     63.655,616  115,664,871  92,^94.433  150,528,?S9 

Virginia   92,299,589  147,989,182  108,644,150  148,856,525 

West    Virginia 49,103,138  86,716,668  67,006,822  98,898,3.57 

Total    $967,701,865    $1,597,513,217    $1,237,589,667    $1,787,776,794 

According  to  a  preliminary  report  of  the  Interstate  Commerce 
Commission,  the  gross  earnings  of  the  railroads  of  the  Unit^'^^ 
States,  covering  approximately  219,000  miles  of  road,  will  prob- 
ably show  for  the  fiscal  year  ended  .Tune  30  an  increase  of  10  per 
cent,  over  the  $2,073,000,000  earned  in  1905.  This  will  prove  a 
banner  year  for  American  railroads.  The  official  fi.gures  will  not 
be  available  for  all  the  roads  for  some  months  yet.  but  the  in- 
creases that  have  been  shown  month  after  mopth  ;s:ive  reason  to 
oxpect  the  10  per  cent,  increase.  There  have  been  heavy  ex- 
penditures for  improving  the  roads,  but  the  net  earnings  will  lie 
--Pry  favorable.  No  section  of  the  country  has  failed  to  profit  by 
■^he  favorable  conditions  which  existed  this  past  year. 


218  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

Our  Vast  Industrial  Energy. 
From  th«  CommtMlal  luU«tlB  (Boston),  May  12,  1906. 

V 

A  well-known  contributor  to  the  press,  writing  recently  in  a 
New  York  weekly,  makes  the  astounding  assertion  that  "our  ma- 
chinery is  speeded  so  that  it  racks  itself  and  spoils  material. 
Speed  of  that  sort  is  economic  waste,  and  the  product  could  not 
compete  with  importations  except  for  the  tariff,  which  is  another 
way  of  development."  As  the  writer  makes  no  attempt  to  substan- 
tiate his  statement  by  facts  or  theory,  his  contention  would  not  be 
deserving  of  the  slightest  notice  if  it  were  not  that  it  appeared  in 
a  journal  of  the  highest  standing.  Only  this  fact  entitles  the 
statement  to  serious  consideration. 

Assuming,  then,  the  truth  of  the  foregoing  dictum,  it  would 
naturally  follow  that  our  exports  of  manufactured  commodities 
would  be  of  trifling  dimensions,  for  if  the  industries  of  the  United 
States  could  not  successfully  compete  at  home  with  imported 
manufactures,  it  is  idle  to  presume  that  they  could  do  so  in  for- 
eign markets.  But  what  are  the  facts  in  the  case?  The  sub- 
joined table,  showing  the  value  of  our  exports  of  manufactures, 
together  with  their  precentage  of  our  total  exports  for  various 
years  since  1880,  will  probably  be  as  eloquent  a  reply  as  any  that 
could  be  made: 

Ex.  (Domestic)  Per  cent,  of 

Manufactures.  Exports. 

1800 $2,493,755  7.83 

1810 3,951,154  8.32 

1820 3,945,793  7.62 

1830 6,641,016  11.3E 

1840 11,149,621  9.9J 

1850 17,580.456  13.0J 

1860 40,345,892  12.7( 

1870 68,279.764  15.0( 

1880 102,856,015  12.4? 

1885 147,187,527  20.25 

1890 151,102,376  17.8^ 

1895 183,595,743  23.1^ 

1900 433,851,756  31.6? 

1905 543.607,975  36.44 

From  the  above  table  it  will  be  seen  that  each  ten  years  have 
witnessed  a  material  increase  in  tne  value  of  domestic  manufac- 
tures, and,  furthermore,  that  between  3  800  and  1905 
these  exports  increased  from  7.83  per  cent,  to  36.44 
per  cent,  of  our  total  exports.  To  be  more  specific  we 
present  a  few  statistics  covering  the  period  from  1890  to  the  end 
of  the  last  fiscal  year.  Exports  of  wool  manufactures  increased 
from  $437,479  in  1890  to  $2,035,054  in  1905;  wood  manufactures, 
from  $6,509,645  to  $12,563,630;  tobacco,  from  $3,876,045  to  $5,690,- 
203;  paraffin  and  wax,  from  $2,408,709  to  $7,789,160;  paper  and 
manufacturers  of  from  $1,226,686  to  $8,238,088;  paints  and  pig- 
ments, from  $578,103  to  $3,126,317;  musical  instruments,  from 
$1,105,134  to  $3,144,787;  scientific  instruments,  from  $1,429,785  to 
$8,172,980;  india  rubber  manufactures,  from  $1,090,307  to  $5,508,- 
664;  gunpowder  and  other  '^xnlosives,  from  $868,728  to  $2,559,837; 
glass  and  glassware,  from  $882,677  to  $2,252,799;  books,  maps,  en- 
gravings, etc.,  from  $1,886,094  to  $4,844,160;  brass  and  manufac- 
tures of,  from  $467,313  to  $3,025,764;  cars  and  carriages,  from 
$4,746,678  to  $10,610,437;  chemicals,  drugs  and  dyes,  from  $5,424,- 
279  to  $14,450,490;  agricultural  implements  from  $3,859,184  to 
$20,721,741;  cotton  manufactures,  from  $9,997,277  to  $49,660,080; 
leather  and  manufactures  of,  from  $12,438,847  to  $37,936,745;  cop- 
per and  manufactures  of,  from  $2,349,392  to  $86,225,291;  iron  and 
steel  manufactures,  from  $25,542,208  to  $134,728,363. 

Here,  then  is  an  outline  of  the  marvelous  growth  in  the  exports 
of  domestic  manufactures  during  the  past  fifteen  years.  Does  it 
indicate,  as  the  writer  quoted  would  have  us  believe,  that  behind 
the  Dingley  Tariff  there  is  an  industrial  body  with  muscles  so 
flaccid  from  government  protection  that  it  would  be  quickly  over- 
whelmed if  that  protection  were  removed?  The  facts  speak  for 
themselves. 


REPUBLICAN   CAMPAIGN   TEXT- BOOK 


219 


FINANCES  or  RAILROADS. 

i of  Construction,  Traffic  Earnings,  Interest  and  Dividends, 

I         and  Passengers  and  Freight  Carried,  1876  to  1904. 

f       (Prepared  by  John   P.    Meany,   editor   of   Poor's   Railroad   Manual.) 

LENGTH  OF  LINES  AND  COST  OF  CONSTRUCTION. 

^ Cost  of   construction ^ 

Total  liabilities. 
Length       Capital  Funded        Floating   except  current 

Year.  of  lines.       stock,  debt.  debt.        accounts  and 

sinking  funds. 

Miles.  Dollars.  Dollars.  Dollars.  Dollars. 

1876 76,808  2,248,358,375  2,220,233,560     a4,468,591,935 

1877 79,208  2,313,278,598  2,255,318,650  237,604,774  4,806,202,0_>2 

1878...             .  80,832  2,292,257,877  2,297,790,916  182,248,556  4,772,297,349 

1879     .  84,393  2,395,647,293  2,319,'i89,172  156,881,052  4,872,017,517 

1880 :...  92,147  2,708,673,375  2,530,874,943  162,4&9,939  5,402,038,257 

1881 103,530  3,177,375,179  2,878,423,606  222,766,267  6,278,565,052 

1882 114,428  3,478,914,224  3,214,084,323  267,650,730  6,960,649,277 

1883 120,519  3,675,793,383  3,479,411,914  267,834,906  7,423,040,203 

1884 125,119  3,726,655,041  3,647,312,772  244,018,597  7,617,986,410 

1885 127,689  3,778,609,737  3,740,255,066  256,993,391  7,775,858,194 

1886 133,565  3,956,377,498  3,853,748,330  279,142,013  8,089,268,441 

1887...   147,953  4,146,958,214  4,1.55,628,116  292,455,121  8,595,041,451 

1888 154,222  4,392,287,224  4,585,471,523  304,155,858  9,281,914,6C5 

1889 159,934  4,447,103,600  4,784,173,271  345,662,983  9,576,939,854 

1890 163,359  4,590,471,560  5,055,225,025  375,228,630  10,020,925,215 

1891 167,846  4,751,750,498  5,180,227,024  345,051,807  10,277,029,329 

1892 171,805  4,863,119,073  5,406,955.004  285,212,887  10,555,286,964 

1893 175,442  5,021,576,551  5,510,225,528  409,909,043  10,941,711,122 

1894 178,054  5,027,604,717  5,605.775,764  382,927,834  11,016,308,315 

1895 179,821  5,181,373,599  5,648,659,436  418,536,623  11,248,569,658 

189G ■ 181,394  5,373,187,619  5,461,856,798  344,499,969  11,179,544  386 

1897 183,547  5,602,964,449  5,534,432,492  380,669,705  11,518,066,646 

1898 184,849  5,581,522,858  5,635,363,594  368,182,584  11,585,069  036 

1899 187,781  5,742,181,181  5,644,858,027  305,777,858  11,692,817,066 

.1900 192,162  5,804,346,250  5,758,592,754  328,963,335  11,891,902,339 

1901 195,887  5,978,796,249  6,035,469,741  312,225,536  12,326,491,526 

1902 199,685  6,078,290,596  6,465,290,839  310,345,867  12,853,927,302 

1903 206,886  6,355,207,335  6,722,216,517  448,199,448  13,525,623,300 

1904 211,074  6,447,045,374  c7,475,840,203  172,619,537  14,095,505,114 

a  Total    capital  stock  and    funded  debt. 

c  Including  real  estate   mortgages,  equipment  trust  obligations,    etc.,    pre- 
viously included  in  itenr  "Unfunded  debt." 


Traffic  Earnings. 


Year.  ^'"^'^ 

passengers. 

Dollars. 

1876 136,120,583 

1877 • 130,050,050 

1878 124,637,290 

1879 142,336,191 

1880 147,653,003 

1881 173,356,642 

1882 196,213,220 

1883 206,837,256 

1884 206,790,701 

1885 200,883,911 

1886 211,929,857 

1887 240,542,876 

1888 251,356,167 

1889 259,439,231 

1890 272,320,961 

1891 290,799,696 

1892 293,557,476 

1893 310,442,870 

1894 275,352,190 

1895 260,929,741 

1898 265,313,258 

1897 -253,557,936 

1898 272,589,591 

1899 297,559,712 

1900 331,402,816 

1901 360,702,686 

1902 396,513,412 

1903 429,705,287 

1904 456,342,380 

a  Included  in  foregoing, 


—Gross    traffic    earnings- 

From  Miscella-      ' 
freight.  neous. 

Dollars.  Dollars. 

361,137,376  (a) 

342.859.222  (a) 
365,466,061  (a) 
386,676,108  (a) 
467,748,928            (a) 
551,968,477            (a) 
506,367,247  61,650,932 
549,756,695  60,782,625 
506,925,375  56,952,816 
519,690,992  44,735.616 
550,359,054  59,903.038 

636.666.223  54,176,055 
639,200,723  60,065,118 
665,962,331  66,664,757 
734,821,733  71,692,645 

754,185,910      80,549,209 

794,526,500      80,952,864 

808,494,668      88,168.488 

700,477,409      91,113,759 

743,784,451      87,681,245 

770,424,013      89,894,754 

780,351,939      98,956,751 

868,924,526  108,044,607 

922,436,314  116,100,353 

1,052,835,811  117,456,751 

1,126,267,652  125,478.488 

1,197,212,452  127,089,036 

1,344,150,719  135,001,820 

1,374,102,275  147,194,058 


Total    gross 

receipts. 

Dollars. 

497,257,939 

472,909,272 

490,103,351 

525,620,577 

613,733,610 

701,780,982 

764,231,399 

817,376,576 

770,668,892 

765,493,309 

822,182,381 

931,373,488 

950,519,764 

991,935,331 

1,086,039,735 

1,125,381,994 

1,169,036,840 

1,207,106,026 

1,066,943,358 

1,092,395,437 

1,125,632,025 

1,1.32.866,626 

1,249,558,724 

1,336.096,379 

1,501,695,378 

1.612,448,826 

1,720,814,900 

1,9081857,826 

1,977,638,713 


Net  traffic 
earnings. 
Dollars. 
186,452,7.52 
170,976,697 
187,575,167 
216,544,999 
255,557,555 
272,406,787 
278,009,565 
295,737,078 
268,060,557 
266,615,933 
297,372,559 
331,174,183 
297,306,541 
317,866,883 
342,071,296 
350,748,483 
352,817,405 
358,648,918 
317,757,399 
323,196,454 
332,766,979 
342,792,030 
389,666,474 
447,741,014 
483,247,526 
520,294,727 
560,026,277 
592,508,512 
639,240,027 


All  I  ask  is  a  square  deal  for  every  man.  Give  him  a  fair 
chance.  Do  not  let  him  wrong  any  one,  and  do  not  let  him 
be  wronged.— President  Roosevelt  at  Grand  Canyon,  Ariz., 
May  6,  1903. 


220  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT- BOOK. 

ItiLEAQE  OF  RAILROADS  IN  OPERATION  AND  ANNUAL 
INCREASE   OF   MILEAGE:     1832   TO    1904. 

(From  Poor's   Railroad   Manual.) 

■is  It      II    Is      U  pi      Is      il       §?.^ 

1832   229     134     1857     24,503  2,487     1882     114.677 

S3   380     151     1858     26968  2.465     1883     121,422 

S34   633     253     1859     28,789  1,821     1884     125,345 

\m    1.098     465     1860     30.626  1,837     1885     128.320 

1.S36  1.273     175     1861     31.286  660     188b     l^b.338 

1S37  1497     224     1862     32,120  834     1887     149,214 

isns  1913     416     1863     33.170  1.050     1888     156,114 

m9    2.302     389     1864     33  908  738     1889     161.276 

1,S40  2818     516     1865     35.t85  1,177     189J     166.703 

1841  3535     717     1866     36.801  1,716     1891     170,729 

1K42  4.026     491     1867     39.050  2,249     1892     17^.170 

1543  4185     159     1868     42.229  2,979     1893     177,516 

1544  4  377     192     1869     46,844  4,615     1894     179,415 

1545  4.633     256     1870     52.922  6,078     1895     181,115 

1846  4930     297     1871     60,301  7,379     1896     182.769 

1847  5.598     668     1872     66,171  5,878     1897     184,591 

1848  5996     398     1873     70.268  4,097     1898     186,810 

1849  7.365    1.369     1874     72,385  2,117     1899     190,818 

1850  9,021    1.656     1875     74,096  1,711     1900     194,262 

1851  10,982    1,961     1876     76,808  2,712     1901     198,743 
1S52  12,908    1.926     1877     79,082  2,274     1902     202,938 

1853  15,360    2.452     1878     81,747  2,665     1903     207,335 

1854  16,720    1,360     1879     86,556  4.809     1904     212,349 

1855  18,374    1.654     1880     93,267  6,711 

1856  22,016    3,642     1881    103.108  9,846 

Passengers  and  Freight  Carried.* 

Average 

Passengers  receipts  per     Freight 

Year.                                 curried.  passenger       carried. 

mile. 
Cents.  Tons. 

1882 375,391,812  1.85    .360,490,375 

1883 312,686,641  2.42     400,453,439 

1884 :m.570,766  2.30     399,074,749 

.1885 351,427,688  2.20     437,010,099 

1886 382,284,972  2.19     482,245,254 

1887 428,225,513  2.28     552,074,752 

1888 451,353,655  2.25     590,857,353 

1889 494,808,421  2.17     619,165,630 

1890 520,439,082  2.17     691,344,437 

1891 556.015,802  2.18     704,39S,609 

1892 575,769,678  2.17     730,605,011 

1893 597,056,539  2.07     757,464,480 

1894 569,660,216  2.03     674,714,747 

1895 529,756,259  2.07     755,799,8S3 

1896 535,120,756  2.03     773,868,716 

1897 504.106,525  2.03     78S,385,448 

1898 514,982,888  1.99     912,973,833 

1899 537,977,301  2.00     975,789,941 

1900 584,695,935  2.03    1,071,431,919 

1901 000,485,790  2.03    1,084,066.451 

1902 (555,130,236  2.05    1,192,136,510 

1903 (.96,908,994  2.05    1,299,684,081 

1904 719,654,951  2.05         1,275,321,607 

•Statistics  for  this  table  for  years  previous  to  1882  are  not  compiled. 


Railway  Car  Construction. 
Locomotives  and  cars  approx.mating  the  value  of  $260,000,000 
were  built  in  the  locomotive  and  car  shops  of  the  United  States  in 
1905,  according  to  figures  collected  by  the  Railroad  Gazette.  These 
returns,  do  not  include  locomotives  and  cars  built  by  the  railroads 
in  their  own  shops,  of  which  an  exceptionally  large  number  were 
constructed  during  the  year,  nor  do  they  include  street  and  inter- 
urban  electric  cars.  The  number  of  locomotives  built  was  5.491, 
as  against  3,441  in  1904.  The  number  built  exceeds  the  total  for 
any  previous  year.  The  car  output,  subject  to  the  limitations 
noted,  was  168,006,  the  largest  car  output  in  any  one  year. 

Protection  has  vindicated  itself.  It  cannot  be  helped  by 
eulogy  or  hurt  by  defamation;  it  has  worked  its  own  demon- 
stration and  presents  in  the  sight  of  the  whole  world  its  match- 
less trophies. — Major  McKinley  at  Beatrice,  Neb.,  August  2, 
1892. 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 


221 


■ 

^^BAILKOAD  INTEREST 

AISTD 

DIVIDENDS 

1 

1^ 

m 

c 
<- 1-< 

O.  =4-1  42 

m    .'3 

0)   o 

Earnings  per  mile 

o2 

J^ 

-oS 

ta-o 

"«  fl 

of  rai 

road  m 

S  ft£ 

^ 

V.  '^•^ 

>% 

^S§ 

:hs 

, operation ., 

a;  iJ  <y 

C, 

Q 

Gross. 

Net. 

fc 

Dollars. 

Dollars. 

Dollars. 

Dollars. 

1876. . 

(*) 

68,039,668 

3.03 

6,765 

2,537 

62.50 

1877. . 

.      98,820,927 

58,536,312 

3.96 

2.53 

6,381 

2,307 

63.85 

1878.. 

.     103,160,512 

53,629,368 

4.16 

2.34 

6,207 

2,376 

61.73 

1879... 

.     112,235,515 

61,681,470 

4.53 

2.57 

6,653 

2,741 

58.80 

1880... 

.    107,866,328 

77,115,371 

4.00 

2.85 

7,471 

3,111 

58.36 

1881... 

.    128,587,302 

93,344,190 

4.16 

2.94 

7,548 

2,930 

61.18 

1882... 

.    152,931,300 

101,441,491 

4.39 

2.92 

7,283 

2,649 

63.62 

1883... 

.     171,774,984 

101,662,548 

.      4.58 

2.76 

7,405 

2,679 

63.82 

1884... 

.     176,694,302 

93,244,835 

4.54 

2.50 

6,663 

2,318 

65.21 

1885... 

.    185,986,991 

76,112,105 

4.65 

2.00 

6,265 

2,185 

65.12 

1886... 

.    187,358,581 

80,094,138 

4.53 

2.02 

6,570 

2,376 

63.81 

1887... 

.     202,009,042 

90,013,458 

4.54 

2.17 

6,861 

2,444 

64.45 

1888... 

.    205,288,021 

78,943,041 

4.20 

1.80 

6,540 

2,045 

68.72 

1889... 

.    216,877,898 

79,531,863 

4.23 

1.79 

6,455 

2,068 

67.95 

18D0... 

.    224,499,571 

83,575,705 

4.13 

1.82 

6,822 

2,162 

68.33 

1891... 

.     228,572,703 

89,099,757 

4.14 

1.87 

6,852 

2,136 

68  83 

1892... 

.    236,502,579 

93,862,412 

4.16 

1.93 

6,852 

2,068 

69.82 

1893... 

.    244,965,446 

94,295,815 

4.14 

1.88 

6,963 

2,069 

70.29 

1894... 

.     242,147,714 

83,478,6S9 

4.04 

1.66 

6,054 

1,803 

70.22 

1895... 

.    247,895,884 

81,685,774 

4.C9 

1.58 

6,097 

1,804 

70.41 

1896... 

.     251,322,570 

81,528,154 

4.33 

1.52 

6,223 

1,840 

70.43 

1897... 

.    -240,231,305 

83.680,040 

4.06 

1.51 

6,228 

1,884 

69.74 

1898... 

.    242,202,389 

94,937,526 

4.03 

1.71 

6,771 

2,111 

68.16 

1899... 

.     245,250,364 

109,032,252 

4.12 

1.92 

7,161 

2,272 

68.27 

1900... 

.    250,762,834 

140,343,653 

4.12 

2.44 

7,826 

2,519 

68.93 

1901... 

.     261,645,714 
.    272,971,011 

156,887,283 

4.12 

2.65 

8,270 

2,668 

67.73 

1902... 

178,173,752 

4.03 

2.97 

8,696 

2,830 

67.45 

1903... 

.    286,782,279 

19(J,674,415 

4.00 

3.03 

9,301 

2,887 

68.96 

1904... 

.    289,451,790 

211,522,166 

3.78 

3.31 

9,248 

2,989 

67.68 

♦Interest  payments  not  compiled. 

RAILROADS  PLACED  UNDER  RECEIVERSHIPS  AND 
SOLD  UNDER  FORECLOSURE:  NUMBER  AND  MILEAGE, 
1876  TO  1805. 

(From  the  Railway  Age,  Chicago.) 
^Placed  under  receiverships-^  ^ — Sold  under  foreclosure ^ 


S  <4-l 

3  O 

"A 


1876 42 

1877 38 

1878 27 

1879 12 

ISSO 13 

1881 5 

1882 12 

1883 11 

1884 37 

1885 44 

1886 13 

1887 9 

1888 22 

1889 22 

1890 26 

18S1 26 

1892 36 

1893 74 

1894 38 

1895 31 

1896 34 

1897 18 

1898 18 

1899 10 

1890 16 

1901 4 

1902 5 

1903 9 

1904 8 

1905 10 

Total....  670 


6,662 

3,637 

2,320 

1,102 

885 

110 

912 

1,990 

11,038 

8,386 

1,799 

1,046 

3,270 

3,803 

2,963 

2,159 

10,508 

29,340 

7,025 

4,089 

5,441 

1,537 

2,069 

1,019 

1,165 

73 

'  278 

229 

744 

3,593 


O  pj  o 

m 

Dollars. 
467,000,000 
220,294,000 

92,385,000 

39,367,000 

140,265,000 

3,742,000 

39,074,000 
108,470,000 
714,755,000 
385,460,000 

70,346,000 

90,318,000 
186,814,000 

99,664,000 
105,007,000 

84,479,000 
357,692,000 
1,781,046,000 
395,791,000 
869,075,000 
275,597,000 

92,909,000 
138,701,000 

52.285,000 

78,234,000 
1,627,000 
5,835,000 

18,823,000 

36,069,000 
176,321,000 


119,192   6,627,445,000 


b::, 

o  C  o 

;3  o 

r^ 

O   cSX2 

"4. 

S 

Dollars. 

30 

3,840 

217,848,000 

54 

3.875 

198,984,000 

48 

3,906 

311,631,000 

65 

4,909 

243,288,000 

31 

3,775 

263,882,000 

29 

2,617 

137,923,000 

16 

867 

65,426,000 

18 

1,354 

47,100,000 

15 

710 

23,504,000 

22 

3,156 

278,394,000 

45 

7,687 

374,109,000 

31 

5,478 

328,181,000 

19 

1,596 

64,555,000 

25 

2,930 

137,815,000 

29 

3,825 

182,495,000 

21 

3,223 

169,069,000 

28 

1,922 

95,898,000 

25 

1,613 

79,924,000 

42 

5,643 

318,999,0C0 

52 

12,831 

761,791,000 

58 

13,730 

1,150,377,000 

42 

6,675 

517,680,000 

47 

6,054 

252,910.0G0 

32 

4,294 

267,534,000 

24 

3,477 

190,374,000 

17 

1,139 

85,808,000 

20 

693 

39,788,000 

13 

565 

15,885,000 

13 

524 

28,266,000 

6 

679 

20,307,000 

917 

113,577 

6,869,745,000 

222 


RifiFUBLlCAN  CA.MI'AKi.N    iKAi-buuh 


TELEGRAPHS. 

Western  Union  Telegraph  Company:    Mileage  of  Lines   and 
Wires.  Number  of  Offices  and  Traffic,  1866  to  1905. 

>:^  s  s        I        55  oi  H 

Dollars.  Dollars. 

1866 37,380  75,686  2.250 -v/AA; 

1867 46,270  85,291  2,565  5,879.282  6,568.925  3,944.006 

1868 50,183  97,594  3,219  6,404,595  7,004,560  4,362,849 

1869 52,099  104.5S4  3,607  7,934,933  7,316,918  4.568,117 

1S70 54.109  112,191  3,972  9,157,646  7,138,738  4,910,772 

1871 56,032  121,151  4,606  10,646,077  7,637,449  5,104,787 

1}<72 62,033  137,190  5,237  12,444,499  8,457,096  5,666,8H3 

1873 65,757  154,472  5,740  14,456,832  9,333,019  6,575.056 

1874 71,585  175,735  6,188  16,329,256  9,262,654  6,755,734 

1875 72,833  179,496  6,565  17,153,710  9,564,575  6.335,415 

1876 73,532  183,832  7,072  18,729,567  10,034,984  6.635,474 

1877 76,955  194,323  7,500  21,158,941  9,812,353  6,672,225 

1878 81,002  206,202  8,014  23,918,894  9,861,355  6,309,813 

1879 82,987  211,566  8,534  25.070,106  10.960,640  6,160,200 

1880 85,645  233,534  9,077  29,215,509  12,782,895  6,948,957 

1881 110,340  327,171  10,737  32,500,000  14,393,544  8,485,264 

1882 131,060  374,368  12,068  38.842,247  17,114.166  9.996.096 

1883 144.294  432.726  12,917  41,181.177  19,454,903  11.794.553 

1884 145.037  450.571  13,761  42,076,226  19,632,940  13,022,.')04 

1885 147,500  462,283  14,184  42,096,583  17,706.834  12,005,910 

1886 151,832  489,607  15,142  43,289,807  16,298,639  12,378.783 

1887 156,814  524,641  15,658  47,394,530  17,191,910  13,1.54,629 

1888 171,375  616,248  17,241  51,463,955  19,711,164  14,640,592 

1889 178,754  647,697  18,470  54,108,326  20,783,194  14,565,153 

1890 183,917  678,997  19.382  55.878,762  22,387,029  15,074,304 

1S91 187,981  715,591  20,098  59,148,343  23,034,327  16,428.742 

1892 189,576  739,105  20,700  62,387,298  23,706,405  16,307,857 

1893 189,936  769,201  21,078  66,591,858  24,978,443  17,482,406 

1894 190,303  790,792  21,166  58,632,237  21,852,655  16,060,170 

1895 189,714  802,651  21,360  58,307,315  22,218,019  16,076,630 

1896 189,918  826,929  21,725  58,760,444  22,612,736  16,714,756 

1897 190,614  841,002  21,769  58,151,684  22,638,859  16,906,656 

1898 189,847  874,420  22,210  62,173,749  23,915,733  17,825,582 

1899 189,856  904,633  22,285  61,308,157  23,954,312  18,085,579 

1900 192,705  933,153  22,900  63,167,783  24,758,570  18,593,206 

1901 193,589  972,766  23,238  65,657,049  26,354,151  19,668,903 

1902 196,115  1,029,984  23,567  69,374,883  28,073,095  20,780,766 

1903 196,517  1,089,212  23,120  *69,790,866  29,167,687  20,953,215 

1904 199,350  1,155,405  23,458  *67,903,973  29,249,390  21,361,915 

1905 200,224  1,184,557  23,814  *67,477,320  29,033,635  21,845,570 

•Not  including  messages  sent  over  leased  wires  or  under  railroad  contracts. 

Note.— The  greatly  increased  mileage  since  1880  is  principally  due  to  the 
fact  that  in  1881  the  Western  Union  Telegraph  Company  absorbed  by  pur- 
chase all  the  lines  of  the  American  Union  and  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Tele- 
graph companies,  the  former  having  previously  in  operation  over  12,000  miles 
of  line  and  the  latter  8,706  miles.  Capital  stock  of  the  Western  Union, 
$100,000,000. 

The  Western  Union  has  exclusive  contracts  with  several  international 
cable  companies,  operating  eight  Atlantic  cables,  and  guarantees  5  per  cent, 
annual  dividends  on  the  stock  of  the  American  Telegraph  and  Cable  Com- 
pany;  amount,  $14,000,000. 

Besides  the  above,  there  are  new  lines  of  telegraph  which  have  complied 
with  the  United  States  telegraph  act  of  1866,  and  are  operating  wires  with 
or  without  connection  with  railway  companies. 


General  Harrison,  in  his  speech  to  the  visiting  coj?imercial 
travelers  at  Indianapolis,  Aug.  18,  1888,  said: 

"Do  not  allow  any  one  to  persuade  you  that  this  great  con- 
test as  to  our  tariff  policy  is  one  between  schedules.  It  is  not 
a  question  of  seven  per  cent,  reduction.  (Applause.)  It  is  a 
question  between  wide-apart  principles.  (Cries  of  "That's 
right.")  The  principle  of  protection;  the  intelligent  recognition 
in  the  framing  of  our  tariff  laws  of  the  duty  to  protect  our 
American  industries  and  maintain  the  American  scale  of 
wages  by  adequate  discriminating  duties  (cries  of  "That's 
right!")  on  the  one  hand,  and  on  the  other  a  denial  of  the 
constit\*tional  right  to  make  our  customs  duties  protective,  on 
the  assertion  of  the  doctrine  that  free  competition  with  foreign 
products  is  the  ideal  condition  to  v/hich  all  our  legislation 
should  tend."     (Applause.) 


REPUBLICAN'  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 


223 


Postal  Telegraph  Cable  Company;   Mileage  of  Lines  and  Wires, 
Number  of  Oflaces,  and  Messages  Sent,   1885  to  1905. 


1885. 


1887. 
1888. 
1889. 
1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 
1897. 
1898. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 


11 

.„  CS  o  <= 

^rt  o 

q_i  . 

<o 

iles  o 
poles 
cable 
It  not 

o  m 

i 

^ 

s 

S  B 

§ 

S 

o 

s 

2,811 

23,587 

260 

1.428.690 

4,391 

36,960 

411 

3.055,922 

5.653 

38,412 

568 

4,199,585 

7,102 

40,811 

690 

4.983,452 



8.554 

51.016 

808 

6,078,361 

11.142 

67.751 

1.050 

7,380,000 

12.739 

76,-!  65 

1,187 

8,271,768 

13,363 

88,646 

1,412 

9,335,291 

...... 

16,201 

101,807 

1,605 

10,251,194 



17,715 

108,695 

1,759 

10,965,509 

19,477 

117,344 

2,067 

12,493,892 

11,699 

20.165 

165,013 

9,074 

13,461,452 

16,011 

21.098 

178,438 

9,875 

13.628,064 

14,200 

24.547 

191,834 

11,098 

15,407,018 

16.070 

25.560 

209,373 

12,663 

15,958  351 

17.385 

26.042 

226,465 

13.100 

16,528,444 

17,500 

26,349 

243,422 

14,877 

17,898,073 

21,043 

26.476 

266,122 

16,248 

20,086,930 

21,319 

27,482 

276,245 

19,977 

21.600,577 

25,551 

27,793 

302,260 

21,071 

22.525.528 

27,307 

27,936 

3(^6,187 

23,066 

23,925,962 

a  obtained 

for  years 

prior  to 

1896. 

COMMERCIAL  FAILURES  ANNUALLY,   1882  TO   1905. 
Number,  Amount  of  Liabilities  and  Average  Liabilities. 

(From  Dun's  Review,   New  York.) 


Calendar 
year. 


Number 
failures. 


1882 6.738 

1883 9.184 

1884 10.968 

1885 10,G37 

1886 9.834 

1887 9.634 

1888 10,679 

1889 10.882 

'    1890 10,907 

1891 12,273 

1892 10.344 

1893 15,242 

1894 13.885 

:    1895 13,197 

■    1896 15,088 

1897 13,351 

1898 12,186 

1899 9,337 

1    1900 10,774 

1901 11,002 

'    1902 11,615 

1903 12.069 

1904 12,199 

^   1905 ll.,520 


Total    for   the 

Number        Per  cent, 
of  business  of 

concerns.        failures. 


year- 


822,256 

863,993 

904,759 

919,990 

969,841 

994,281 

1,406,662 

1,051,140 

1,110,590 

1,142,951 

1,172,705 

1,193,113 

1,114,174 

1,209,282 

1,151,579 

1,058,521 

1,105,830 

1,147,595 

1,174,300 

1,219,242 

1,253,172 

1,281,481 

1,320,172 

1,356.217 


0.82 

1.06 

1.21 

1.16 

1.01 

.90 

1.02 

1.04 

.98 

1.07 

.88 

1.28 

1.25 

1.09 

1.31 

1.26 

1.10 

.81 

.92 

.90 

.93 

.94 

.92 

.85 


Amount  of 
liabilities. 

Dollars. 

101,547.564 
172,874,172 
226.343.427 
124.220,321 
114,644,119 
167,560.944 
123,829,973 
148,784,337 
189,856,964 
189,868,638 
114,044,167 
346,779,889 
172,992,856 
173.196.060 
226.096,834 
154.332.071 
130.662,899 
90,879,889 
138.495.678 
113,092,376 
117,476,769 
155,444,185 
144,202,311 
102,676,172 


Average 
liabili- 
ties. 
Dollars. 
15,070 
18,8z3 
20,632 
11,678 
11,651 
17,392 
11,595 
13,672 
17,406 
15,471 
11,025 
22,751 
12,458 
13,124 
14,992 
11,559 
10,722 

9,733 
12,854 
10,279 
10,114 
12,879 
11,820 

8,913 


BENEFITS  OF  FREE  ALCOHOL. 

There  are  now  in  operation  in  Germany  between  5,000  and 
6,000  alcohol  engines,  and  it  is  estimated  that  when  alcohol  de- 
signed for  such  purposes  in  the  United  States  is  free  from  Gov- 
ernment tax  a  much  larger  number  will  be  used  here.  Internal- 
combustion  engines  using  alcohol  as  a  motor  fuel  are  coming 
;  into  general  use  on  farms  for  running  all  kinds  of  farm  ma- 
chinery. By  the  use  of  alcohol  20  per  cent,  more  power  can  be 
secured  on  a  given  engine  than  can  be  obtained  by  the  use  of 
gasoline,  as  alcohol  can  be  compressed  to  a  much  higher  degree 
than  gasoline  without  danger  of  spontaneous  combustion.  It  is 
used  also  in  running  light  machinery  in  workshops. 


224 


REPUBUCAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 


TELEPHONES. 
American  Telephone  and  Telegraph  Company  and  Operatin 
Companies  Associated  with  it:    Statistics,  January  1,   189 
to  1905. 


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REPUBLICAN   CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOO? 


225 


INSURANCE  STATISTICS. 

Life  Insurance:  Number  of  Policies  and  Amount  of  Insurance 
in  Force  in  Ordinary  and  Industrial  Companies  (Census 
Years  1850  to  1880;  Annually  from  1884),  and  Income,  Pay- 
ments, Assets,  Liabilities  and  Surplus  in  1880  and  from 
1884  to  1904. 

(Prepared  by  Frederick  L.  Hoffman,  Insurance  Statistician,  Newark,  N.  J.) 
INSURANCE   IN  FORCE   FROM   1850   TO  1904. 


, Ordinary- 
Year  ended   No.  of        Ammint 
Dec.  31—      policies,    amount. 

Dollars. 


-Industrial ^ 

pS'?cI°e's.  Amount. 

Dollars. 


No.  of 
policies. 


-Total- 


Amount. 
Dollars. 


IS.'SO. 
1860. 
1870. 
1880. 
1S84. 
1885. 
1886. 
1887. 
1888. 
1889. 
1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 
1897. 
1898. 
1899. 
1000. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 


29,407 

60,000 

839,226 

679,690 

819,264 

890,924 

926,497 

992,987 

1,091.357 

1,218,008 

1,319,561 

1,465,459 

1,531,231 

1,754,303 

1,868,954 

1,940.945 

2,024,927 

2,201,193 

2,419,850 

2,820,950 

3,176,051 

3,693,702 

4,160,088 

4,694,021 

5,507,759 


68,614,189 
180,000,000 
2,262,847,000 
1,564,183,532 
1,984,694,854 
2,155,330,627 
2,365.696,617 
2,599,576,117 
2,896,099,365 
3,291,828,258 
3,620,057,439 
3,964,491,593 
4,314,204,343 
4,629,774,861 
4,765,220,494 
4,917,694  131 
5,054,800,908 
5,329,980,648 
5,714,964,251 
6,481,154,483 
7,093,152,380 
7,952,989,395 
8,701,587,912 
9,593,008,148 
10,412,078,338 


236,674 
1,092,529 
1,377,150 
1,¥80,372 
2,310,003 
2,797,521 
3,365,461 
3,883,529 
4,319,817 
5.200,777 
5,751,514 
6,833,439 
6,9.52,757 
7.388,119 
8,005,384 
8,798,480 
10,050,847 
11,219,296 
12,337,022 
13,448,124 
14,603,694 
15,674,384 


20,533,469 

111,115,252 

145,938,241 

198,431,170 

255,533,472 

305,155,182 

365,841,518 

429,521,128 

481,919,116 

583,527,016 

662,0.50.129 

800,946,170 

820,740,641 

888,266,586 

996,1?'9,424 

1,110,073,519 

1,293,125,522 

1,468,986,366 

1,640,857,553 

1,806,890,864 

1,977,599,397 

2,135,859,103 


916,364 
1,911,793 
2,268,074 
2,706,869 
3,302,990 
3,888,878 
4,583,469 
5,203,090 
5,785,276 
6,732,008 
7,505,817 
8,702,,^93 
8,893,702 
9,413,046 
10,206,577 
11,21 8,.330 
12,871,797 
14,395,347 
16,030,724 
17,608,212 
19,297.715 
21,182,143 


1,584,717,001 
2,095,810,106 
2,301,268,868 
2,564,127,787 
2,855,109,589 
3,20l,254,iS47 
3,6.57,669,776 
4,049,578,567 
4,446,410,709 
4,897.731,359 
5,291,824,990 
5,566,166,664 
5,738,434,772 
5,943.067.492 
6  326,120,072 
6,825,037,770 
7.774,280,005 
8,.562,138,746 
9,593.846,948 
10,508,478,776 
11,570,607,545 
12,547,937,441 


Year 

ended 

Dec.  31- 


INCOME,   PAYMENTS,    ASSETS,   ETC.,   FROM  1880  TO 
Total 
Total  payments 

_  income.  to  policy 

holders. 


Assets. 


Liabilities. 


1880. 
1884. 
1885. 


1887. 
1888. 
1889. 
1890. 
1S91. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 
1897. 
1898. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 


Dollars. 

80,537,990 
101,938,900 
111,122,174 
123,614,000 
137,913,159 
155,477,074 
177,607,718 
196,938,069 
213,444,589 
227,622,957 
241,727,503 
261,959.111 
271,928,709 
283,726,855 
304.945,675 
325,452,134 
365,368,062 
400,603,257 
457,965,754 
504,527,705 
553,639,900 
599,081,882 


Dollars. 

55,881,794 
61,216,783 
64,306,995 
64,029,451 
71,231,568 
77,542,039 
83,031,083 
90,007,820 
97,026,344 
104,506,882 
112,648,941 
118,423,246 
125,136,443 
136,179,008 
139,405,708 
146,804,522 
159,987,686 
168,687,601 
192,398,489 
199,883,721 
225,842,072 
247,052,831 


Dollars. 

452,680,651 

519,786,617 

551,828,336 

585,201,199 

619,137,675 

668,196,883 

720.237,645 

770,972,061 

840,579,127 

919,342,031 

987,946,922 

1,073,156,679 

1,159,873,889 

1,243,561,111 

1,344,903,198 

1,462,651,318 

1,595,208,408 

1,742,414,173 

1,910,784,985 

2,091,822,851 

2,265,221,193 

2,498,960.968 


Dollars. 


678,681.309 

740,226,450 

802,677,076 

868,600,298 

930,937,755 

997,668,526 

1,066,541,285 

1,157,010,946 

1,245,788,245 

1,365,873,943 

1,493,378,709 

1,640,289,306 

1,798,136,861 

1,978,823,571 

2,168,468,541 


1904. 

Surplus. 
Dollars. 


92,290,752 
100,352,677 
116,664,955 
119,346,624 
142,218,924 
162,205,363 
177,019,826 
187.892,252 
216,868,073 
229,334,465 
249,035,464 
270,495.679 
293,685.990 
286,397,622 
330,492,427 


There  are  many  qualities  which  we  need  alike  in  private 
citizen  and  in  public  man,  but  three  above  all — three  for  the 
lack  of  which  no  brilliancy  and  no  genius  can  atone — and 
those  three  are  courage,  honesty,  and  common  sense. — Presi- 
dent Boosevelt  at  Antietam,  Md.,  Sept.   17,  1903. 


The  United  States  has  not  the  slightest  wish  to  establish 
a  universal  protectorate  over  other  American  States,  or  to 
become  responsible  for  their  misdeeds. — From  President  Roose- 
velt's  The  Monroe   Doctrine,   American   Ideals,   p.   248. 


226 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 


INSURANCE  STATISTICS— Continued. 

Fire  and  Marine  and  Casualty  and  Miscellaneous  Insurance 
the   United   States,    1890  to    1904:     Total   Income   of   Coi 
panies  and  Payments  to  Policy-holders. 

(Data  of  the  Spectator  Company,  New  York,  N.  Y.) 
FIRE  AND   MARINE  INSURANCE. 

-Stock  and  mutual  companies- 


Calendar 
year. 


1893. 
1894. 
1S95. 
1896. 
1897. 


1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 


Number  of 
companies. 

580 
523 
491 
489 
558 
683 
541 
530 
504 
475 
493 
482 
489 
546 
515 


Total 
income. 
Dollars. 
157,857,983 
163.672.514 
179,044,675 
178,971,022 
176,364.638 
176,300,042 
172,945,625 
176,751.124 
178,320,217 
184,142,217 
198,312,577 
216,452,381 
242,819,167 
258,658,915 
278,669,500 


-Payments  to  policy 
Losses.  Dividends. 


Dollars, 

75.334.517 

89,375,105 

98.874,089 

108,873,368 

94,870,896 

89,673,663 

83,355,538 

79,440,595 

90,051,512 

■  106,726,658 

108,307,171 

112,007,219 

113,147,727 

112,818,928 

150,955,197 


Lloyd's  and  Interinsurance 
, associations ^ 

Calendar  Number  of         Total  Losses 

year.      associations,   income.  paid. 

Dollars.        Dollars. 


Dollars. 
5,433,495 
5,038,022 
5,990,813 
5,779,257 
6,048,238 
7,705,363 
6,547,922 
7,724,657 
7,923,170 
7,892,714 
8,446,110 
9,011,926 
10,184,285 
11,559,470 
12,827,674 


-Total- 


holders 

Total 
Dollai 

80,768,( 

94,413,] 

104,864,' 

114,652,  ( 

100,919,] 

97,379.( 

89.903.4 

87,165,^ 

97,974,( 

114,619,2 

116,753,2 

121,019,1 

123,302,C 

124,378,3 

163,782,8 


Number  of     Total 
companies,  income. 


1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 
1897. 


1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 


2,972,800 
2,888,366 


1,057,238 
1,538,505 


580 
523 
491 
489 
558 
583 
541 
530 
504 
475 
493 
482 
489 
583 
550 


Dollars. 

157,857,983 
163,672,514 
179,044,675 
178,971,022 
176,364,638 
176,300,042 
172,945,625 
176,751,124 
178,320,217 
184,142,217 
198,312,577 
216,452,381 
242,819,167 
261,6,'31,715 
281,557,866 


Paymen 
to  polic 
holders 
Dollars 

80,768,0 

94,413,1 

104,864,9 

114,652,6 

100,919,1 

97,379,0 

89,903,4 

87,165,2 

97,974,6 

114,619,3 

116,753,2 

121,019,1' 

123,332,0 

125,435,6 

165,321,3' 


CASUALTY  AND  MISCELLANEOUS  INSURANCE   (STOCK   COMPANIES 


Calendar  year. 


1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 
1897. 


Number  of 
companies. 


1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 


Total 
income. 
Dollars. 

,758,413 
,891,707 
,727,576 
140,830 
238,564 
077,146 
154,235 
859,866 
478,642 
117,449 
309,619 
844,427 
980,061 
716,644 
685,447 


Paymen 

to  polic; 

holders 

Dollar 

2,933,31 

3,492,8! 

4,063,3' 

4,815,2! 

4,601,2( 

5,430,6( 

6,494,9'; 

7,113,8] 

7,o83,5'; 

8,802,71 

10,166,7f 

12,966,1-^ 

14,952,,5e 

16,679,9'i 

19,332,55 


It  would  be  hard  to  find  in  modern  times  a  better  exampL 
of  successful  constructive  statesmanship  than  the  America] 
representatives  have  given  to  the  Philippine  Islands.— Presi 
dent  Roosevelt  at  Providence,  R.  I.,  August  23,  1902. 


"Uncle  Joe  Cannon's  new  platform: 
made  cake  in  the  pantry." 


'Put  none  but  home 


Our  policy  is  one  of  fair  and  equal  justice  to  all  men,  pay 
ing  no  heed -to  whether  he  is  rich  or  poor,  nor  heeding  his 
race,  his  creed  or  his  birthplace.— Prom  President  Roosevelt'i 
speech  of  acceptance. 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN   TEXT-BOOK. 


227  - 


MERCHANT  MARINE. 

Merchant  Marine  of  the  United  States:   Tonnage  of  Sailing-  and 
Steam  Vessels,  1877  to  1905. 

(From   the  repopts  of  the  Bureau  of   Navigation,    Department  of   Commerce 

and  Labor.) 

-g  I                  r-Sailing  vessels*-^  r-Steam  vessels-^  t Total ^ 

§05                                             _g  %  % 

uS,                            P)  »  "fl                      «  %,  «o 

«5                   S  fl  S               fl  g  fl 

^"-i                       5  o  2                  o  2  o 

>                          Iz;  E^  ^                  H  ^  Eh 

1877 20,991  3,071,403  4,395           1,171,197  25,386  4,242,600 

1878 20,792  3,045,087  4,472           1,167,678  25,264  4,212,765 

1879 20,642  2,993,429  4,569           1,176,172  25,211  4,169,601 

1880 19,995  2,856,476  4,717           1,211,558  24,712  4,068,034 

1881 19,205  2,792,736  4,860           1,264,998  24,065  4,057,734 

1882 19,177  2,810,107  5,191           1,355,826  24,368  4,165,9-3 

1883 18,968  2,822,293  5,249           1,413,194  24,217  4,235,487 

1884 18,681  2,805,320  5,401           1,465,909  24,082  4, 271,2^9 

1885 18,564  2,771,017  5,399           1,494,917  23,963  4,265,934 

1886 18,C67  2,608,152  5,467           1,522,984  23,534  4,131,136 

1887 17,582  2,563,128  5,481           1,542,717  23,063  4,105,845 

1888 17,587  2,543,846  5,694           1,648,070  23,281  4,ir)l  916 

1889 17,699  -2,541,924  5,924           1,765,551  23,623  4,307,475 

1890 17,502  2,565,409  5,965           1,859, OSS  23,467  4,424,497 

1891 17,683  2,668,495  6,216           2,016,264  23,899  4,684,759 

1892 17,991  2,690,504  6,392           2,074,417  24,383  4,764  921 

1893 17,951  2,641,799  6,561           2,183,272  24,512  4,825,071 

1894 17,060  2,494,599  6,526           2,189,430  23,586  4,684,029 

1895 16,686  2,423,159  6,554           2,212,801  23,240  4,635,960 

1896 16,313  2,396,672  6,595           2,307,208  22,908  4,703,880 

1897 16,034  2,410,462  6,599           2,358,558  22,633  4,769,020 

1898 15,993  2,377,815  6,712           2,371,923  22,705  4,749,738 

1899..... 15,891  2,388,227  6,837           2,476,011  22,728  4,864,238 

1900 16,280  2,507,042  7,053           2,657,797  23,333  5,164,839 

1901 16,643  2,603,265  7,414           2,920.953  24,057  5,524,218 

1902 16,546  2,621,028  7,727           3,176,874  24,273  5,797,902 

1903 16,371  2,679,257  8,054           3,408,088  24,425  6,087,345 

1904 16,095  2,696,117  8,463           3,595,418  24,558  6,291,535 

1905 15,784  2,715,049  8,897           3,741,494  24,081  6,456,543 

♦Including  canal-boats  and  barges. 

Tonnage  Owned  on  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coasts,  the  Pacific 
Coast,  and  the  Northern  Lakes  and  Western  Rivers:  1887  to 
1905. 

( From  the  reports  of  the  Bureau   of   Navigation,    Department  of  Commerce 

and  Labor.) 

Year  ended      Atlantic  r>r.^ifi«  Northern           Western  rpotoi 

June  30—     and  Gulf.  i^acmc.  \2,\q^,  rivers.  ^°^^- 

Tons.  Tons.  Tons.  Tons.  Tons. 

1SS7 2,638,273  356,445  783,722  327,405  4,105,845 

)NS8 2,612,841  399,889  874,103  305,083  4,191,916 

iNN9 2,599,504  436,273  972,271  299,427  4,307,475 

I^SH) 2,638,595  428,392  1,063,064  294,446  4,424,497 

V-'^\ 2,780,683  440,858  1,154,870  308,348  4,684,759 

IMt2 2,805,916  464,619  1,183,583  310,803  4,764,921 

\^y-\ 2,807,690  457,422  1,261,067  298,892  4,825,071 

IM'l 2,712,944  456,359  1,227,401  287,325  4,684,029 

1  :tr, 2,679,779  433,502  1,241,459  281,220  4,635,960 

'•■'■ 2,667,314  437,972  1,324,067  274,527  4,703,880 

: 2,647,796  439,012  1,410,103  272,109  4,769,020 

^ 2,553,739  496,767  1,437,500  261,732  4,749,738 

y 2,614,869  539,937  1,446,348  263,084  4,864,238 

ii'OO 2,727,892  *612,904  1,565,587  258,456  5,164,839 

WW t2,854,639  *713,831  1,706,294  249,454  5,524,218 

nt'i2 t2,985,05G  *774,211  1,816,511  222,124  5,797,9  J2 

r.'ii;^ 13.157,373  *812,179  1,902,698  215,095  6,087,345 

llii4 t3, 252,366  *806,577  2,019,208  213,384  6,291,535 

J'.hT, 13,398,367  821,710  2,062,147  174,319  6,456,543 

*ilncluding  Hawaii.  jlncluding  Porto  Rico. 


President  Roosevelt  said  in  his  speech  at  Minneapolis,  April  4, 
1903: 

This  country  has  and  this  country  needs  better  paid,  better 
educated,  better  fed  and  better  clothed  workingmen,  of  a  higher 
type  than  are  to  be  found  in  any  foreign  country.  It  has  and  it 
needs  a  higher,  more  vigorous  and  more  prosperous  type  of  tillers 
of  the  soil  than  is  possessed  by  any  other  country.  The  business 
men,  the  merchants  and  manufacturers  and  the  managers  of  the 
tranportation  interests  show  the  same  superiority  when  compared 
with  men  of  their  type  abroad. 


128  REPUBUCAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK 

PENSION    LEGISLATION. 

Our  splendid  pension  system,  which  has  no  precedent  in  the 
world's  history,  and  no  peer  in  Justice  and  generosity  among  the 
nations  of  the  earth,  is  a  distinctively  Republican  institution,  not 
one  feature  of  which  is  due  to  or  has  ever  been  claimed  by  the 
Democratic  Party. 

The  total  disbursements  for  pensions  from  July  1,  1790,  to  June 
30,  1865,  was  $96,445,444.  Since  that  time  the  disbursements 
have  exceeded  $3,450,000,000. 

In  addition  to  caring  for  the  disabled  soldier  the  Republican 
Party  has  also  provided  for  his  widow  and  children.  One  pro- 
vision of  the  well-known  Act  of  May  9,  1900,  is  deserving  ol" 
special  consideration.  It  provides  for  the  well-being  of  insane, 
idiotic,  or  otherwise  helpless  children,  physically  or  mentally,  of 
the  deceased  soldiers,  by  pensioning  them  during  life,  unless  they 
recover  from  such  disability.  Such  a  provision  for  the  helpless 
children  of  soldiers  is  elsewhere  unknown  in  the  world. 

Of  the  recent  enactments  for  the  benefit  of  the  Republic's  de- 
fenders the  Republican  Party  has  pride  in  referring  to  these 
generous  provisions: 

Act  of  January  15,  1903,  providing  a  pension  of  $40  per  month 
for  total  loss  of  hearing. 

Act  of  February  28,  1903,  providing  for  restoration  to  the  rolls 
of  a  pensioned  widow  who  had  remarried  and  whose  second  hus- 
band has  died  or  from  whom  she  has  been  divorced  without  fault 
upon  her  part. 

Act  of  March  2,  1903,  providing  generous  increase  of  pension 
to  those  who  have  lost  limbs  in  the  service,  the  rates  running 
from  $40  to  $100  per  month,  according  to  the  disability. 

Act  of  March  3.  1903,  providing  an  increase  of  pension  to  $12 
per  month  to  all  Mexican  War  survivors. 

The  survivors  of  all  the  Indian  wars  and  disturbances  were 
provided  for  by  the  Act  of  June  27,  1902,  as  well  as  their  widows. 
(Wars,  etc.,  up  to  1856.) 

Order  78. 

No  single  act  of  this  Administration  has  aroused  such  deter- 
mined opposition  from  the  Democratic  minority  in  Congress  as 
the  order  of  the  Commissioner  of  Pensions,  cordially  approved  by 
the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  and  the  President,  bringing  within 
the  benefits  of  the  pension  laws  all  veterans  who  have  reached 
the  age  of  62  years  and  over,  in  these  terms: 

"(1)  In  the  adjudication  of  pension  claims  under  said  act  of  June  27,  1890, 
as  amended,  it  shall  be  taken  and  considered  as  an  evidential  fact,  if  the 
contrary  does  not  appear,  and  if  all  other  legal  requirements  are  properly 
met,  that  when  a  claimant  has  passed  the  age  of  62  years  he  is  disabled 
one-half  in  ability  to  perform  manual  labor  and  is  entitled  to  be  rated  at 
six  dollars  per  month;  after  65  years  at  eight  dollars  per  month;  after  68 
years  at  ten  dollars  per  month,  and  after  70  years  at  twelve  dollars  per 
month. 

"(2)  Allowances  at  higher  rate,  not  exceeding  twelve  dollars  per  month, 
will  continue  to  be  made  as  heretofore,  where  disabilities  other  than  age 
show  a  condition  of  Inability  to  perform  manual  labor. 

"(3)  This  order  shall  take  effect  April  13,  1904,  and  shall  not  be  deemed 
retroactive.  The  former  rules  of  the  office  fixing  the  minimum  and  maximum 
at  65  and  75  years,  respectively,  are  hereby  modified  as  above." 

As  will  be  noticed,  this  is  not  new  legislation,  as  opponents  ol 
the  system  contend,  but  a  construction  of  the  Act,  which  is  with- 
in the  always  acknowledged  competency  of  the  Department. 

The  following  statutory  confirmation  of  the  above  order  is 
found  in  the  Pension  Appropriation  Bill  passed  at  the  last  ses- 
sion of  Congress  and  approved  April  24,  1906: 

And  provided  further.  That  the  age  of  62  years  and  over  shall 
be  considered  a  permanent  specific  disability  within  the  meaning 
of  the  pension  laws. 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 


229 


PENSIONS. 

Pensioners:      Number    on    the    Rolls,    First    Payments    and 
Amounts  of  Disbursements  for  Pensions,  1861  to  1905. 


Year 
ended 
June 
30— 


1861. 


1863. 
1864. 
3865. 
1866. 
1867. 
1868. 
18G9. 
1870. 
1S71. 
1872. 
1873. 
1874. 
•1875. 
1876. 
1877. 
1878. 
1879. 
1880. 
1881. 
1882. 
1883. 
1884  .• 
1885. 
1886. 
1887. 
1S88. 
1889. 
1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 
1897. 
1898. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 


Number 
Invalids. 

of  pensioners 

rolls 

Widows, 
etc. 

on  the 
Total. 

Total 
disburse- 
ments 
for  pensions. 

Dollars. 

Cost, 
main- 
tenance, 

and 
expenses. 
Dollars. 

4,337 
4,341 
7,821 
23.479 
35,880 

4,299 
3,818 
6,970 
27,656 

50,106 

8,636 

8,159 

14,791 

51,135 

85,986 

1,072,461.55 
790,384.76 
1,025,139.91 
4,504,616.92 
8,525,153.11 

55,652 

71,070 

126,722 

15,450,549.88 

407,165.66 

71,856 

83,618 

155,474 

20,784,789.69 

490,977.35 

75,957 

93,686 

169,643 

23,101,509.36 

553,020.34 

82,859 

105,104 

187,963 

28,513,247.27 

564,526.81 

87,521 

111,165 

198,686 

29,351,488.78 

600,997.86 

93,394 

114,101 

207,495 

28,518,792.62 

863,079.00 

113,954 

118,275 

232,229 

29,752,746.81 

951,253.00 

119,500 

118,911 

238,411 

26,982,063.89 

1,003,200.64 

121,628 

114,613 

236,241 

30,206,778.99 

966,794.13 

122,989 

111,832 

234,821 

29,270,404.76 

982,695.35 

124,239 

107,898 

232,137 

27,936,209.53 

1,015,078.81 

123,723 

103,381 

232,104 

28,182,821.72 

1,034,459.33 

131,649 

92,349 

223,998 

26,786,009.44 

1,032,500.09 

138,615 

104,140 

242,755 

33,664,428.92 

837,734.14 

145,410 

105,392 

250,802 

56,689,229.08 

935,027.28 

164,110 

104,720 

268,830 

50,583,405.35 

1,072,059.64 

182,633 

103,064 

285,697 

54,313,172.05 

1,466,236.01 

206,042 

97,616 

303,658 

60,427,573.81 

2,591,648.29 

225,470 

97,286 

322,756 

57,912,387.47 

2,835,181.00 

247,146 

97,979 

345,125 

65,171,937.12 

3,392,576.34 

270,346 

95,437 

365,783 

64,091,142.90 

3,245,016.61 

506,298 

99,709 

406,007 

73,752,997.08 

3,753,400.91 

343,701 

108,856 

452,557 

78,950,501.67 

3,515,057.27 

373,699 

116,026 

489,725 

88,842,720.58 

3,466,968.40 

415,654 

122,290 

537,944 

106,093,850.39 

3,526,382.13 

536,821 

139,339 

676,160 

117,312,690.50 

4,700,636.44 

703,242 

172,826 

876,068 

139,394,147.11 

4,898,665.80 

759,706 

206,306 

966,012 

156,906,637.94 

4,867,734.42 

754,382 

215,162 

969,544 

139,986,726.17 

3,963,976.31 

751,456 

219,068 

970,524 

139,812,294.30 

4,338,020.21 

748,514 

222,164 

970,678 

138,220,704.46 

3,991,375.61 

747,492 

228,522 

976,014 

139,949,717.35 

3,987,783.07 

758,511 

235,203 

993,714 

144,651,879.80 

4,114,091.46 

754,104 

237,415 

991,519 

138,355,052.95 

4,147,517.73 

752,510 

241,019 

993,529 

138,462,130.65 

3,841,700.74 

748,649 

249,086 

997,735 

138,531,483.84 

3,868,795.44 

739,443 

260,003 

999,446 

137,504,267.99 

3,831,378.96 

729,356 

267,189 

996,545 

137,759,653.71 

3,993,216.79 

720,921 

273,841 

994,762 

141,093,571.49 

3,849,366.25 

717,761 

280,680 

998,441 

141,142,861.33 

3,721,832.82 

The  following  amounts  have  been  paid  soldiers,  their  widows, 
minor  children,  and  dependent  relatives  on  account  of  military 
and  naval  service  during  the  wars  in  which  the  United  States 
has  been  engaged: 

War  of  the  Revolution   (estimated) $70,000,000.00 

War    of    1812     (on    account    of    service,     without    regard     to 

disability)    45,443,790.97 

Indian   wars    (on  account  of   service,    without  regard   to    dis- 
ability)     7,637,268.53 

War  with   Mexico    (on  account  of  service,    without  regard   to 

disability)    36,682,848.87 

War  of  the  rebellion 3,144,395,405.26 

War   with   Spain 11,996,198.63 

Regular    establishment 4,707,510.72 

Actual  total  disbursements  in  pensions $3,320,860,022.98 


"The  gates  of  Castle  Garden  swing  inward.  .  .  .  Thesa 
men  who  have  toiled  at  wages  in  other  lands  that  barely  sus- 
tained life,  and  opened  no  avenue  of  promise  to  them  or  their 
children,  know  the  good  land  of  hope,  as  well  as  the  swallow 
knows  the  land  of  summer.  They  testify  that  here  there  are 
better  conditions,  wider  and  more  hopeful  prospects  for  work- 
men than  in  any  other  land." — Benjamin  Harrison,  1888. 

"The  Bepublican  Party  stands  for  honest  money  and  the 
chance  to  earn  it  by  honest  toil." — ^William  McKinley. 


UKPUBUCAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 


GOLD  IMPORTS   AND   EXPORTS. 

Gold  Coin  and   Bullion  Imported   and   Exported  and   Annual 
Excess  of  Imports  or  Exports:    Values,  1856  to  1905. 

, Excess  of- , 

Exports       Imports 


N  .^ar  eudfd 
June  30— 


1861. 
1862. 


1864. 


1867. 


1870. 
1871. 
1872. 
1873. 
1874. 
1875. 
1876. 
1877. 
1878. 
1879. 
1880. 
1881. 
1882. 
18S3. 
1884. 


1887. 


1S90. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 
1897. 
1898. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 


Domestic.* 
Dollars. 

44,148,279 
60.078,352 
42,407,246 
57,502.305 
56.946,851 
23.799.870 
31,044,651 
55.993,562 
97.134,624 
56,558.706 
70,127,466 
36.229,676 
68,231,158 
28,442,776 
28,580,609 
64,581,678 
48.377,502 
44.472,0.38 
32,645,486 
61,543,545 
29.431,757 
22,359,101 
6,632,570 
4.115,085 
1.775,039 
1,826,307 
31.403,625 
8  920,909 
35.294.204 
2.741.559 
32.766,066 
5.705.304 
12.560,084 
54,930.332 
13,403,632 
84.939,551 
43,321,351 
102,068,153 
64,487,354 
56,218,307 
106,934,336 
39,152,522 
10,470,371 
27,478,412 
'46,693,893 
52,635,309 
46,761,438 
44.584,640 
79,195.987 
86,146,743 


Exports.  - 
Forelgna. 
Dollars. 
852,698 
5,154,301 
7,595,558 
3,605,748 
l,49!t,188 
.  3,624,103 
4,395,252 
6,169,276 
3,527,010 
1,822,327 
1,069,843 
2,796,951 
4,165,186 
7,560,722 
5,055,353 
2,104,530 
1,171,258 
384,677 
1,396,934 
5,437.432 
1,745,293 
4,231,273 
2,571,885 
442,529 
1,863,986 
738,825 
1,184,255 
2,679.979 
5,787.753 
5.736.333 

10,186,125 
3,995,883 
5,816,150 
5.021,953 
3,870.859 
1,423,103 
6,873,976 
6,612,691 

12,490,707 

10,250.174 
5,475,611 
1,209,058 
4,936,020 

10,043,674 
1,572,866 
549,868 
1.807,512 
2,505,955 
2,263,999 
6,447,281 


Total. 
Dollars. 


100,661,634 
58,381,033 
71,197,309 
39,026,627 
72,396,344 
36,003,498 
33,635,962 
66,686,208 
49,548,760 
44,856,715 
34,042,420 
66,980,977 
31,177,050 
26,590,374 
9,204.455 
4.587,614 
3,639,025 
2,565.132 
32,587,880 
11,600,888 
41,081,957 
8,477,892 
42,952.191 
9,701,187 
18,376,234 
59,952,285 
17.274,491 
86.362,654 
50,195,327 
108,680,844 
76,978,061 
66,468,481 
112,409.947 
40,361,580 
15,406,391 
37,522,086 
48.266,759 
53,185,177 
48.568,950 
47,090,595 
81,459,986 
92,594,024 


Imports, 

Dollars. 

990,305 

6,654,636 

11.566,068 

2,125,397 

2,508,786 

42,291,930 

13,9U7,011 

5,530,538 

11,176,769 

6,498,228 

8,196,261 

17,024,866 

8,737,443 

14,132,568 

12,056  950 

6,883,561 

8,717,458 

8,682,447 

19,503,137 

13,696,793 

7,992,709 

20,246,234 

13,330,215 

5,624,948 

80,758,396 

100,031,259 

34,377,054 

17,734,149 

22,831,317 

26,691,696 

20,743,349 

42,910,601 

43,934,317 

10,2«4,858 

12,943,342 

18,232,567 

49,699.454 

21.174.381 

72,449,119 

36,384,760 

33,525,065 

85,014,780 

120,391,674 

88,954,603 

44,573,184 

66,051,187 

52,021,254 

44,982,027 

99,055,368 

53,648,961 


over 
Imports. 
Dollars. 


OVtT 

exports. 
Dollars. 


89,484,865 
51,882,805 
63,001,048 
22,001,761 
63,658,901 
21,870,930 
21,579,012 
59,802,647 
40,831,302 
36,174,268 
14,539,283 
53,284,184 
23.184,341 
344,140 


18,250,(1,0 
"22,'208',842 


49,667,427 
4,331,149 

68,130,087 
495,873 

87,506,463 
4,528,942 

30,083,721 

78,884,882 


3,693,575 


,108,568 
,945,063 


4,125,760 

1,037,334 

77,119,371 

9/,466,127 
1,789,174 
6,133,261 

'isi  213^864 

'33.'269',4i4 

25,558,083 


44,653.20» 
104.985,288 
51,432,517 

'12,866,016 
3,452.304 

'i7,"595,382 


•Gold  and  silver  cannot  be  separately  stated  prior  to  1864,  but  it  is  prob- 
able tliat  the  greater  portion  of  the  exports  was  gold. 


If  necessary  for  our  welfare,  then,  of  course,  Congress  must 
consider  the  question  of  changing  the  laws  as  a  whole  or 
changing  any  given  rates  of  duty,  but  we  must  remember  that 
I  whenever  even  a  single  schedule  is  considered  some  interests 
will  appear  to  demand  a  change  in  almost  every  schedule  in  the 
law;  and  when  it  comes  to  upsetting  the  schedules  generally 
the  effect  upon  the  business  interests  of  the  country  would  be 
ruinous.— President  Roosevelt  at  Minneapolis,  April  4,   1903. 


This  is  not  and  never  shall  be  a  government  of  a  plutoc- 
racy;  it  is  not  and  never  shall  be  a  government  by  a  mob. 
It  is,  as  it  has  been  and  as  it  will  be,  a  government  in  which 
every  honest  man,  every  decent  man,  be  he  employer  or  em- 
ployed, wage-worker,  mechanic,  banker,  lawyer,  farmer,  be  he 
who  he  may,  if  he  acts  squarely  and  fairly,  if  he  does  his 
duty  by  his  neighbor  and  the  State,  receives  the  full  protec- 
tion of  the  law  and  is  given  amplest  chance  to  exercise  the 
ability  that  there  is  within  him,  alone  or  in  combination  with 
his  fellows,  as  he  desires.— President  Roosevelt  at  Butte, 
Mont.,  May  27,  1903. 


REPUBLICAN   CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 


231. 


SILVER  IMPORTS  AND  EXPORTS. 

Silver  Coin  and  Bullion  Imported  and  Exported  and  Annual 
Excess  of  Exports  Over  Imports:    Values,  1856  to  1905. 


Year  ended 
June  30— 


1856. 

1857. 
1858. 
1859. 
1860. 
1861. 
1862. 
1863. 
1864. 


1866. 
1867. 
1868. 
1869. 
1870. 
1871. 
1872. 
1873. 
1874. 
1875. 
1876. 
1877. 
1878. 
1879. 
1880. 
1881. 
1882. 
1883. 
1884. 
1885. 


1887... 
1888..'. 
1889... 
1890. . . 
1891... 
1892... 
1893... 
1894**. 
1895**. 
1896** . 
1897**. 
1898**. 
1899**. 
1900**. 
1901**. 
1902**. 
1903**. 
1904**. 
1905**. 


Excess  of 

exports 

over 

Domestic* 

Foreign. 

Total. 

Imports. 

imports. 

Dollars. 

Dollars. 

744,508 
3,904,269 

Dollars.  • 

Dollars. 
3,217,327 

5,807,163 

Dollars. 

2,630,343 
2,779,358 

7  708  428 

■  *  ■  *  * 

5,309,392 

8,100,200 

6,041,349 

2,367,107 
1  447  737 

4,047,681 

2,508,041 

1  993  773 

4.053,567 

3,a3S,938 

1,395,969 

4,734,907 

1,938,843 

2,796,064 

8,059,418 

1,202,775 

9,262,193 

3,311,844 

5,950,349 

12,515,908 

2,330,854 

14,846,762 

2,503,831 

12,342,931 

18,746,520 

3,095,225 

21,841,745 

5,045,609 

16,796,136 

15,514,817 

5,872,941 

21,387,758 

5,450,925 

15,936,833 

14,473,190 

6,661,692 

21,134,882 

5,675,308 

15,459,574 

15,303,193 

9,216,511 

24,519,704 

14,362,229 

10,157,475 

19,821,681 

11,934,099 

31,755,780 

14,386,463 

17,369,317 

24,420,738 

5,908,036 

30,328,774 

5,026,231 

25,302,543 

,29,433,508 

10,318,351 

39,751,859 

12,798,490 

26,953,369 

27,054,200 

5,533,785 

32,587,985 

8,951,769 

23,636,216 

22,313,584 

2,837,581 

25,151,165 

7,203,924 

17,947,241 

20,606,934 

4,722,318 

25,329,252 

7,943,972 

17,385,280 

20,775,637 

8,796,226 

29,571,863 

14,528,180 

15,043,683 

20,429,315 

4,106,355 

24,535,670 

16,491,099 

8,044,571 

13,409,950 

6,999,877 

20,409,827 

14,671,052 

5,738,775 

7,572,854 

5,931,040 

13,503,894 

12,275,914 

1,227,980 

12,400,637 

4,441,078 

16,841,715 

10,544,238 

6,297,477 

12,076,646 

4,752,953 

16,829,599 

8,095,336 

8,734,263 

12,702,272 

7,517,173 

20,219,445 

10,755,242 

9,464,203 

14,931,431 

11,119,995 

26,051,426 

14,594,945 

11,456,481 

21,634,551 

12,119,082 

33,753,633 

16,550,627 

17,203,006 

19,158,051 

10,353,168 

29,511,219 

17,850,307 

11,660,912 

17,005,036 

9,291,468 

26,296,504 

17,260,191 

9,036,313 

20,635,420 

7,402,529 

28,037,949 

15,403,669 

12,634,280 

25,284,662 

11,404,586 

36,689,248 

18,678,215 

18,011,033 

22,378,557 

12.495,372 

34,873,929 

21,032,984 

13,840,945 

14,033,714 

8,557,274 

22,590,988 

18,026,880 

4,564,108 

16,765,067 

16,045,492 

32,810,559 

19,955,086 

12,855,473 

23,559,254 

17,178,065 

40,737,319 

23,193,252 

17,544,067 

39,069,087 

11,382,178 

50,451,265 

13,286,552 

37,164,713 

40,119,428 

7,175,858 

47,295,286 

20,211,179 

27,084,107 

53,196,559 

7,345,111 

60,541,670 

28,777,186 

31,764.484 

56,541,823 

5,404,815 

61,946,638 

30,533,227 

31,413,411 

47,829,645 

7,275,594 

55,105,239 

30,927,781 

24,177,458 

51,168,770 

5,150,285 

56,319,055 

30,675,056 

25,643,999 

52,464,345 

4,247,930 

56.712,275 

35,256,302 

21,455,973 

58,778,779 

5,506,401 

64,285,180 

36,386,521 

27,898,659 

45,971,249 

3,761,141 

49,732,390 

28,232,254 

21,410,136 

40,121,497 

4,128,762 

44,250,259 

24,163,491 

20,086,768 

37,986,864 

11,485,838 

49,472,702 

27,768.814 

21,703,888 

36,764,431 

12,084,381 

48,848,812 

27,484,865 

21,363,947 

♦Gold  and  silver  cannot  be  separately  stated  prior  to  1864,  but  it  is  prob- 
able  that  the  greater  portion   of   the  exports  was   gold. 
♦♦Includes  silver  in  ore. 


THE     YEAR'S     TRADE     STATISTICS. 

"All  new  records"  was  the  triumphant  caption  over  the  records  of  for- 
eign trade  at  this  time  last  year.  Now  we  put  upon  record  facts  making 
last  year's  seem  almost  paltry.  The  increase  in  exports  is  $225,201,946,  and 
in  imports  $109,102,308.  Truly  a  good  growth.  The  first  billion-dollar  mark 
in  our  exports  was  reached  in  1892.  Four  lean  years  followed,  but  the  bil- 
lions have  been  unbroken  since  1897.  Soon  it  will  be  two  billions,  but  last 
year  it  was  only  $1,743,763,612.  It  was  in  1903  that  we  reached  the  billion 
standard  in  our  imports,  and  when  we  reached  it  we  did  not  hold  it.  The 
year  just  closed,  however,  shows  that  then  it  was  handsomely  exceeded,  the 
aggregate  being  $1,226,615,379.  The  total  falls  just  a  trifle  short  of  the  sen- 
timental three  billions  upon  which  all  lovers  of  records  and  big  things  had 
set  their  hearts.  The  aggregate  is  only  $2,970,378,991,  but  the  lacking  $30,000,- 
000  will  hardly  prevent  this  year  going  into  the  three-billion  class  in  popu- 
lar phrase.  The  biggest  total  trade,  however,  does  not  yield  the  biggest' 
excess  of  exports,  $517,148,233,  comparing  with  $664,592,826  in  the  famous 
year  of  1901.  The  excess  upon  merchandise  movement  brings  us  only  one- 
tenth  its  face  in  excess  of  imports  of  gold,  or  precisely  $57,653,320.  It  is 
rather  surprising  that  it  brought  us  ao  much,  for  it  is  recognized  that  the 
movement  of  gold  is  related  rather  to  banking  and  financial  considerations 
than  to  trade.  These  are  figures  to  be  proud  of,  and  yet  they  are  good 
but  for  a  single  twelvemonth.  If  promise  is  any  index  to  performance,  the 
year  now  a  fortnight  old  will  enable  us,  next  July,  to  repeat  the  words 
with  which  these  remarks  began.— New  York  Times  (Democratic),  July  18. 
1906. 


.2  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

irOBEIGN  CARBYINQ  TBADE  IN  AMERICAN  VESSELS, 

ETC. 

Foreign  Carrying  Trade  of  the  United  States  in  American  and 
Foreign  Vessels:    Values,   1859  to  1905. 

(Merchandise  and  specie  to  1879,  inclusive;  merchandise  only  after  i879.) 

TOTAL  UNITED  STATES  IMPORTS  AND  EXPORTS. 


-By  sea- 


1^ 


9S 


i9  ■H.-.2-i'  thS 


g-^  ^>                        fl>                        o  fc^^           >.>                       o^s 

><  5                       5                       Eh  P^                a                      H 

Dollars.        Dollars.  Dollars.  Dollars.        Dollars. 

1859 465.741,381       229.816,211       695,557,592  66.9  695,557,592 

ISeO 507.247.757       255,040,793       762,288,550  66.5  762,288,550 

1861 381,516.788       203.478,278       584,995,066  65,2  584,995,066 

1862 217.695.418       218,015,296       435,710,714  50.0  435,710,714 

1863 241,872,471       343,056,031       584,928.502  41.4  584,928,502 

1864 184,061,486       485,'i93,548       669,855,034  27.5  669,855,034 

1865 167,402,872       437,010,124       604,412,996  27.7  604,412,996 

1866 325,711.861       685,226,691  1,010,938,552  32.2  1,010,938,552 

1867 297,834,904       581,330,403       879,165,307  33.9  879,165,307 

1868 297,981,573       550,540,074       848,527.647  35.1  848,527,647 

1869 289,956,772       586.492,012       876,448,784  33.2  876,448,784 

1870 352.969,401       638,927.488       991,896,889  35.6  991,896,889 

1871 353,664,172       755,822,576  1,109,486,748  31.9  22.985,510  1.132.472,258 

1872 345,3.31,101       839,346,362  1,184,677,463  29.2  27,650,770  1,212,328,233 

1873 346,306,592       966,722,651  1,313,029,243  26.4  27,869,978  1,340,899,221 

1874 350,4.51,994       939,206,106  1,289,658,100  27.2  23,022,540  1,312,680,640 

2875 314,257,792       884,788,517  1,199,046,309  26.2  20,388,^35  1,219,434,544 

1876 311,076,171        813,354,987  1,124,431,158  27.7  18,473,154  1,142,904,312 

1877 316,660,281       859,920,536  1,176,580,817  26.9  17,464,810  1,194,045,627 

1878 313,050,906       876,991,129  1,190,042,035  26.3  20,477,364  1,210,519,399 

1879 272,015,692       911,269,232  1,183,284,924  23.0  19,423,685  1,202,708,6  9 

1880 258.346,577  1,224,265,434  1,482,612,011  17.4  20,981,393  1,503,593,404 

1881 250.586,470  1,269,002,983  1,519,589,453  16.5  25,452,521  1,545,041.974 

1882 227,229.745  1,212.978,769  1.440.208,514  15.8  34,973.317  1,475,181,831 

1883 240.420.500  1,258,506,924  1,498,927,424  16.0  48,092,892  1.547,020,316 

1884 233,69.^,035  1,127,798,199  1,361,497,234  17.2  46,714,068  1,408,211,302 

1885 194,865,743  1,079,518,566  1,274,384,309  15.3  45,332,775  1,319,717,084 

1886 197,349,503  1,073.911,113  1,271,260,616  15.5  43,700,350  1,314,960,966 

1877 194,356,746  1,165,194,508  1,359,551,254  14.3  48,951,725  1,408,502,979 

1888 190,857,473  1,174,697,321  1,365,554,794  14.0  54,356,827  1,419,911,621 

1889 ,203,805,108  1,217.063,-541  1,420,868,649  14.3  66,664,378  1,487,533,027 

1890 202,451,086  1,371,116,744  1,573,567,830  12,9  73,571,263  1,647,139,C93 

1891 206,459,725  1,450,081,087  1,656,540,812  12.5  72,856,194  1,729,397,006 

1892 220,173,735  1.564,559,651  1,784,733,386  12.3  72,947,224  1,857,680,610 

1893 897,76.5,507  1,428,316,568  1,626,082,075  12.2  87,984,041  1,714,066,116 

1894 195,268,216  1,273,022,456  1,468,290,672  13.3  78,844,522  1,547.135,194 

1895 170,507,196  1,285,896,192  1,456,403,388  11.7  83,104,742  1,539,508,130 

1896 187,691,887  1,377,973,521  1,565,665,408  12.0  96,666,204  1,662,331,612 

1897 189,075,277  1,525,753,766  1,714,829,043  11.0  100,894,925  1,815,723  968 

1898 ■.  161,328,017  1,582,492,479  1,743,820,496  9.3  103,711,488  1.847,531,984 

1899 160,612,206  1,646,263.857  1,806,876,063  8.9  117,295,728.  1,924,171,791 

1900 195,084,192  1,894,444,424  2,089,528,616  9.3  154,895,650  2,244,424,266 

1901 177,398,615  1,974.536,796  2,151,935,411  8.2  159.001,745  2,310.9*^7,156 

1902 185,819,987  1.919.029.314  2,104,849,301  8.8  180,191,048  2,285,040.349 

1903 214,695,032  2,026,106,388  2,240,801,420  9.6  205,059,496  2,445,860,916 

1904 229,735,119  2,001,203.514  2,230,938,633  10.3  220,976,009  2,451,914,642 

1905 290,607,946  2,103,201,462  2,393,809,408  12.1  242,265,329  2,636,074,737 


The  American  Merchant  Marine. 

It  is  doubtful  if  the  fact  is  generally  known  that  in  the  year 
1905  a  larger  volume  of  the  imports  and  exports  of  the  United 
States  was  carried  in  American  vessels  than  in  any  other  year 
since  1879.  In  the  latter  year  the  total  value  of  the  merchandise 
transported  in  American  bottoms  was  $272,015,692,  as  compared 
with  $290,607,946  last  year.  It  is  only  proper  to  remark,  how- 
ever, that  in  this  respect  1905  was  an  extraordinary  year,  for  in 
no  other  year  during  the  past  quarter  of  a  century  has  the 
foreign  carrying  trade  in  American  vessels  exceeded,  or  even 
closely  approximated,  that  for  the  year  1879.  At  the  same  time 
it  is  highly  important  to  note  that  American  vessels  carried  23 
per  cent,  of  our  imports  and  exports  in  1879  and  only  12.1  per 
rent,  in  1905.  Indeed,  from  1879  to  1901  the  decline  in  the  pro- 
portionate amount  carried  by  American  vessels  was  almost  unin- 
terrupted, reaching  8.2  per  cent,  in  the  latter  year.  Since  then 
(here  has  been  a  fairly  steady  and  substantial  recovery. 


REPUBLICAN   CAMPAIGN  TEXT-B(  OK. 


233 


la  view  of  the  energetic  efforts  of  the  shipping  interests  to 
secure  the  passage  of  the  ship  subsidy  bill  it  may  be  instrueave 
to  inquire  more  in  detail  as  to  the  extent  of  the  decline  ind  cdted 
above.  For  this  purpose  we  present  the  following  taule,  sLowing 
the  total  value  of  the  imports  and  exports  carried  by  American 
and  foreign  vessels  for  various  years  since  1860. 


1860 

Years. 

In  American 

Vessels. 
$507,247,757 

In  Foreign 

Vessels. 
$255,040,793 
638,927,488 
884,788,517 
1,224,265,434 
1,079,518,566 
1,371,116,744 
1,285,896,192 
1,894,444,424 
2,103,201,462 

Per  cent. 

American. 

66.5 

1870.... 

352,969,401 

35.6 

1875.... 

314,257,792 

26.2 

1880.... 
1885.... 
1890.... 
1895.... 
1900.... 
1905.... 

258,346,577 
194,865,743 
202,451,086 
170,507,196 
195,084,192 
290,607,946 

17.4 
15.3 
12.9 
11.7 
9.3 
12.1 

The  deplorable  condition  of  the  American  merchant  marine  is 
graphically  set  forth  in  the  foregoing  table.  The  fact  that  this 
steady  deterioration  has  been  accompanied  by  an  unparalleled  in- 
crease in  all  forms  of  material  prosperity  throughout  the  country 
is  the  source  of  considerable  mystification.  Whatever  the  cause 
may  be,  however,  there  can  be  no  question  about  the  desirability 
of  obtaining  for  American  ships  a  much  larger  share  of  our  tre- 
mendous foreign-carrying  trade.  Thousands  of  our  industries 
are  now  so  strongly  established  that  the  country  can  well  afford 
to  drop  many  other  projects  for  the  time  being  in  order  to  devote 
itself  to  the  rehabilitation  of  our  merchant  marine.  The  subject 
is  of  such  vast  importance  that  every  effort  should  be  made  to 
keep  it  before  the  attention  of  Congress  until  an  adequate  remedy 
is  provided. — Boston  Commercial  Bulletin. 


IMPORTS   AND   RECEIPTS,    PER   CAPITA. 


Internal  Reve- 
,■ nue V 


o 


-Customs  Revenue- 


o  a 

ft  o 


Aver,  ad  valorem 
/ — rate  of  duty — ^ 


i^o 


Dolls. 

1871 3.62 

1872 3.22 

1873 2.75 

1874 2.39 

1875 3.52 

1876 2.59 

1877 2.56 

1878 2.32 

1879 2.32 

1880 2.47 

1881 2.64 

1882 2.79 

1883 2.69 

1884 2.21 

1885 2.00 

1886 2.03 

1887 2.02 

1888 2.07 

1889 2.13 

1890 2,28 

1891 2.28 

1892 2.36 

1893 2.43 

1894 2.17 

1895 2.08 

1896 2.09 

1897 2.05 

1898 >  2.34 

1899 3.68 

1900 '   3.87 

1901 3.96 

1902 3.44 

1903 2.87 

1904 2.85 

1905 2.82 


ll 

«l'l 

1^ 

fl.2 

^  «  « 

^  tH  «;« 

>>^ 

«  w 

3  ft 

W 

S 

Q 

P.cent. 
5.30 
4.36 
4.69 
4.40 
3.89 
3.38 
2.99 
2.96 
3.10 
2.95 
3.20 
2.80 
3.06 
3.47 
3.42 
3.06 
3.22 
2.92 
2.88 
2.65 
2.75 
2.52 
2.57 
2.55 
2.62 
2.62 
2.46 
2.17 
1.59 
1.51 
1.43 
1.60 
1.94 
1.94 
1.85 


Dolls.        Dolls. 


12.65 
13.80 
15.91 
13.26 
11.97 
10.29 
9.49 
9.21 
8.99 
12.51 
12.68 
13.64 
13.05 
12.16 
10.32 
10.89 
11.65 
11.88 
12.10 
12.35 
13.38 
12.50 
12.73 
9.41 
10.61 
10.81 
11.02 
8.05 
9.22 
10.88 
10.58 
11.39 
12.54 
12.01 
13.08 


5.12 
5.23 
4.44 
3.75 
S.51 
3.22 
2.77 
2.67 
2.73 
3.64 
3.78 
4.12 
3.92 
3.47 
3.17 
3.30 
3.65 
3.60 
3.60 
3.62 
3.40 
2.68 
3.00 
1.92 
2.17 
2.23 
2.41 
1.99 
2.72 
3.01 
3.01 
3.17 
3.48 
3.16 
3.11 


d  =3 
O 

P.cent. 
43.95 
41.35 
38.07 
38.53 
40.62 
44.74 
42.89 
42.75 
44.87 
43.48 
43.20 
42.66 
42.45 
41.61 
45.86 
45.55 
47.10 
45.63 
45.13 
44.41 
46.28 
48.71 
49.58 
50.06 
41.75 
39.95 
42.17 
48.80 
52.07 
49.24 
49.64 
49.78 
49.03 
48.78 
45.24 


O 
P.cent. 
38.94 
37.00 
26.95 
26.88 
28.20 
30.19 
26.68 
27.13 
28.97 
29.07 
29.75 
30.11 
29.92 
28.44 
30.59 
30.13 
31.02 
29.99 
29.50 
29.12 
25.25 
21.26 
23.49 
20.25 
20.23 
20.67 
21.89 
24.77 
29.48 
27.62 
28.91 
27.95 
27.85 
26.30 
23.77 


S  MS 

2  a  fl 

Si  o  > 

ft  QJ     01 

m 

p.cent. 
3.18 
3.21 
3.76 
4.49 
4.4Z 
4.53 
4.96 
4.47 
3.96 
3.23 
3.22 
2.95 
3.07 
3.44 
3.58 
3.33 
3.16 
3.27 
3.14 
2.98 
3.17 
3.74 
3.32 
5.15 
4.43 
4.52 
4.01 
4.78 
3.57 
3.20 
3.23 
3.13 
2.98 
3.32 
3.48 


.     I  RBPUBLICAN   r  a.\I  I'A  Ki.N    TIOXT-BOOK. 

PRICE  OF  SILVER  BULLION. 

Bullion  Value  of  371  1-4  Grains  of  Pure  Silver  at  the  Annual 
Average  Price  of  Silver  Each  Year:    1850  to  1905. 

(Prepared  by  the  Director  of  the  Mint.) 


Bullion 

CaliMular  yciP.  value. 
Dollars. 

1850 1.018 

1861 1.034 

1852 1.025 

1853 1.042 

1854 1.042 

1866 1.039 

1856 1.039 

1857 1.046 

1858 1.039 

1859 1.052 

1860 1.045 

1861 1.031 

1862 1.041 

1868 1.040 

1864 1.040 

1885 1.035 

1886 1.036 

1867 1.027 

1868 1.035 

1869 1.024 

1870 1.027 

1871 1.025 

1872 1.022 

1873 

1874 

1875 

1876 

1877 


Bullion 

Calendar  year.       value. 

Dollars. 

1878 0.89222 

1879 86928 

1880 88564 

1881 87575 

1882 87833 

1883 85754 

1884 85904 

1885 82379 

1886 76931 

1887 75755 

1888 72683 

1889 72325 

1890 80927 

1891 76416 

1892 67401 

1893 60351 

1894 49097 

1895 50587 

1896 52257 

1897 46745 

1898 45640 

1899 46525 

1900 47958 

1901 46093 

1902 40835 

1903 41960 

1904 44763 

1905 47200 


EXPORTS  OF  DOMESTIC   MERCHANDISE 


Dolls. 

1871 10.83 

1872 10.55 

1873 12.12 

1874 13.31 

1876 11.36 

1876 11.64 

1877 12.72 

1878 14.30 

1879 14.29 

1880 16.43 

1881 17.23 

1882 13.97 

1883 14.98 

1884 13.20 

1885 12.94 

1886 11.60 

1887 11.98 

1SS8 11.40 

'""' 11.92 

13.50 

13.66 

15.61 

12.98 

12.85 

11.51 

■ 12.29 

'■ 14.42 

^"^'■^^ 16.59 

1S99 16.20 

I960 17.96 

1901 18.81 

1902 17.16 

1903 17.32 

i^^^ 17.56 

■ 17.94 


o  o  ■ 


O  <B --1 
(H  f-i  C3 

^•5  O 

1-1  u  "•-' 


■ Per  cent,  of  product  exported ^ 


"■o  ^ 


H 
Per 
cent. 
70.74 
74.13 
76.10 
79.37 
76.95 
71.67 
72.63 
77.07 
78.12 
83.25 
82.63 
75.31 
77.00 
73.98 
72.96 
72.82 
74.40 
73.23 
72.87 
74.51 
73.69 
78.60 
74.05 
72.28 
69.73 
66.02 
66.23 
70.54 
65.19 
60.98 
64.62 
62.83 
62.73 
59.48 
55.03 


O  rt  cl  o 

X  c  o  o 


Per 
cent. 


16.57 
17.08 
21.16 
17.79 
16.72 
12.48 
12.92 
18.38 
'16.69 
18.81 
20.25 
20.50 
19.45 
19.05 
18.99 
17.87 
19.37 
15.61 
19.02 
21.14 
23.14 
26.48 
26.87 
24.02 
28.21 
31.65 
28.14 
29.77 
29.28 
31.52 
36.44 


U 
Per 
cent. 
72.39 
67.44 
65.47 
70.03 
70.69 
70.75 
68.97 
71.23 
67.74 
65.73 
68.47 
67.23 
67.20 
67.56 
68.96 
64.68 
68.71 
65.83 
69.33 
68.15 
67.36 
65.13 
65.99 
71.20 
69.83 
65.00 
70.59 
67.82 
65.12 
65.18 
62.87 
64.47 
65.01 
60.27 
61.55 


P. 

Per 

cent. 
22.30 
16.88 
20.80 
32.54 
23.60 
25.34 
19.73 
25.29 
35.16 
40.18 
37.38 
31.82 
29.3^, 
26.49 
25.86 
26.48 
33.66 
26.23 
21.31 
22.31 
26.60 
36.88 
37.20 
41.47 
31.46 
27.07 
33.93 
40.91 
32.97 
34.00 
41.36 
31.37 
30.28 
18.92 
7.99 


O 
Per 

cent. 
0.98 
3.60 
3.68 
3.86 
3.5S 
3.86 
5.66 
6.49 
6.33 
6.43 
5.46 
3.71 
2.58 
2.99 
2.95 
3.35 
2.48 
1.74 
3.57 
4.85 
2.15 
3.72 
2.89 
4.11 
2.36 
4.70 
7.83 

11.14 
9.21 

10.30 
8.62 
1.84 
3.04 
2.59 
3.66 


a  2 

Per 
cent. 


0.85 

1.11 

1.03 

.81 

.67 

.50 

.65 

.76 

.90 

.93 

.82 

.97 

.99 

.92 

1.33 

1.48 

1.62 

1.57 

1.90 

2.24 

1,86 

1.94 

2.C4 

2.34 

3.14 

3.04 

2.68 

2.24 

2.55 

2.69 


a-s 


U 

Per 
cent. 

78.96 
71.23 
85.70 
73.06 
58.13 
56.77 
97.02 
72.67 
71.47 
61.17 
43.22 
58.85 
47.22 
6'>.35 
67.  v4 
76.07 
60.13 
57.77 
63.30 
53.09 
43.80 
37.3.-1 
45.10 
53.26 
50.76 
47.44 
44.78 
47.17 
45.73 
45.13 
43.83 
42.63 
28.32 
25.84 
24.53 


REPUBLICAN   CAMPAIGN   TEXT-BOOK. 


235 


POST-OFriCES  AND  POST  BOUTES. 

Number  of  Post-Offices,  Extent  of  Post  Routes,  and  Revenue 
and  Expenditures  of  the  Post-Office  Department,  Including 
Amounts  Paid  for  Transportation  of  the  Mails,  1879  to  1905. 

Expended  for  trans- 
,- portatlcn  of ^ 


Number. 

1879 40,855 

1880 42,989 

1881 44,512 

1882 46,231 

1883 47,858 

1884 50,017 

1885 51,252 

1886 53,614 

1887 55,157 

1888 57,376 

1889 58,999 

1890 62,401 

1891 64,329 

1892 67,119 

1893 68,403 

1894 69,805 

1895 70,064 

1896 70,360 

1897 71,022 

1898 73,570 

1899 75,000 

1900 76,688 

1901 76,945 

1902 75,924 

1903 74,169 

1904..... 71,131 

1905 68,131 


X  ft 

Miles. 
316,711 
343,888 
344,006 
343,618 
353,166 
359,530 
365,251 
368,660 
373,142 
403,977 
416,159 
427,990 
439,027 
447,591 
453,833 
454,746 
456,026 
463,313 
470,032 
480,461 
496,949 
500,990 
511,808 
507,540 
506,268 
496,818 
486,805 


CM    <» 

St: 


Pi 

Dollars. 

30,041,983 

33,315,479 

36,785,398 

41,876,410 

45,508,693 

43,325,959 

42,560,844 

43,948,423 

48,837,609 

52,695,177 

56,175,611 

60,882,098 

65,931,786 

70,930,476 

75,896,933 

75,080,479 

76,983,128 

82,499,208 

82,665,463 

89,012,619 

95,021,384 

102,354,579 

111,631,193 

121,848,047 

134,224,443 

143,582.624 

152,826,485 


Q 
Dollars. 
18,953,219 
20,857,802 
22,812,429 
22,460,473 
23,874,394 
25,014,478 
27,035,543 
27,614,540 
27,892,646 
29,347,959 
32,361,697 
34,116,243 
37,547,405 
39,082,919 
41,179,555 
45,375,359 
46,336,326 
47,993,067 
48,028,094 
50,444,291 
52,027,901 
54,135,930 
56,002,576 
58,589,968 
62,606,015 
67,027.776 
69,927,689 


Dollars. 

200,026 

199,809 

240,067 

280,501 

316,358 

332,221 

331,903 

391,856 

402,523 

547,395 

541,212 

563,631 

620,987 

774,016 

1,097,867 

1,239,363 

1,173,561 

1,-530,864 

1,890,099 

1,760,091 

1,769,851 

2,100,266 

2,148,635 

2,410,473 

2,580,700 

2,697,077 

2,828,703 


Art  oi 
><!  O  ^ 

"^    m    03 

-  £  ft 

cS  t3  i> 

Dollars. 

33,449,899 

36,542,804 

39,592,566 

40,482,021 

43,282,944 

47,224,560 

50,046.235 

51,004,744 

53,006,194 

56,468,315 

62,317,119 

66,259,548 

73,059,519 

76,980,846 

81,581,681 

84,994,112 

87,179,551 

90,932,670 

94,077,242 

98,033,524 

101,632,161 

107,740,268 

115,554,921 

124,785,697 

138,784,488 

152,362,117 

167,399,169 


RAILWAY-MAIL  SERVICE. 

Railroad  Mileage  upon  which  Mail  was  Carried,  Annual  Cost 
and  Average  Cost  per  Mile  of  Railroad  Mail  Transportation, 
and  Expenditure  for  Railway-Mail  Service  Employees,  1879 
to  1905. 


to 

u 
0  — ' 

Railroad  mail  trans- 

Railway-Mail 

"S  1 

O.'-S 

otal  railroadi 
operation  in 
United  State 
Dec.  31. 

111 

nnual           ! 
cost.            "g 

verage  an-  s 
nual  cost 
per  mile. 

umber  of 
employees.  ^ 

nnual ex- 
penditure. 

>^ 

H 

tf 

<! 

< 

<1 

^ 

<  ■ 

Miles. 

Miles. 

Miles. 

Dollars. 

Dollars. 

Dollars. 

1879 

. . .      86,556 

79,991 

93,092,992 

9,792,589 

0.1051 

2,609 

2,624,890 

1880 

. . .      93,262 

85,320 

96,497,483 

10,648,986 

.1103 

2,946 

2,850,980 

1881 

...     103,108 

91,569 

103,521,229 

11,963,117 

.1155 

3,177 

3,108,801 

1882 

...    114,677 

100,563 

113,995,818 

13,127,715 

.1151 

3,570 

3,486,779 

1883 

...    121,422 

110,208 

129,198,641 

13,887,800 

.1075 

3,855 

3,972,071 

1884 

...    125,345 

117,160 

142,541,392 

15,012,603 

.1053 

3,963 

3,688,032 

1885 

...     128,320 

121,032 

151,910,845 

16,627,983 

.1095 

4,387 

4,246,210 

1886 

...    136,338 

123.933- 

165,699.389 

17,336,512 

.1045 

4,573 

4,467,717 

1887 

...     149,214 

130,949 

169,689,866 

18,056,272 

.1064 

4,851 

4,694,562 

1888 

...    156,114 

143,713 

185,485,783 

19,524,959 

.1052 

5,094 

4,981,366 

1889 

...    161,276 

150,381 

204,192,489 

21,639,613 

.1059 

5,448 

5,250,838 

1890 

...    166,703 

154,779 

215,715,680 

23.395,232 

.1084 

5,836 

5.562,844 

1891 

...    170,729 

159,518 

228,719,900 

25,183,714 

.1101 

6,032 

5,904,381 

1892 

...     175,170 

162,576 

239,731,509 

27,126,529 

.1131 

6,417 

6,480,684 

1893 

...    177,516 

166,952 

252,750,574 

28,910,195 

.1143 

6,645 

6,733,410 

1894 

...    179,415 

169.768 

264,717,595 

30,358,190 

.1146 

6,852 

6.989,449 

1895 

...    181,115 

171,212 

267,117,737 

31,205,342 

.1168 

7,045 

7,194,220 

1896 

...    182,769 

172,794 

268,806,324 

32.405,797 

.1205 

7,408 

7,594,377 

1897 

...    184,591 

173,475 

273,190,356 

33,876,521 

.1240 

7,602 

7,782,547 

1898 

. . .    186,810  • 

174,777 

281,585.612 

34,703,847 

.1232 

7,999 

8,222,504 

1899 

...    190.818 

176,727 

287,591,269 

36,117,875 

.1256 

8,388 

8,610,732 

1900 

...     194,262 

179,982 

297,256,303 

37,79.'?,982 

.1271 

8,695 

8,946,424 

1901 

...     198.743 

183,359 

302,613,325 

38,519,624 

.1273 

9,105 

9,679,CS7 

1902 

...    202,938 

187,130 

312,521,478 

39,953,608 

.1278 

9,627 

10,264,588 

1903 

...    207.335 

192,852 

333.491,684 

41.886.848 

.1256 

10,418 

11,250,042 

1904 

...    212,349 

196.907 

353,038,397 

44.695,610 

.1266 

11,621 

12,095,437 

1905 

200,965 

362,645,731 

45,576,515 

.1256 

12,474 

13,304,994 

236 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 


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237 


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238  REPUBLICAN   CAMPAIGN   TEXT- BOOK. 

CONGRESSIONAL  BEPRESENTATION. 

Apportionment  of  Congressional  Representation :  Ratios  Under 
the  Constitution  and  at  Each  Census,  1790  to  1900,  by 
States. 

,. —Ratios  uud«r  Coustitution  and  censuses ^ 

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-V      -»-         -«-  -,-         -y-        -V-         -y-         -V-  -y-         -»-         -V        -V-      -.- 

Representation. 

Alabama 13       5       7       7       6  8  8  9  9 

Arkansas 1        1       2       3  4  5  6  7 

California 2       2       3  4  6  7  8 

Colorado 1  1  2  3 

Connecticut    5       7       7       7        G       G       4        4       4  4  4  4  5 

Delaware    1        1        1       2        111        1       1        1  1  1  1 

Florida 1       1        1        2  2  2  3 

Georgia  3       2       4        6        7       9        8       8       7       9  10  11  11 

Idaho 1  1  1 

Illinois 1        1        3        7       9      14      19  20  22  25 

Indiana 1        3       7      10      U  11  13  13  13  13 

Iowa 2       2  6  9  11  11  11 

Kansas    1  3  7  8  8 

Kentucky     2        G      U)      12      13      10      10  9  10  11  11  11 

Louisiana    1       3       3       4       4  5  6  6  6  7 

Maine *7        7        8        7  6  5  5  4  4  4 

Maryland     6       8       9       9       9       8       6  6  5  6  6  6  6 

Massachusetts    ....          8      14      17      13      13      12      10  11  10  11  12  13  14 

Michigan    1       3  4  6  9  11  12  12 

Minnesota 2  2  3  5  7  9 

Mississippi    1        1        2        4        5        5        6  7  7  8 

Missouri 1        2       5       7       9      13  14  15  16 

Montana' ; 1  1  1 

Nebraska 1       1  3  6  6 

Nevada 1       1  1  1  1 

New    Hampshire...  3456fi543       3       3222 

New  Jersey   4       o        6       G       G       6       5        5       5       7       7        8      10 

New     York G      10      17      27      34      40      34      33      31      33      34      34      37 

North    Carolina....         5      10      12      13      13      13        9       8       7        8       9       9      10 
North  Dakota 1       1       2 

Ohio    1        6      14      19      21      21      19      20      21      21      21 

Oregon     1        1        1        1        2        2 

Pennsylvania    8      13      18      23      26      28      24      25      24      27      28      30      32 

Rhode   Island    1222222        222222 

South  Carol.ua 568999f645777 

South    Dakota 2  2  2 

Tennessee    1        3        6        a      13      11      10        8      10      10  10  10 

Texas 2        2        4        6      11  13  16 

Utah 1  1 

Vermont 2       4       o        5       5       4       3       3        3       2  2  2 

Virginia     10      19      22      23      22      21      15      13      11        9  10  10  10 

Washington 1  2  3 

West  Virginia 3  4  4  5 

Wisconsin 2       3       6       8  9  10  11 

Wyoming 1  1  1 

Total    65    106    142    186    213    242    230    237    243    293    332    357    386 

•Included  in  the  20  members  originally  assigned  to  Massachusetts,  but 
credited  to  Maine  after  its  admission  as  a  State  March  15,  1820. 

Note. — The  following  representation  included  in  the  table  was  added  after 
the  several  census  apportionments  indicated:  First— Tennessee,  1.  Second- 
Ohio,  1.  Third— Alabama,  1;  Illinois,  1;  Indiana,  1;  Liouisiaua,  1;  Mississippi, 
1.  Fifth— Arkansas,  1;  Michigan,  1.  Sixth— California,  2;  Florida,  1;  Iowa,  2; 
Texas,  2;  Wisconsin,  2.  Seventh— Minnesota,  2;  Oregon,  1.  Eighth— Ne- 
braska, 1;  Nevada,  1.  Ninth— Colorado,  1.  Tenth— Idaho,  1;  Montana,  1; 
North  Dakota,  1;  South  Dakota,  2;  Washington,  1;  Wyoming,  1.  Eleventh- 
Utah,  1. 


No  Democratic  Representative  can  ask  a  re-election  on  his 
record  without  at  the  same  time  endorsing  the  record  of- 
his  Republican  associates. — New  York  Tribune. 

Can  aliens  make  treaties  easier  than  friends  can  make  laws? 
-A,  Lincoln. 


REPUBLICAN   CAMPAIGN   TEXT-BOOK. 


239 


THE  UNITED  STATES:    DATES  OF  ACTS  OF   ORGANIZA- 
TION OB  ADMISSION  OF   STATES  AND   TEBRITORIES 

AND  AREAS  OF  THEIR  LAND  AND  WATER  SURFACES. 

(Admission  of  States  from  the  Report  of  the  Commissioner  of  the  General 

Land  Office,  and  areas  from  the  census  of  1900.) 

Date  of  act 

qtatP  nr  Tprritorv       °^  organiza-  • Area- ;n 

btate  or  Territory.       tion  or  ad-  Water.  Land.  Total. 

mission. 

Original  States,  Sq.  miles.   Sq.  iniles.  Acres.    Sq.  miles. 

New  Hampshire 300  9.005  5,763,200  9,30.5 

Massachusetts 275  8,040  5,145,600  8,315 

Rhode  Island 197  1,053  673,920  1,250 

Connecticut    145  4,845  3,100,800  4,990 

New   York 1,550  47,620  30,476,800  49,170 

New  Jersey 290  7,525  4,816,000  7,815 

Pennsylvania 230  44,985  28,790,400  45,215 

Delaware    90  1,960  1,254.400  2,050 

Maryland   2,350-,  9,860  6,310,400  12,210 

Virginia    2,325  40,125  25,680,000  42,450 

North    Carolina 3,670  48,580  31,091,200  52,250 

South    Carolina 400  30,170  19,308,800  30,570 

Georgia    495  58,980  37,747,200  59,475 

States  Admitted. 

Kentucky Feb.     4,1791  400  40,000  25,600,000  40,400 

Vermont   Feb.   18,1791  430  9,135  5,846,400  9,565 

Tennessee    June    1,1796  300  41,750  26,720,000  42,050 

Maine   Mar.     3,1820  3,145  29,895  19,132,800  33,040 

Texas    Dec.    29,1845  3,490  262,290  167,865,600  265,780 

West  Virginia....       Dec.   31,  1862  135  24,645  15,772,800  24,780 

\  Public  Land  States  Admitted. 

I  Ohio Apr.   30,  1802  300  40,760  26,086,400  41,060 

1  Louisiana    Apr.     8,1812  3,300  45,420  29,068,800  48,720 

Undiana    Dec.   11,1816  440  35,910  22,982,400  36,350 

;  Mississippi    Dec.    10,1817  470  46,340  29,657,600  46,810 

illlinois    Dec.     3,1818  650  56,000  35,840,000  56,650 

[Alabama   Dec.   14,1819  710  51,540  32,985,600  52,250 

Missouri  Mar.     2,1821  680  68,735  43,990,400  69,415 

Arkansas    June  15,  1836  805  53,045  33,948,800  53,850 

Michigan    Jan.    26,1837  1,485  57,430  36,755,200  58,915 

Florida    Mar.     3,1845  4,440  54,240  34,713,600  58,680 

ilowa    Mar.     3,1845  550  55,475  35,504,000  56,025 

'Wisconsin    May    29,1848  1,590  54,450  34,848,000  56,040 

i California    Sept.    9,1850  2,188  156,172  99,950,080  158,360 

;Minnesota    May    11,1858  4,160  79,205  50,691,200  83,365 

Oregon     Feb.    14,1859  1,470  94,560  60,518,400  96,030 

Kansas    Jan.    29,1861  380  81,700  52,288,000  82,080 

Nevada    Mar.  21,  1864  960  109,740  70,233,600  110,700 

'Nebraska   Feb.     9,1867  670  76,840  49,177,600  77,510 

f  Colorado     Mar.     3,1875  280  103,645  66,332,800  103,925 

(North  Dakota...        Feb.   22,1889  600  70,195  44,924,800  70,795 

(South    Dakota...        Feb.    22,1889  800  76,850  49,184,000  77,650 

!;Montana    Feb.    22,1889  770  145,310  92,998,400  146,080 

[Washington    ....        Feb.    22,1889  2,300  66,880  42,803,200  69,180 

Idaho    July     3,1890  510  84,290  53,945,600  84,800 

Wyoming   July   10,  1890  315  97,575  62,448,000  97,890 

Utah    July  16,  1894  2,780  82,190  52,601,600  84,970 

Territories. 

New   Mexico Sept.    9,1850  120  122,460  78,374,400  122,580 

Arizona   Feb.    24,1863  100  112,920  72,268,800  113,020 

Hawaii June  14,  1900  6  449 

Alaska    July  27,  1868  590,884 

Indian  Territory; 

limits    defined 
-  by    Act,    May, 

1854  400  31,000  19,840,000  31,400 

Dis.  of  Columbia        Mar.     3,  1791  10  60  38,400  70 

Oklahoma    May     2,1890  200  38,830  24,851,200  39,030 

Total  55,370  2,970,230  1,900,947,200  3,622,933 


MONEY  IN  CIRCULATION  INCREASED. 


I  On  July  1,  1897,  the  per  capita  circulation  was  only  $22.87.  The 
leverage  has  been  increased  speedily  under  Republican  manage- 
ment, and  on  July  1,  1906,  stoocj  at  $32.42  per  capita— the  high- 

jvater  mark  in  our  history— and  an  increase  of  $1.62  per  capita 
tn  the  last  two  years.    The  total  increase  in  circulation  for  two 
'^ears  was  slightly  above  $233,000,000. 
During  the  same  two  years  national  bank  circulation  increased 

>ver  $111,000,000. 


240  REPUBUCAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

PRESIDENTS,  PARTIES  AND  TARIFFS. 

Table  Showing  Presidents,  Political  Complexion  of  Congresses 
and  Tariffs  Since  Birth  of  the  Republican  Party. 


Year 

President. 

Senate. 

Con- 
gress. 

House  of 
Representatives. 

Tariff, 

1853 
1854 
-1855 
1856 

rierce. 

Democratic. 
Democratic. 

33d. 
34th. 

Democratic. 
Anti-Nebraska. 

Act  of  1840. 

1857 
1858 
1859 
1860 

,  Buchanan. 

Democratic- 
Democratic. 

35th. 
36th. 

Democratic. 
Republican.  * 

March  li,  1857, 
Act  of  1857. 

1861 
1862 
186:i 
1864 

Lincoln, 

Republican. 
Republican. 

37tlv 
38th. 

Republican. 
Republican. 

March  2  and 
Aug.  5,  1861. 

1865 
1866 
1867 
1868 

Lincoln. 
Johnson. 

Republican. 
Republican. 

39th. 
40th. 

Republican. 
Republican. 

Morrill 

1869 
1870 
1871 
1872 

Grant. 

Republican. 
Republican. 

41st. 
42d. 

Republican. 
Republican. 

Tariff 

1873 

1874 
1875 
1876 

Grant 

Republican. 
Republican. 

43d. 
44th. 

Republican, 
Democratic. 

and 

1877 
1878 
1879 
1880 

Hayes. 

Republican. 
Democratic. 

45th. 
46th. 

Democratic. 
Democratic. 

Republican. 
Democratic. 

Supplementary. 

1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 

Garfield. 
Arthur. 

Cleveland. 
Harrison. 

Republican. 
Republican. 

47th. 
48th. 

1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 

Republican, 
Republican. 

49th. 
50th. 

Democratic. 
Democratic. 

1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 

Republican. 
Republican. 

51st. 
52d. 

Republican. 
Democratic. 

October   6,    1890, 
McKinley  Tariff. 

1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 

Cleveland. 

Democratic. 

No  party 
majority. 

53d. 

54th. 

Democratic. 
Republican. 

August  28,  1894, 
Wilson-Gorman 
Tariff. 

1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 

McKinley. 

Republican. 
Republican, 

55th. 
56th. 

Republican. 
Republican, 

July  24,   1897, 

1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 

McKinley. 
Roosevelt. 

Republican. 
Republican. 

57th. 
58th. 

Republican, 
Republican, 

Dingley 

1905 
1906 

Roosevelt. 

Republican. 

59th. 

Republican, 

Tariff. 

*  No  party  majority,  but  a  Republican  was  elected  Speaker. 


POPULAR  VOTE  IN  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTIONS. 


Year. 
18.56. 
1860. 
18P.4. 
1868. 
1872. 
1876. 
1880. 
1884. 
1888. 
1892. 
1896. 
1900. 
1904. 


Republican. 

Democratic. 

Other. 

1,341.264 

1,838,169 

874.538 

1.866.352 

2,220,920 

589,581 

2,216.067 

1,808.725 

3,015,a71 

2,709,615 

3,597,070 

29,408 

2,839  687 

4,03.3,950 

4.284,885 

93.808 

4,449.053 

4,442.035 

318  318 

4.848,334 

4,911.017 

28.^).684 

5.440,216 

5,538.2.S3 

402.411 

5,176.108 

5,556,918 

1,326,325 

7,104.779 

6,502.925 

315.208 

7,207,923 

6,358,133 

393,597 

7,623,486 

5,077,971 

809,251 

REPUBi^lCAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 


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REPUBUCAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

PROGRESS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  IN  ITS  AREA,  POP- 
ULATION, AND  MATERIAL  INDUSTRIES. 

Items.                                                   1860.  1900.  1905. 

Area.    aq.    miles 3,025.600  3', 026.600  3.025.600 

Population    31,443.321  76.303.387  *84.545.0()0 

Populatlo.1.  sq.  mile 10.39  25.22  *27.94 

Wealth     ^16,159,616,000       **|94,300,000,000  ♦$120,OO0.0C0,OOii 

Wealth  per  capita 513.93  1,235.86  *1. 420.00 

Debt,  less  cash  In  Treas....           59,964,402  1,107.711,258  *964,435.687 

Debt  per  capita  1.91  14.52  *11.41 

Interest-bearing  debt  64.640,838  1,023,478,860  ♦895,159.140 

Annual    Interest   charge 3.443.687  33,545,130  *23,248.064 

Interest  per  capita  .11  .44  .27 

Gold  coined    23,473.654  99,272.943  49,638.441 

Silver  coined   2,259,390  36,345,321  6,332.1cSl 

Gold  In  circulation   »     +990  ^ru  77-  610,806,472  ♦673,327,60!» 

Sliver  In  circulation   f    T^'^.J"*.''^  142,050,334  *188.474.995 

Gold  certs.  In  circulation....     200,733,019  485,210,749 

Silver  certs.  In  circulation 408,465,574  454,864.708 

U.  S.  notes  outstanding 313,971,545  332,420,697 

Nat.  bk.  notes  outstanding 300,115,112  480,028,849 

Circulation  of  money 435,407,252  2,055,150,998  *2,744,483,830 

Per  capita  13.85  26.94  *32.42 

National  banks  3,732  5,668 

Capital    621,536.461  791.567,231 

Total  Bank  Clearings 84,582,450,081  140,501,841,957 

Deposits  In  nat.   banks 2,458,092,758  *4,055,873,637 

Savings  banks  149,277,504  2,389,719.954  3,093,077,357 

No.   of  depositors,  sav.   bks.               693,870  6,107,083  7,696,229 

Farms  and  farm   property..     $7,980,493,060  $20,514,001,838  $26,645,001,838 

Farm  products,  value   **1, 200,000,000  3,764,177,706  6,415,000,000 

Value  of  manufactures 1,885,861,676  13,039,279,566  *17,000,000,000 

Receipts— Net   ordinary 50,054,600  567,240,852  *594,914,715 

Customs    53,187,512  233,164,871  *300,657  413 

Internal  revenue  295,327,927  *249,063,868 

Expenditures— Net  ordinary.           60,056,7-55  447,553,458  *544,417,239 

War    16,472,203  134,774,768  *93,659,462 

Navy     11,514,650  55,953,078  *110,9o6,167 

Pensions     1,100,802  140,877,316  *141,034,08l 

Int.  on  public  debt 3,144,121  40,160,333  *24,310,526 

Imports  of  merchandise  ....         353,616,119  849,941,184  *1,226,615,379 

Per   capita    11.25  10.88  *14.51 

Exports  of  merchandise  ....         333,576,057  1,394,483,082  *1,743,763,612 

Per  capita  10.61  17.96  *20.32 

Domestic    exports  —  Iron, 
steel,    and   manufactures 

of    5.870.114  121.913,548  134.728,363 

Agricultural  products    ....         256,560,972  835,858,123  820,863,405 

Manufactures    40,345,892  433,851,756  543,607,975 

Farm  animals— Value 1,089,329,915  2,228,123,134  3,675,389,442 

No.  of  cattle   25,616,019  43,902,414  61.241.907 

No.   of  horses   6,249,174  13,537,-524  17,057,702 

No.  of  sheep  22,471,275  41,883,065  45,170,823 

No.   of  mules    1,151,148  2,086,027  2,888,710 

No.  of  swine  33,512,867  37,079,356  47.320,511 

Production  of  gold   $46,000,000  $79,171,000  $86,337,700 

Silver     150,000  74,533,495  76,203,100 

Coal,   tonst   8,513,123  240,789,309  §314,562,881 

Petroleum,   gallons   21,000,000  2,661,233,568  §4,916,663,682 

Pig-iron,  tons  821,223  13,789,242  22,992,380 

Steel,    tons    10,188,329  20,000,000 

Copper,    tons    7,200  270,588  §362,740 

Wool,   lbs 60,264,913  288,636,621  295,488,438 

Wheat,   bushels    173,104,924  522,229,505  692,979,489 

Corn,  bushels   838,792,740  2,105,102,516  2,707,993,540 

Cotton,   bales  4,861,292  9,436,416  13,565,885 

Cotton  taken  by  mills,  bales               979,000  3,644,000  4,562,000 

Domestic  cotton  exptd,    lbs.      1,767,686,338  3,100,583,188  4,304,848,903 

Railways  operated,  miles....                 30,626  194,262  §212,349 

No.  of  passengers   carried     584,695,935  §719,654,951 

Freight  carried  1  mile,  tons    141,162,109,413  §173,613,762,130 

Rates,  ton  per  mile,  cts .75  §.79 

No.  of  passenger  cars 26,786  §31,034 

No.  of  freight  cars 1,358,467  §1,728,903 

American      vessels:      Built, 

^tons   214,797  393,790  330,316 

Trading      domestic,      etc., 

„tons     2,546,237  826,694  5,502,030 

Trading   foreign,    tons 2,807,631  4,338,145  954,513 

On  Great  Lakes,  tons 467,774  1,565,587  2.062,147 

Vessels  passing  through 
Sault  Ste.    Marie  Canal. 

„     tons     403,657  22,315,834  36,617,699 

No.  of  commercial  failures.                   3,676  10,774  11 520 

Amount  of  liabilities $79,807,000  $138,495,673  $102,676!l72 

Receipts,   P.    O.    Dept 8,518,067  102,354,579  152,826,585 

No.    of   newspapers,    etc 4,0.51  20,806  23  146 

No.    of  patents   issued 4,778  26,499  30,399 

No.  of  immigrants  arrived..               150,237  448,572  1,026,499 

•1906.  **Bstimated. 

toU°*^*  specie  in  circulation.     Gold  and  silver  not  separately  stated  prior  to 
1876. 

^Pennsylvania  anthracite  shipments,  1860;  entire  coal  product  since. 


I 


REPUBLICAN   CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  213 

REPUBLICAN  PLATFORM. 
Adopted  by  National  Convention  at  Chicago,   June  22,    1904. 

Fifty  years  ago  the  Republican  party  came  into  existence 
dedicated  among  other  purposes  to  the  great  task  of  arresting 
the  extension  of  human  slavery.  In  1860  it  elected  its  first 
President.  During  24  of  the  44  years  which  have  elapsed  since 
the  election  of  Lincoln  the  Republican  Party  has  held  complete 
control  of  the  government.  For  IS  more  of  the  44  years  it  has 
held  partial  control  through  the  possession  of  one  or  two  branches 
of  the  government,  while  the  Democratic  Party  during  the  same 
period  has  had  complete  control  for  only  two  years.  This  long 
tenure  of  power  by  the  Republican  Party  is  not  due  to  chance. 
It  is  a  demonstration  that  the  Republican  Party  has  commanded 
the  confidence  of  the  American  people  for  nearly  two  generations 
to  a  degree  never  equaled  in  our  history,  and  has  displayed  a 
high  capacity  for  rule  and  government  which  has  been  made  even 
more  conspicuous  by  the  incapacity  and  infirmity  of  purpose 
shown  by  its  opponents. 

Conditions  in  1897. 

The  Republican  Party  entered  upon  its  present  period  of  com- 
plete supremacy  in  1897.  We  have  every  right  to  congratulate 
ourselves  upon  the  work  since  then  accomplished  for  it  has 
added  luster  even  to  the  traditions  of  the  party  which  carried  the 
Government  through  the  storms  of  civil  war. 

We  then  found  the  country  after  four  years  of  Democratic  rule 
in  evil  plight,  oppressed  with  misfortune  and  doubtful  of  the 
future.  Public  credit  had  been  lowered,  the  revenues  were  de- 
clining, the  debt  was  growing,  the  Administration's  attitude  to- 
ward Spain  was  feeble  and  mortifying,  the  standard  of  values 
was  threatened  and  uncertain,  labor  was  unemployed,  business 
was  sunk  in  the  depression  which  had  succeeded  the  panic  of 
1893,  hope  was  faint  and  confidence  gone. 

We  met  these  unhappy  conditions  vigorously,  effectively,  and 
at  once. 

The  Tariff  Law. 

We  replaced  a  Democratic  tariff  law  based  on  free  trade  prin- 
ciples and  garnished  with  sectional  protection  by  a  consistent 
protective  tariff,  and  industry,  freed  from  oppression  and  stimu- 
lated by  the  encouragement  of  wise,  laws,  has  expanded  to  a 
degree  never  before  known,  has  conquered  new  markets,  and  has 
created  a  volume  of  exports  which  has  surpassed  imaginatioh. 
Under  the  Dingley  tariff,  labor  has  been  fully  employed,  wages 
have  risen,  and  all  industries  have  revived  and  prospered. 

We  firmly  established  the  gold  standard  which  was  then  men- 
aced with  destruction.  Confidence  returned  to  business,  and  with 
confidence  an  unexampled  prosperity. 


Revenues. 

For  deficient  revenues,  supplemented  by  improvident  issues  of 
bonds,  we  gave  the  country  an  income  which  produced  a  large 
surplus  and  which  enabled  us  only  four  years  after  the  Spanish 
War  had  closed  to  remove  over  $100,000,000  of  annual  war  taxes, 
reduce  the  public  debt,  and  lower  the  interest  charges  of  the 
Government. 

The  Public  Credit  Restored. 
The  public  credit,  which  had  teen  so  lowered  that  in  time  of 
peace  a  Democratic  Administration  made  large  loans  at  extrava- 
gant rates  of  interest  in  order  to  pay  current  expenditures,  rose 
under  Republican  Administration  to  its  highest  point  and  en- 
abled us  to  borrow  at  2  per  cent,  even  in  time  of  war. 

Cuba. 

We  refused  to  palter  longer  with  the  miseries  of  Cuba.  We 
fought  a  quick  and  victorious  war  with  Spain.    We  set  Cuba  free, 


244  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

Roverned  the  Island  for  three  years,  and  then  gave  it  to  the 
Cuban  people  with  order  restored,  with  ample  revenues,  with 
education  and  public  health  established,  free  from  debt,  and  con- 
nected with  the  United  States  by  wise  provisions  for  our  mutual 
Interests. 

Porto  Bico. 

We  have  organized   the   government  of   Porto  Rico,   and   its 
people  now  enjoy  peace,  freedom,  order,  and  prosperity. 


The  Philippines. 

In  the  Philippines  we  have  suppressed  insurrection,  estab- 
lished order,  and  given  to  life  and  property  a  security  never 
known  there  before.  We  have  organized  civil  government,  made 
it  effective  and  strong  in  administration,  and  have  conferred 
upon  the  people  of  those  islands  the  largest  civil  liberty  they 
have  ever  enjoyed. 

By  our  possession  of  the  Philippines  we  were  enabled  to  take 
prompt  and  effective  action  in  the  relief  of  the  legations  at 
Peking  and  a  decisive  part  in  preventing  the  partition  and  pre- 
serving the  integrity  of  China. 

The  Isthmian  Canal. 

The  possession  of  a  route  for  an  isthmian  canal,  so  long  the 
dream  of  American  statesmanship,  is  now  an  accomplished  fact. 
The  great  work  of  connecting  the  Pacific  and  Atlantic  by  a  canal 
is  at  last  begun,  and  it  is  due  to  the  Republican  Party. 


The  Arid  Lands. 

We  have  passed  the  laws  which  will  bring  the  arid  lanrls  of  the 
United  States  within  the  area  of  cultivation. 


The  Army  and  Navy. 

We  have  reorganized  the  army  and  put  it  in  the  highest  state 
of  eflaciency. 

We  have  passed  laws  for  the  improvement  and  support  of  the 
militia. 

We  have  pushed  forward  the  building  of  the  navy,  the  defense 
and  protection  of  our  honor  ana  our  interests. 

Our  administration  of  the  great  departments  of  the  government 
has  been  honest  and  efficient,  and  wherever  wrongdoing  has  been 
discovered  the  Republican  Administration  has  not  hesitated  to 
probe  the  evil  and  bring  offenders  to  justice  without  regard  to 
party  or  political  ties. 


The  Great  Corporations. 

T^aws  enacted  by  the  Republican  Party  which  the  Democratic 
Party  failed  to  enforce  and  which  were  intended  for  the  protec- 
tion of  the  public  against  the  unjust  discrimination  or  the  illegal 
encroachment  of  vast  aggregations  of  capital,  have  been  fearlessly 
enforced  by  a  Republican  President  and  new  laws  insuring  rea- 
sonable publicity  as  to  the  operations  of  great  corporations,  and 
providing  additional  remedies  for  the  prevention  of  discrimina- 
tion in  freight  rates,  have  been  passed  by  a  Republican  Congress. 

In  this  record  of  achievement  during  the  past  eight  years  may 
be  read  the  pledges  which  thfe  Republican  Party  has  fulfilled. 
We  promise  to  continue  these  policies,  and  we  declare  our  con- 
stant adherence  to  the  following  principles: 


Protection  to  American  Industries. 

Protection  which  guards  and  develops  our  industries,  is  a  car- 
dinal policy  of  the  Republican  Party.  The  measure  of  protection 
should  always  at  least  equal  the  difference  in  the  cost  of  pro- 


REPUBLICAN   CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  245 

duction  at  home  and  abroad.  We  insist  upon  the  maintenance 
of  the  principle  of  protection,  and,  therefore,  rates  of  duty  should 
be  readjusted  only  when  conditions  have  so  changed  that  the 
public  interest  demands  their  alteration,  but  this  work  cannot 
safely  be  committed  to  any  other  hands  than  those  of  the  Re- 
publican Party.  To  intrust  it  to  the  Democratic  Party  is  to  in- 
vite disaster.  "Whether,  as  in  1892,  the  Democratic  Party  de- 
clares the  protective  tariff  unconstitutional,  or  whether  it  de- 
mands tariff  reform  or  tariff  revision,  its  real  object  is  always 
the  destruction  of  the  protective  system.  However  specious  the 
name  the  purpose  is  ever  the  same.  A  Democratic  tariff  has 
always  been  followed  by  business  adversity;  a  Republican  tariff 
by  business  prosperity.  To  a  Republican  Congress  and  a  Repub- 
lican President  this  great  question  can  be  safely  intrusted.  When 
the  only  free-trade  country  among  the  great  nations  agitates  a 
return  to  protection  the  chief  protective  country  should  not  falter 
in  maintaining  it. 

Foreign  Markets  Extended. 

We  have  extended  widely  our  foreign  markets,  and  we  believe 
in  the  adoption  of  all  practicabl  methods  for  their  further  ex- 
tension, including  commercial  reciprocity  wherever  reciprocal 
arrangements  can  be  effected  consistent  with  the  principles  of 
protection  and  without  injury  to  American  agriculture,  American 
labor,  or  any  American  industry. 


The  Gold  Standard. 

We  believe  it  to  be  the  duty  of  the  Republican  Party  to  uphold 
the  gold  standard  and  the  integrity  and  value  of  our  national 
currency.  The  maintenance  of  the  gold  standard,  established  by 
the  Republican  Party,  cannot  safely  be  committed  to  the  Demo- 
cratic Party,  which  resisted  its  adoption  and  has  never  given  any 
proof  since  that  time  of  belief  in  it  or  fidelity  to  it. 

American  Shipping. 

While  every  other  industry  has  prospered  under  the  fostering 
aid  of  Republican  legislation,  American  shipping  engaged  in 
foreign  trade  in  competition  with  the  low  cost  of  construction, 
low  wages,  and  heavy  subsidies  of  foreign  governments,  has  not 
for  many  years  received  from  the  Government  of  the  United 
States  adequate  encouragement  of  any  kind.  We  therefore  favor 
legislation  which  will  encourage  and  build  up  the  American  mer- 
chant marine,  and  we  cordially  approve  the  legislation  of  the  last 
Congress  which  created  the  Merchant  Marine  Commission  to 
investigate  and  report  upon  this  subject. 

A  navy  powerful  enough  to  defend  the  United  States  against 
any  attack,  to  uphold  the  Monroe  doctrine,  and  watch  over  our 
commerce,  is  essential  for  the  safety  and  the  welfare  of  the 
American  people.  To  maintain  such  a  navy  is  the  fixed  policy  of 
the  Republican  Party. 

Chinese  Labor. 

We  cordially  approve  the  attitude  of.  President  Roosevelt  and 
Congress  in  regard  to  the  exclusion  of  Chinese  labor,  and  promise 
a  continuance  of  the  Republican  policy  in  that  direction. 


Civil  Service. 

The  Civil  Service  law  was  placed  on  the  statute  books  by  the 
Republican  Party,  which  has  always  sustained  it,  and  we  renew 
our  former  declarations  that  it  shall  be  thoroughly  and  honestly 
enforced. 

The  Soldiers  and  Sailors. 

We  are  always  mindful  of  the  country's  debt  to  the  soldiers  and 
sailors  of  the  United  States,  and  w^e  believe  in  making  ample 
provision  for  them  and  in  the  liberal  administration  of  the  pen- 
sion laws. 


246  REPUBLICAN    CAMl'AUJN   TEXT-BUOK. 

Arbitration. 

We  favor  the  peaceful  settlement  of  international  different 
by  arbitration. 

Protection  of  Citizens  Abroad. 

We  commend  the  vigorous  effort  made  by  the  Administrate 
to  protect  American  citizens  In  foreign  lands,  and  pledge  o 
selves  to  insist  upon  the  Just  and  equal  protection  of  all  o 
citizens  abroad.  It  is  the  unquestioned  duty  of  the  GovernuK 
to  procure  for  all  our  citizens,  without  distinction,  the  rights 
travel  and  sojourn  in  friendly  countries,  and  we  declare  o 
selves  in  favor  of  all  proper  efforts  tending  to  that  end. 


The  Orient. 

Our  great  interests  and  our  growing  commerce  in  the  Orient 
render  the  condition  of  China  of  high  importance  to  the  United 
States.  We  cordially  commend  the  policy  pursued  in  that  di- 
rection by  the  administrations  of  President  McKinley  and  Presi- 
f'^int  Roosevelt. 

The  Elective  Franchise. 

We  favor  such  Congressional  action  as  shall  determine  whether 
by  special  discriminations  the  elective  franchise  in  any  State 
has  been  unconstitutionally  limited,  and,  if  such  is  the  case,  we 
demand  that  representation  in  Congress  and  in  the  electoral  col- 
leges shall  be  proportionally  reduced  as  directed  by  the  Constitu- 
tion of  the  United  States. 


Combinations  of  Capital  and  of  Labor. 

Combinations  of  capital  and  of  labor  are  the  results  of  the  i 
economic  movement  of  the  age,  but  neither  must  be  permitted 
to  infringe  upon  the  rights  and  interests  of  the  people.  Such 
combinations,  when  lawfully  formed  for  lawful  purposes,  are 
alike  entitled  to  the  protection  of  the  laws,  but  both  are  subject 
to  the  laws  and  neither  can  be  permitted  to  break  them. 

Our  Lamented  President. 

The  great  statesman  and  patriotic  American,  William  Mc- 
Kinley, who  was  re-elected  by  the  Republican  Party  to  the  Presi- 
dency four  years  ago,  was  assassinated  just  at  the  threshold  of 
his  second  term.  The  entire  nation  mourned  his  untimely  death 
and  did  that  justice  to  his  great  qualities  of  mind  and  char- 
acter which  history  will  confirm  and  repeat. 

President  Roosevelt. 

The  American  people  were  fortunate  in  his  successor,  to  whom 
they  turned  with  a  trust  and  confidence  which  have  been  fully 
justified.  President  Roosevelt  brought  to  the  great  responsi- 
bilities thus  sadly  forced  upon  him  a  clear  head,  a  brave  heart, 
an  earnest  patriotism,  and  high  ideals  of  public  duty  and  public 
service.  True  to  the  principles  of  the  Republican  Party  and  to 
the  policies  which  that  party  had  declared,  he  has  also  shown 
himself  ready  for  every  emergency  and  has  met  new  and  vital 
questions  with  ability  and  with  success. 

The  confidence  of  the  people  in  his  justice,  inspired  by  his 
public  career,  enabled  him  to  render  personally  an  inestimable 
service  to  the  country  by  bringing  about  a  settlement  of  the  coal 
strike,  which  threatened  such  disastrous  results  at  the  opening 
of  winter  in  1902. 

Our  foreign  policy  under  his  administration  has  not  only  be:!n 
able,  vigorous,  and  dignified,  but  in  the  highest  degree  successful. 

The  complicated  questions  which  arose  in  Venezuel^i  vere 
settled  in  such  a  way  by  President  Roosevelt  that  tliQ  Mo:?5roe 
doctrine  was  signally  vindicated  and  the  cause  of  giaace  ;j.Sid 
arbitration  greatly  advanced. 


REPUBLICAN   CAMPAIGN  TEXT- BOOK.  247 

His  prompt  and  vigorous  action  in  Panama,  which  we  com- 
mend in  the  highest  terms,  not  only  secured  to  us  the  canal  route, 
3ut  avoided  foreign  complications  which  might  have  been  of  a 
v^ery  serious  character. 

He  has  continued  the  policy  of  President  McKinley  in  the 
Orient,  and  our  position  in  Chma,  signalized  by  our  recent  com- 
mercial treaty  with  that  empire,  has  never  been  so  high. 

He  secured  the  tribunal  by  wh^-^h  the  vexed  and  perilous  ques- 
tion of  the  Alaskan  boundary  was  finally  settled. 

Whenever  crimes  against  humanity  have  been  perpetrated 
which  have  shocked  our  people,  his  protest  has  been  made,  and 
our  good  offices  have  been  tendered,  but  always  with  due  regard 
to  international  obligations. 

Under  his  guidance  we  find  ourselves  at  peace  with  all  the 
world,  and  never  were  we  more  respected  or  our  wishes  more 
regarded  by  foreign  nations. 

Pre-eminently  successful  in  regard  to  our  foreign  relations,  he 
has  been  equally  fortunate  in  dealing  with  domestic  questions. 
The  country  has  known  that  the  public  credit  and  the  national 
currency  were  absolutely  safe  in  the  hands  of  his  administration. 
In  the  enforcement  of  the  laws  he  has  shown  not  only  courage, 
but  the  wisdom  which  understands  that  to  permit  laws  to  be  vio- 
lated or  disregarded  opens  the  door  to  anarchy,  while  the  just 
enforcement  of  the  law  is  the  soundest  conservatism.  He  has 
held  firmly  to  the  fundamental  American  doctrine  that  all  men 
must  obey  the  law;  that  there  must  be  no  distinction  between 
rich  and  poor,  between  strong  and  weak,  but  that  justice  and 
equal  protection  under  the  law  must  be  secured  to  every  citizen 
without  regard  to  race,  creed  or  condition. 

His  administration  has  been  thoughtful,  vigorous  and  hon- 
orable, high-minded  and  patriotic.  We  commend  it  without 
reservation  to  the  considerate  judgment  of  the  American  people. 


STATEHOOD. 


In  his  last  annual  message  to  Congress  the  President  said: 
'I  recommend  that  Indian  Territory  and  Oklahoma  be  admitted 
as  one  State  and  that  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  be  admitted  as  one 
State.  There  is  no  obligation  upon  us  to  treat  territorial  subdi- 
visions, which  are  matters  of  convenience  only,  as  binding  us  on 
the  question  of  admission  to  Statehood.  Nothing  has  taken  up 
more  time  in  the  Congress  during  the  past  few  years  than  the 
question  as  to  the  Statehood  to  be  granted  to  the  four  Territories 
above  mentioned,  and  after  careful  consideration  of  all  that  has 
been  developed  in  the  discussions  of  the  question  I  recommend 
that  they  be  immediately  admitted  as  two  States.  There  is  no 
justification  for  further  delay;  and  the  advisability  of  making 
the  four  Territories  into  two  States  has  been  clearly  established." 
Legislation  of  the  first  session  of  the  Fifty-ninth  Congress  pro- 
vided for  the  admission  of  Oklahoma  and  Indian  Territory  as  one 
State  to  be  called  Oklahoma,  and  the  option  offered  to  Arizona 
and  New  Mexico.  In  connection  with  the  latter  the  following  ab- 
stract from  a  letter  written  by  President  Roosevelt  to  Dr.  Mark 
A.  Rodgers,  Secretary  of  the  Arizona  Statehood  Association,  will 
)e  found  interesting: 

The  White  House. 
Washington,  June  27,  1906. 
Dr.  Mark  A.  Rodgers,  Secretary  Arizona  Statehood  Association, 

Tucson,  Arizona: 

,  Dear  Sir: — It  is    *     *    *     my  earnest  hope  that  the  people  of 

■he  Territory  of  Arizona  in  their  wisdom  will  decide  to  enter  the 

mnion  as  part  of  the  great  State  of  Arizona.    No  man  can  foretell 

what  will  happen  in  future;  but  it  is  my  belief  that  if  the  people 

of  Arizona  let  this  chance  go  by  they  will  have  to  wait  very  many 

I  years  before  the  chance  again  offers  itself,  and  even  then  it  will 

very  probably  be  only  upon  the  present  terms — that  is,  upon  the 

condition  of  being  joined  with   New  Mexico.     If  the  people  of 

Arizona  come  in  now  they  will  achieve  what  every  self-respecting 

ifc 


248  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

American  ought  to  wish  to  achieve;  tliat  Is,  the  right  of  self- 
government.  If  they  refuse  what  is  proffered  them — and  what  in 
my  opinion  is  proffered  upon  the  only  proper  and  permissible 
terms—they  condemn  themselves  to  an  indefinite  continuance  of 
a  condition  of  tutelage. 

I  hare  a  peculiar  affection  for  the  people  of  the  four  Territories 
which,  under  the  Act  of  Congress  I  have  just  signed,  now  have 
the  opportunity  to  enter  as  two  States  Into  our  Federal  Union. 
These  Territories  are  filled  with  men  and  women  of  the  stamp  for 
which  I  grew  to  feel  so  hearty  a  regard  and  respect  during  the 
years  that  I  myself  lived  and  worked  on  the  great  plains  and  in 
the  Rocky  Mountains.  It  was  from  these  four  Territories  that  I 
raised  the  regiment  with  which  I  took  part  in  the  Cuban  cam- 
paign. Assuredly  I  would  under  no  circumstances  advise  the 
people  of  these  Territories  to  do  anything  that  I  considered  to  be 
against  either  their  moral  or  their  material  well-being.  I  feel 
that  for  them  now  to  refuse  to  come  into  the  Union  as  States 
would  be  at  the  best  mere  folly.  Very  wisely,  the  people  of  Ok- 
lahoma and  Indian  Territory,  and  I  believe  the  people  of  New 
Mexico  also,  have  abandoned  an  attitude  which  forbade  their  thus 
assuming  the  great  privileges  and  responsibilities  of  full  Ameri- 
can citizenship.  I  cannot  too  heartily  express  my  hope  that  the 
people  of  Arizona,  exercising  their  sober  second  thought,  will 
come  to  look  at  the  matter  in  the  same  light. 

Sincerely  yours, 

Theodore  Roosevelt. 

The  area  in  square  miles  of  the  two  Territories  is: 

New  Mexico   122,5S0 

Arizona    113,0J0 

Total    235,000 

The  acreage  is: 

New  Mexico   78.451,200 

Arizona    72,332,000 

Total    151,783,200 

On  condition  of  accepting  joint  Statehood,  $5,000,000  in  money 
and  20,000,000  acres  will  be  granted  by  the  Federal  Government 
to  the  new  State  for  school  funds,  penal  and  other  purposes. 


THE   SOUTH'S   AMAZING  PROGRESS. 

What  Protection  has  done  and  is  doing  for  the  South  can  be 
seen  from  the  following  table  from  an  article  written  by  Richard 
H.  Edmonds,  editor  of  the  Manufacturers'  Record,  for  February 
issue  of  the  American  Monthly  Review  of  Reviews,  and  reprinted 
by  permission: 

Facts  in  Figures  About  the  South. 

1880.  1890.  1905. 

Capital  invested  in  cotton  mills $21,000,000  $60,000,000  $225,000,000 

Number  of  spindles  in  cot«-on  mills 667,000  1,712,000  9,205,000 

Cotton  bales  used 225,000  546,000  2,163,000 

Value  of  cotton  crop $313,696,000  $390,000,0(Jt)  $680,000,000 

Pig-iron  made,   tons 397,000  2,600,000  3,100,000 

Coal    rained,    tons 6.000,000  21,200,000  70,000,000 

Lumber   products,   value $39,000,000  $90,700,000  $250,000,000 

Capital   invested   in   manufacturing $2.')7,000,000  $659,000,000  $1,500,000,000 

Value  of  manufactured  products $457,000,000  $917,589,000  $1,750,000,000 

Value    of    exports $261,000,000  $306,000,000  $555,480,000 

Railroad  mileage 20,600  42,900  60,000 

Farm  products,   value $660,000,000  $773,000,000  $1,750,000,000 

Property,   assessed $3,051,175,000  $4,510,92.5.000  $6,500,000,000 

Capital  invested  in  cotton-oil  mills....  $3,800,000  $12,800,000  $54,600,000 

Number  of  cotton-oil  mills 45  119  780 

Phosphate  mined,   tons 211,377  510,499  1,874,428 

Coke    production,    tons 397,776  2,535,470  6,244,185 

Petroleum,     barrels 179,000  498,632  42,495,802 

In  a  few  cases  in  the  table  above  figures  for  1904  are  given  in  the  1905 
column,  the  exact  figures  for  the  latter  year  not  being  available  at  the 
time  this  is  written. 


UBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  249 

OUR  COLORED  CITIZENS. 


r 

f    No  more  striking  contrast  as  to  the  attitude  of  the  two  great 
parties  touching  their  adherence  to  the  principle  that  "all  men 
are  created  equal"  can  be  made  than  that  afforded  by  the  course 
of  events  North  and  South  during  the  past  quarter  of  a  century. 
In  the  North,  where  Republicanism  is  strongest,  colored  citizens, 
although  a  minority  of  the  population,  are  given  participation  in 
the  control  of  municipalities,  counties,  and  states,  and  are  fre- 
quently elected  to  public  office  in  these  respective  units  of  our 
governmental  system;  in  the  South,  the  stronghold  of  Democracy, 
the    colored    citizen    is    being    systematically    disfranchised    and 
barred  from  effective  participation  in  the  conduct  of  public  af- 
I  fairs,  and  each  year  witnesses  a  narrowing  of  his  political  and 
'  civil  rights.    The  mere  mention  of  the  facts  well  known  to  every 
I  observer  of  the  times  will  suffice  to  indicate  the  relative  attitude 
,  of  the  two  great  political  parties  toward  the  colored  citizen.    The 
r  Republican  Party  believes  in  the  political   equality  of  all  men 
I  without  reference  to  race  or  nationality,  and  this  belief  it  has 
^  supported  by  the  most  costly  and  sanguinary  war  in  our  national 
I  history.     The  Democratic  Party  believes  in  restricting  the  privi- 
i  lege   of   citizenship   to  a   particular   class,   and   has   written   her 
j  opinions  into  the  statutes,  constitutions,  and  practices  of  nearly 
'  -every  Southern  State  where  that  party  is  dominant.     The  Repub- 
lican Party  believes  in  the  doctrine  so  tersely  expressed  by  Presi- 
dent Roosevelt — "All  men  up  rather  than  some  men  down" — and 
it  has  always  encouraged  the  colored  citizen  in  his  efforts  and 
'  ambition  to  rise  higher  in  the  scale  of  civilization.     The  Demo- 
[  cratic  Party  would  deny  to  the  negro  the  incentive  to  high  aspira- 
tions, and  boasts  through  its  representatives  of  its  purpose  to 
exclude  colored  men  from  any  voice  in  the  control  of  local  affairs. 
Senator  Gorman,  high  in  the  Democratic  counsels  of  his  party, 
clearly  stated   the  manifest   intention  of  the   Democracy  to   de- 
citizenize,  as  far  as  possible,  the  colored  voters  of  the  country, 
and  in  a  recent  speech  declared:  "The  South  has  passed  through 
;  scenes  of  turbulence  and  disorder  and  rape  and  riot.     By  amend- 
ments to  State  constitutions  and  by  legislation   the  whites    (of 
the  South )  have  secured  control,  for  the  time  being,  of  their  own 
local  governments,  and  the  colored  race  is  no  longer  a  political 
factor  in  any  State  south  of  the  Potomac."     Here  is  a  frank  ad- 
mission   that    Democracy    no    longer    respects    the    time-honored 
maxim   that   "governments   derive   their   just   powers   from    the 
consent  of  the  governed,"  and  that  only  a  portion  of  the  citizenry 
ar»,  in  the  opinion  of  its  leaders,  entitled  to  a  voice  in  public 
affairs. 

The  Republican  Party  encourages  the  highest  character  in  the 
negro;  the  Democratic  Party  seeks  to  degrade  it.  No  Republican 
Legislature  has  ever  enacted  laws  inimical  to  the  progress,  happi- 
ness, and  comfort  of  any  class  of  citizens;  numerous  Democratic 
Legislatures,  on  the  other  hand,  have  enacted  laws  which  make 
it  impossible  for  a  colored  person  of  refinement  to  travel  in 
decency  or  comfort  from  one  part  of  a  State  to  another.  No 
Republican  Governor  would  dare  veto  a  measure  for  the  educa- 
tion of  any  class  of  citizens  in  the  rudiments  of  knowledge.  Yet 
that  is  just  what  has  recently  been  done  by  the  chief  executive  of 
Mississippi.  The  Republican  Party  is  on  record  as  being  in  favor 
of  the  most  liberal  policies  with  respect  to  negro  education,  be- 
lieving that  fio  other  position  is  consistent  with  the  preservation 
of  popular  institutions. 

The  present  liberal  policy  of  the  Republican  Party  is  in  keeping 
with  the  broad  statesmanship  which  has  characterized  it  from 
the  beginning.  Prior  to  the  accession  of  the  Republican  Party  to 
power  a  race  of  4,000,000  souls  had  suffered  the  wrongs  and 
cruelties  of  human  slavery,  with  no  redress  either  in  the  courts, 
in  Congress,  or  at  the  bar  of  public  opinion.  In  all  the  years 
from  1619,  when  the  first  cargo  of  slaves  was  landed  at  James- 
town, Va.,  to  1856,  when  the  Republican  Party  had  its  birth, 
both  organic  and  statutory  law  formed  an  impassable  bar  to 
negro  hopes  and  ambitions.  But  with  the  birth  of  that  party  a 
marked  change  occurred.  It  is  unnecessary  to  recount  the  causes 
which  led  up  to  the  War  of  the  Rebellion.  Suffice  it  to  say,  as  a 
result  of  that  war,  under  the  leadership  of  a  Republican  President, 


250  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

supported  by  a  Republican  Congress,  4,000,000  negroes  were  emat 
clpated  from  slavery,  Invested  with  citizenship,  and  made  an  ii 
tegral  part  of  this  great  Republic,  to  share  in  its  glories  and  oj 
portunities,  bound  only  by  the  limitations  of  individual  capacit 
and  work.  Unwilling,  however,  to  rest  the  insecurity  of  th 
negro's  rights  upon  mere  legislative  enactment,  the  Republica 
Party,  through  the  co-operation  of  Republican  States,  gave  t 
negro  citizenship  the  supreme  sanction  of  Constitutional  gua 
anty.  It  was  only  then  that  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  no 
so  ostentatiously  quoted  by  the  Democracy  as  the  embodiment  < 
their  party  principles,  but  which  for  nearly  100  years  had  bee 
ignored  and  repudiated  by  their  party  practices,  first  became  tfc 
true  expression  of  our  national  policy. 

Following  this  change  in  the  political  status  of  the  colore 
population  came  a  period  of  preparation  for  citizenship.  Tho^ 
sands  of  Northern  men  and  women,  schooled  under  the  tutela§ 
of  Republican  environment  in  the  works  of  philanthropy  and  ju 
tice,  dedicated  their  money,  their  time,  and  even  their  lives  1 
the  education  and  elevation  of  those  emancipated  millions.  Hem 
Ihe  colored  school  and  the  colored  church  under  the  guidance  ^ 
white  philanthropists  sprang  into  existence,  only  to  be  follows 
by  similar  institutions  organized  and  controlled  by  colored  cil 
zens.  But  this  leaven  of  intelligence  could  never  have  been  ii 
parted  to  the  black  masses  of  the  South  but  for  the  opportun 
ties  first  opened  as  a  direct  result  of  Republican  principles  at 
policies. 

The  outbreak  of  hostilities  between  the  United  States  and  Spai 
afforded  another  opportunity  for  the  Republican  Party  i 
demonstrate  its  loyalty  to  the  broad  principles  set  forth  in  tl 
Declaration  of  Independence  and  given  legal  sanction  by  tl 
XlVth  and  XVth  Amendments  to  the  Constitution.  In  that  w£ 
over  15,000  black  soldiers  were  called  into  service,  among  the: 
nearly  300  colored  officers,  a  fact  without  precedent  in  all  oi 
national  history.  Their  service  was  characterized  by  gallanti 
and  bravery  which  aroused  the  admiration  of  the  world,  tl 
valor  of  the  black  troops  at  San  Juan  Hill  contributing  large! 
to  the  victory  achieved  on  that  occasion.  As  a  mark  of  reco; 
nition  of  the  heroic  service  rendered  by  black  soldiers,  Presidei 
McKinley,  in  1899,  issued  an  order  for  the  organization  of  tw 
infantry  regiments  of  colored  men.  Despite  the  protests  of  tt 
Democrats  this  was  done  and  the  regiments  have  been  desi; 
nated  respectively  the  Forty-eighth  and  Forty-ninth  Volunte( 
Infantry,  with  headquarters  at  Fort  Thomas,  Ky.,  and  Jefferso 
Barracks,  Mo. 

Thus  the  war  with  Spain,  in  addition  to  its  primary  objec 
served  a  two-fold  purpose.  It  emphasized  the  policy  of  the  R 
publican  Party  in  honoring  the  colored  citizen  both  in  war  an 
peace;  and  the  black  soldier  in  that  war,  by  patriotism  and  vale 
proved  to  the  world  that  citizenship  had  not  been  unworthil 
bestowed. 

In  face  of  the  foregoing  facts,  the  colored  voter  and  othei 
doubtful  of  the  wisdom  of  continuing  the  control  of  the  presei 
Administration  may  well  be  asked  whether  or  not  the  rights 
the  American  negro  at  home  and  the  destinies  of  the  inhabitani 
of  those  islands  now  belonging  to  the  United  States  are  not  saf( 
with  the  Republican  Party,  which  by  tradition  and  legislation  hi 
identified  itself  with  the  cause  of  human  freedom  and  univers; 
opportunity,  than  with  the  Democracy.  Upon  the  record  of  ii 
treatment  of  American  citizens  of  whatever  race,  color,  or  nati^ 
ity,  the  Republican  Party  rests  its  claim  upon  the  confidence  ( 
the  country  as  to  its  intentions  in  the  islands  recently  adde 
to  the  domain  of  the  United  States.  Neither  the  speciousness 
Democratic  platform  deliverances,  the  eloquence  of  Democrat 
oratory,  nor  the  idle  generosity  of  Democratic  promises  can  o 
scure  the  Democracy's  unenviable  record  upon  every  question  th? 
pertains  to  human  rights.  "Charity  begins  at  home,"  and  unt 
that  party  accords  justice  to  all  the  inhabitants  of  the  Stat< 
under  its  control  it  cannot  claim  the  suffrages  of  the  colore 
people  of  this  country  who  seek  amelioration  of  their  civil  ar 
political  status  nor  of  that  greater  body  of  American  citizei 
whose  only  interest  in  the  issue  of  the  present  struggle  is  tt 


REPUBLICAN   CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  251 

lonor  and  stability  of  our  own  nation,  and  the  welfare  and  ad- 
•ancement  of  those  peoples  who  have  recently  become  the  wards 
»f  the  American  nation. 

The  following  table,  compiled  from  official  data,  shows  the 
lumber  of  colored  employees  in  the  service  of  the  Government, 
ixclusive  of  the  United  States  Capitol  and  the  judiciary: 


Colored  Officers,   Clerks,  and  Other  Employees  in  the  Service 
of  the  United  States  Government,  1904. 

No.  Salaries. 

)iplomatic  and  consular  servico 13  $32,000 

)epartmental  service: 

State     10  7,600 

Treasury    596  391,834 

War    122  94,910 

Navy    42  29,736 

Post-Office 103  66,840 

Interior    219  167,26(1 

Justice    17  13,520 

Agriculture    100  53,272 

Commerce  and  labor 125  78,856 

Government  Printing  Office 320  210,874 

Interstate   Commerce    Commission 4  2,280 

District  government,  Washington,  D.  C 1,891  847,055 

Recorder  of  deeds 22  14,050 

Service  at  large: 

Customs  and  interna!  revenue 258  205,047 

Post  office  at  large 750  611,140 

Land  office.   New  Orleans 3  7,800 

Miscellaneous   5  2,400 

Army    officers 10  17,260 

Total    ....r 4,610  $2,853,734 

Lecapitulation  by  localities: 

At  foreign  stations    13  $32,000 

At  Washington,    D.    C 3,663  2,056,727 

At  New  York,   N.   Y 188  153,982 

At  New  Orleans,  La 18  96,740 

At  Atlanta,  Ga , 94  65,780 

At  Savannah,  Ga ' 42  32,766 

At  Augusta,    Ga 12  8,120 

At  Baltimore,    Md 4a  31,444 

At  Richmond,  Va 50  37,820 

At  miscellaneous  points 390  321,095 

Army  officers 10  , 

Jotal    4,610  $2,853,734 

The  fact  that  nearly  5,000  colored  citizens  are  in  the  public 
grvice  and  receiving  salaries  aggregating  about  three  million 
ollars  furnishes  further  evidence  of  the  broad  and  liberal  policy 

f  the  Republican  Party,  while  the  further  fact  that  the  colored 

Employees  are  proverbially  faithful,  courteous,  and  efficient  is 
imple  justification  of  the  attitude  of  the  party  toward  the  freed- 
tien  of  the  nation. 


REPUBLICAN    AND    DEMOCRATIC    BONDS. 

Panama  Bond  Issue. 

I  The  recent  issue  of  bonds  in  aid  of  the  construction  of  the 
'anama  Canal  draws  2  per  cent,  interest  and  sold  at  a  premium 
»f  practically  4  per  cent.  The  actual  average  price  realized  was 
.04.03.  These  bonds  were  sold  under  sealed  bids.  The  bids  ag- 
fregated  $446,371,000 — nearly  fifteen  times  the  amount  to  be  sold. 
n  1895,  during  Mr.  Cleveland's  administration,  $62,315,400  Gov- 
jirriment  bonds  bearing  4  per  cent,  interest  were  sold  at  private 
(ale  at  a  premium  of  only  4.495.  Assuming  these  bonds  to  run 
jheir  entire  term,  they  will  net  the  purchaser  3.75  per  cent,  on 
(lis  investment.  The  recent  sale  will  net  the  purchaser  only  1.56 
»er  cent,  on  his  investment  if  the  bonds  are  redeemed  in  ten 
'ears,  and  only  1.82  per  cent,  if  the  bonds  run  until  maturity. 
r^'his  gives  a  fair  illustration  of  the  relative  sKill,  care  and  fore- 
right  of  Republican  and  Democratic  administrations  in  managing 
hp  financial  affairs  of  the  Government. 


l.'r,2  REPUBUCAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

PUBLIC    LANDS. 
President  Boosevelt^s  Public  Land  Policy. 

President  Roosevelt,  more  than  any  of  his  predecessors,  has 
mr.nl rested  an  active  interest  and  exercised  a  potent  influence 
in  endeavoring  to  establish  and  put  into  execution  a  wise  public 
land  policy,  modified  to  meet  existing  conditions. 

Much  of  the  unparalleled  development  of  the  material  resources 
of  the  United  States  in  the  past  has  been  due  to  its  liberal  public 
land  laws,  chief  among  which  is  the  homestead  law,  which  was 
signed  by  President  Lincoln  in  1862.  Under  its  beneficent  pro- 
visions millions  of  settlers  have  established  homes  upon  the 
public  domain,  and  as  a  result  the  great  West  is  to-day  teeming 
with  the  industry  of  a  thrifty  people  of  good  citizenship  and 
many  new  stars  have  been  added  to  the  fiag.  But  what  was  once  a 
vast  public  domain— then  thought  to  be  almost  inexhaustible— em- 
bracing an  area  of  over  eighteen  hundred  million  acres,  through 
the  operation  of  the  homestead  and  other  land  laws,  enacted  to 
meet  conditions  prevailing  at  a  time  when  cultivable  lands  as 
well  as  timbered  and  grazing  areas  were  abundant,  was  materially 
decreased  until  the  remaining  public  domain,  exclusive  of  Alaska, 
now  embraces  less  than  five  hundred  million  acres,  a  compara- 
tively small  portion  of  which  is  susceptible  of  cultivation  without 
irrigation. 

New  conditions  thus  arose:  the  extravagant  denuding  of  the 
timbered  areas,  the  rapidly  diminishing  extent  of  the  remaining 
public  lands  available  for  settlement,  together  with  the  increased 
demand  for  cultivable  lands,  accentuated  by  increased  population, 
satisfactory  industrial  conditions,  and  revival  of  business  in  the 
last  few  years,  rendered  necessary  and  of  the  utmost  importance, 
new  legislation  affecting  the  public  lands,  in  order  that  the  re- 
maining forests  and  necessary  timber  supply  might  be  duly  pro- 
tected, the  necessary  sources  of  water  supply  need  3d  for  the  re- 
clamation of  the  arid  regions  properly  conserved,  and  the  re- 
maining public  land  available  for  settlement  saved  for  disposal 
to  the  bona  fide  home-builder,  under  such  circumstances  and  con- 
ditions as  would  enable  the  same  to  be  reclaimed  and  thereby 
rendered  capable  of  its  largest  beneficial  use.  In  recognition  of 
this,  the  Congress  passed  the  act  of  March  3,  1891,  authorizing 
the  creation  of  forest  reserves,  under  which  there  have  since 
been  created  fifty-six  reserves,  aggregating  over  63,000,000  acres 
of  land.  The  establishment  of  necessary  forest  reserves  having 
become  a  well-fixed  part  of  our  national  policy,  the  aid  of  the 
Government  in  reclaiming  the  arid  lands  of  the  West  and  render- 
ing the  same  available  for  settlement  and  cultivation  was  essen- 
tial, as  a  necessary  complement  to  this  policy. 


Irrigation. 

Although  there  had  been  more  or  less  discussion  for  years  as 
to  the  necessity  for  national  aid  in  irrigation,  nothing  effective 
was  accomplished  until  Theodore  Roosevelt  became  President. 
He  was  quick  to  recognize  not  only  the  necessity,  but  also  the 
national  importance  of  such  policy,  together  with  the  benefits 
to  accrue  to  the  people  therefrom. 

President  Roosevelt,  in  his  first  message  to  Congress,  took  a 
strong  advanced  position  in  favor  of  great  storage  works  to  save 
the  fiood  waters  and  to  equalize  the  flow  of  streams,  maintaining 
that  this  work  should  be  carried  on  by  the  National  Government 
and  not  by  private  efforts.  He  declared  that  it  was  as  right  for 
the  National  Government  to  make  the  streams  and  rivers  of  the 
arid  region  useful  by  engineering  works  for  water  storage  as  to 
make  useful  the  rivers  and  harbors  of  the  humid  region  by  engi- 
neering works  of  another  kind.  He  took  the  position  that  the 
Government  should  construct  and  maintain  these  reservoirs  as 
It  does  other  public  works,  and  that  the  lands  reclaimed  by  aid 
of  irrigation  should  be  reserved  by  the  Government  for  actual 
settlers.  The  cost  of  construction  should,  so  far  as  possible,  be 
repaid  by  the  land  reclaimed.  He  declared  that  the  reclamation 
and  settlement  of  the  arid  lands  will  enrich  every  portion  of  our 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  25S 

country,  as  the  settlement  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  valleys 
brought  prosperity  to  the  Atlantic  States. 

National  Reclamation  Law. 

Congress  enacted  the  national  reclamation  law  June  17,  1902, 
and  it  is  considered  the  most  beneficent  public  land  law  passed 
since  the  enactment  of  the  homestead  law.  The  passage  of  this 
law  was  due  largely  to  the  previous  recommendation  of  the 
President  after  he  had  lent  the  weight  of  his  influence  to  the  per- 
fecting of  its  provisions  in  the  interest  of  the  actual  settler  and 
to  the  exclusion  of  the  speculator. 

Realizing  that  the  passage  of  the  reclamation  act  emphasized 
the  importance  of  saving  the  public  lands  for  the  home-builder, 
the  President  devoted  particular  attention  thereto  in  his  second 
message,  declaring  that  "so  far  as  they  are  available  for  agricul- 
ture, and  to  whatever  extent  they  may  be  reclaimed  under  the 
national  irrigation  law,  the  remaining  public  lands  should  be  held 
rigidly  for  the  home-builder,  the  settler  who  lives  on  his  land,  and 
for  no  one  else." 

The  President  in  this  message  also  directed  attention  as  to 
the  best  manner  of  using  public  lands  in  the  West  which  are 
suitable  chiefly,  or  only,  for  grazing,  and  he  commended  this  mat- 
ter to  the  earnest  consideration  of  Congress,  recommending,  if 
the  Iptter  experienced  any  difficulty  in  dealing  with  the  subject 
from  lack  of  knowledge,  that  provision  he  made  for  a  commis- 
sion of  experts  specially  to  investigate  and  report  upon  the  same. 
Subsequently,  a  commission  was  appointed  by  the  President, 
which  has  already  submitted  a  partial  report,  making  sundry 
recommendations  for  the  modification  of  existing  land  laws  in  the 
interest  of  actual  settlers.  This  report  the  President  submitted 
to  the  favorable  consideration  of  Congress. 

Under  the  provisions  of  the  reclamation  act  over  $20,000,000 
have  already  been  covered  into  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States 
to  the  credit  of  the  reclamation  fund,  derived  from  the  sales  of 
public  lands  and  fees  and  commissions  in  the  several  States  and 
Territories  affected  by  that  act,  and  more  than  33,000,000  acres 
of  public  land  have  been  withdrawn  for  reclamation  purposes 
with  a  view  to  determining  the  feasibility  of  contemplated  pro- 
jects. Sixty-seven  projects  in  fourteen  different  States  and  Ter- 
ritories have  been  under  consideration  and  examination,  and  the 
work  of  actual  construction  has  been  commenced  on  eight  of  these. 

President  Roosevelt,  by  reason  of  his  intimate  association  with 
Western  people,  his  actual  experience  in  that  section  of  the  coun- 
try, and  accurate  knowledge  of  the  prevailing  conditions  in  the 
public  land  States,  is  exceptionally  well  q-ualifled  to  properly 
judge  of  the  requisite  needs  of  that  part  of  the  country  and  has 
exercised  a  forceful  influence  toward  the  perfecting  of  a  wise,  dis- 
criminating, up-to-date  public  land  policy,  and  when  so  perfected 
will  see  to  it  that  the  same  is  carefully  and  properly  administered. 
Such  a  policy,  perhaps,  more  than  any  other  single  considera- 
tion, is  essential  to  the  prosperity  of  the  West  and  the  happiness 
of  its  people,  will  add  to  the  material  wealth  and  development 
of  the  whole  country,  and  should  commend  itself  to  every  thought- 
ful citizen. 

Irrigation  for  Arid  and  Semi-Arid  Lands. 

Irrigation  for'the  arid  and  semi-arid  lands  of  the  United  States 
has  never  had  a  firmer  and  more  vigorous  supporter  in  public  life 
than  President  Roosevelt.  During  the  decade  before  he  became 
President  the  subject  of  national  irrigation  had  been  under  dis- 
cussion and  there  was  growing  throughout  the  country  a  senti- 
ment in  favor  of  national  action  of  some  character  upon  this  sub- 
ject. There  was,  however,  wide  diversity  of  opinion  as  to  the 
method  to  be  employed,  and  this  very  condition  of  diverse  opinions 
reduced  the  probability  of  national  action.  When  Mr.  Roosevelt 
became  President,  however,  knowing  conditions  in  the  great  West 
as  he  did,  and  knowing  the  benefits  which  would  accrue  to  it  from 
systematic  work  in  behalf  of  irrigation,  he  consulted  with  the 
men  who  had  been  working  for  national  irrigation,  discussed  con- 
ditions with  them  and  told  them  of  his  belief  in  action  by  the 
National  Government  and  his  intention  to  make  irrigation  one  of 


L-)4  REPU3UCAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-UOOK. 

the  topics  of  his  first  message  to  Congress.  No  President  of  the 
United  States  had  ever  before  mentioned  irrigation  in  a  message. 

The  direct  result  of  his  action  was  the  passage  of  the  reclama- 
tion act. 

The  reclamation  act  sets  aside  the  proceeds  of  the  disposal  of 
public  lands  in  thirteen  Western  States  and  three  Territories  for 
national  irrigation.  The  fund  thus  created  is  placed  at  the  dis- 
posal of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  for  surveys,  examination, 
and  construction  of  works.  It  is  not  a  donation,  but  the  money 
must  ultimately  be  returned  to  the  Treasury  by  the  persons  bene- 
fited, to  be  used  over  again  in  the  construction  of  other  works. 

General  Irrigation  Statistics. 

The  following  table,  prepared  by  the  Census  Office,  gives,  by 
regions,  the  number  of  farms  on  which  irrigation  was  reported, 
the  number  of  acres  irrigated,  the  construction  cost  of  the  irriga- 
tion systems,  the  average  construction  cost  per  irrigated  acre,  and 
the  number  of  miles  of  main  canals  and  ditches  for  continental 
United  States  in  1902: 

Table  I. — General  irrigation  statistics  of  the  United  States,  1902. 

Length  of 

Number  Number  /—Cost  of  construction-^   ditches 

Regions.                 of  farms  of  acres  Per  acre        main 

irrigated,  irrigated.  Total.       irrigated.    In  miles. 
The  United  States.,..    134,036  9,487,077  $93,320,452            $9.84          59,243 
Arid  States  and  Terri- 
tories      122,156  8,471,641  77,430,212             9.14          54,243 

Semi-arid  States  and 

Territories  7,021  403,449  5,105,390            12.65            3,472 

Rice  States 4,179  606,199  10,195,992            16.82            1,528 

Humid  States 680  5.788                588,858          101.74           

The  number  of  irrigated  farms  increased  from  110,556  in  1890 
to  154,036  in  1902,  or  21.2  per  cent.  The  irrigated  area  increased 
during  the  same  period  from  7,782,188  acres  to  9,487,077  acres,  or 
21.9  per  cent.  For  the  three  years  this  is  an  average  annual  in- 
crease in  number  of  irrigated  acres  of  568,296  acres. 

In  1902  the  total  construction  cost  of  the  necessary  head  gates, 
dams,  main  canals,  and  ditches,  wells,  reservoirs,  and  pumping 
plants  was  $93,320,452,  an  increase  since  1899  of  $21,797,672,  or 
30.5  per  cent.  This  is  equivalent  to  an  annual  expenditure  of 
more  than  seven  and  a  quarter  millions  of  dollars  for  the  con- 
struction, extension,  and  improvement  of  irrigation  systems.  The 
average  first  cost  of  water  for  irrigation  throughout  the  United 
States  increased  from  $9.19  per  irrigated  acre  in  1899  to  $9.84  in 
1902.  This  naturally  follows  because  in  many  of  the  States  prac- 
tically all  of  the  easily  available  water  supply  was  appropriated 
long  ago,  and  methods  required  for  its  further  development  must 
be  increasingly  expensive.  In  1902,  the  aggregate  mileage  of  main 
canals  and  ditches  would  encircle  the  earth  more  than  twice,  the 
combined  length  being  59,243  miles. 


The  Arid  Region. 

Tahle  II. — General  irrigation  statistics  of  the  arid  States  and 
Territories,  1902. 

Length  of 

Number       Number        r-Cost  of  construction-^  ditches 

States  and  Territories,   of  farms       of  acres  Per  acre       main 

irrigated,     irrigated.            Total.  irrigated,  in  miles. 

Arizona    3,867              247,250            $4,688,298  $18.96            1,783 

California   30.404           1,708,720            23,772,157  13.91            7,010 

Colorado    19,806           1,754,761             14,769,561  8.42           10,209 

laaho  10,077             715,595              6,190,071  8.67            5,640 

Montana  9,496          1,140,694              5,576,975  4.89            8,765 

Nevada    2,260              570,001              1,706,212  2.99             3,054 

New  Mexico 9,285              254,9-15              4,301,915  16.37            2,846 

Oregon 5,133             439,981              2,089,609  4.75            3,653 

Utah  21,684              713,621              7,303,607  10.23            3,891 

Washington  4,585             154,962              2,330,758  15.04            1,095 

Wyoming  5,559             773,111              4,701,049  6.08            6,297 

Total    122,156  8,471,641  $77,430,212  $9.14  54,245 

While  conditions  in  1902  were  somewhat  below  the  average  in 
many  portions  of  the  arid  regions,  in  each  of  the  nine  States  and 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  255 

two  Territories  comprising  it,  irrigation  made  considerable  prog- 
ress during  the  three  years  ending  with  1902.  In  that  year  the 
irrigated  area  of  the  entire  region  aggregated  8,471,641  acres,  an 
increase  since  1899  of  1,208,368,  or  16.6  per  cent.  In  number  of 
farms  the  increase  is  even  greater,  being  from  102,819  farms  in 
1899  to  122,156  in  1902,  or  18.8  per  cent.  The  total  construction 
cost  of  the  irrigation  systems  was  $77,430,212  as  compared  with 
$64,289,601  in  1899,  an  increase  of  $13,140,611,  or  20.4  per  cent. 
The  average  first  cost  or  water  per  acre  was  $9.14  and  the  com- 
bined length  of  main  canals  and  ditches,  54,243  miles. 

Of  these  States  and  Territories,  California  ranks  first  in  num- 
ber of  irrigated  farms,  Utah  second,  and  Colorado  third.  In  total 
irrigated  area  Colorado  stands  first,  California  second,  and 
Montana  third. 

Semi- Arid  Region. 

Tahle  III. — General  irrigation  statistics  of  the  semi-arid  States 
and  Territories,  1902. 

Length  of 

Number       Number       <— Cost  of  construction-^  ditches 
States  and  Territories,    of  farms       of  acres  Per  acre       main 

irrigated,      irrigated.  Total.       irrigated,  in  miles. 

Kansas   1,115  28,922  $599,098  $20.71  366 

Nebraslta  2,952  245,910  2,463,748  30.02  1,861 

North  Dakota 102  10,384  45,087  4.34  66 

Oklahoma   '. 134  3,328  36,770  11.05  89 

South  Dakota 696  53,137  381,569  7.18  426 

*Texas   2,022  61,768  1,579,118  25.57  664 

Total  7,021  403,449  $5,105,390  $12.65  3,472 

♦Exclusive  of  rice  irrigation. 

Portions  of  Kansas,  Nebraska,  North  and  South  Dakota,  Okla- 
homa, and  Texas  extend  into  the  semi-arid  region  which  lies  east- 
ward from  the  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  In  1902,  the  area 
to  which  water  was  artificially  applied  was  403,449  acres,  repre- 
senting 7,021  farms.  There  were  2,946  irrigation  systems  in  oper- 
ation, the  construction  cost  of  which  was  $5,105,390,  an  average 
first  cost  of  water  of  $12.65  per  irrigated  acre.  The  increase  since 
1899  in  the  number  of  irrigated  farms  is  43.4  per  cent.;  in  irri- 
gated area,  52.6  per  cent,  and  in  total  construction  cost,  7p.5  per 
cent. 

Of  these  six  political  divisions  Nebraska,  with  2,952  farms  hav- 
ing an  irrigated  area  of  245,910  acres  and  systems  representing  a 
construction  outlay  of  $2,463,748,  stands  first,  while  Texas,  with 
rice  farms  excluded,  stands  second,  having  2,022  farms  with  an 
irrigated  area  of  61,768  acres  and  systems  costing  $1,579,118. 


WATCHES   IN  BRITAIN. 
Decline  in  English  Production — Increased   Imports. 

Consul-General  "Wynne  sends  a  cutting  from  the  London  Daily 
Telegraph  concerning  the  decline  in  the  manufacture  of  watches 
in  Great  Britain.    The  article,  in  part,  is  as  follows: 

Among  English  industries  which  have  suffered  severely  from 
foreign  competition  that  of  watchmaking  occupies  a  prominent 
place.  The  cheap  trade,  of  which  Clerkenwell  used  to  be  the 
flourishing  headquarters,  has  practically  gone.  It  has  been  cap- 
tured outright  by  the  enterprising  foreigner,  and  though  Clerken- 
well road  and  its  purlieus  are  still  the  great  market  center  for 
everything  connected  with  clocks  and  watches,  scarcely  a  single 
watch  factory  survives  there.  We  give  some  remarkable  figures 
bearing  on  the  influx  of  foreign  watches: 

Official  Returns  Showing  the   Number  of  Watches  Made  at 
Home  and  Abroad  in  the  Last  Four  Decades. 

Year.  Continental.  American.  English. 

1862 2,500,000  50,000  164,000 

i872 3,000,000  400,000  145,000 

1882 3,500,000  1,250,000  227,000 

1892 4,500,000  2,250,000  204,000 

1902 6,000,000  2,750,000  226,000 


256  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

THE  UNITED   STATES  NAVY. 

Since  1904  the  Navy  Department  has  gone  on  with  the  work 
of  creating  an  effective  naval  force  for  the  United  States,  under 
a  policy  which  has  been  maintained  by  Republican  administra- 
tions, affording  to  the  extensive  coast  line  of  the  country  an  ade- 
quate protection  from  and  guarantee  against  foreign  aggression. 
Only  if  the  coast  line  of  the  Empire  of  Great  Britain  is  consid- 
ered, can  the  United  States  be  said  to  be  second  among  the 
nations  of  the  world  in  point  of  vulnerable  area  subject  to  at- 
tack by  sea.  Accepting  the  result  of  the  world's  experience  that 
effective  coast  defense  of  any  country  begins  on  the  coast  de- 
fense of  an  enemy,  the  Republican  Party,  through  its  majority 
In  Congress,  has  made  provision  for  addition  to  the  naval  fleet 
of  the  United  States,  and  Republican  administration  have  devel- 
oped and  organized  naval  construction,  so  that  in  the  past  two 
years  10  new  ships  of  over  125,000  tons'  displacement  have  been 
added  to  the  Navy  of  the  United  States.  Seven  more  vessels  of 
nearly  95,000  tons'  displacement  are,  at  this  writing,  within  a 
few  weeks  of  going  into  commission.  Effective  fleets  are  being 
organized  from  the  new  material  thus  added  to  the  Navy,  and  a 
high  state  of  excellence  has  been  attained  in  marksmanship  and 
in  the  general  training  of  the  officers  and  men  who  man  the 
ships.  At  the  same  time,  work  is  being  carried  on  as  fast  as  is 
practicable  and  economical  in  providing  repair  and  building  fa- 
cilities at  the  different  navy  yards  of  the  country  which  had  been, 
under  other  policies,  allowed  to  fall  into  disuse.  The  fruition 
of  a  consistent  plan  of  providing  an  adequate  naval  defense  of 
the  country  by  the  Republican  Party  is  now  apparent.  Instead 
of  incoherent  and  scattered  fragments  of  a  naval  force,  the 
United  States  will  be,  by  the  close  of  the  current  year,  in  pos- 
session of  a  coherent  and  well  organized  naval  force  adequate 
for  the  duties  of  the  moment,  and  which  will  be  added  to  by  a 
safe  and  conservative  building  program  until  the  Navy  of  the 
United  States  is  consonant  with  the  needs  and  with  the  dignity 
of  the  country.  During  the  past  two  years  the  foreign  policy  of 
the  United  States  has  been  effectively  sustained  by  the  resources 
of  the  Navy  placed  at  the  disposition  of  the  Executive  and  of 
the  State  Department  acting  under  his  orders,  so  that  there  has 
never  been,  at  any  point  at  which  action  on  the  part  of  the 
United  States  seemed  wise,  a  lack  of  effective  force  to  give 
weight  and  standing  to  any  representations  the  administration 
felt  called  upon  to  make  During  tTie  war  between  Japan  and 
Russia,  the  dispositions  of  the  Navy  in  the  Far  East  were  largely 
affected  and  the  difficult  international  situations  that  were  de- 
veloped when  Russian  ships  sought  the  shelter  of  ports  on  the 
Pacific  Coast  and  the  Philippines  were  adequately  handled.  The 
growing  importance  of  the  West  Indian  waters  in  the  affairs  of 
the  United  States  has  been  recognized  by  the  additional  atten- 
tion paid  by  the  Navy  to  the  policing  of  these  waters  and  the 
development  of  points  of  defense.  The  assurance  is  given  by 
the  disposition  of  the  Navy  of  permanent  peace  and  freedom 
from  foreign  aggression  in  these  waters.  During  the  two  years 
the  work  of  the  Navy  in  improving  the  science  of  navigation 
and  in  assisting  in  removing  dangers  to  navigation,  such  as  dere- 
licts and  other  obstacles,  has  been  of  material  benefit. 

Active  recruiting  has  been  carried  on  through  the  United 
States  and  a  policy  of  manning  the  Navy  with  citizens  of  the 
United  States  has  been  strictly  adhered  to.  The  enlisted  men 
of  the  United  States  Navy  come  from  all  parts  of  the  country, 
including  all  the  States  of  the  Great  West,  and  the  naval  de- 
fenders of  the  country  are  not  only  almost  wholly  American  citi- 
zens, but  all  but  a  very  Email  percentage  are  of  American  birth 
and  representative  of  the  bright,  energetic  and  capable  young 
manhood  of  the  country.  The  Navy,  in  the  quality  of  the  ships 
that  have  been  built  and  in  the  character  of  the  men  who  have 
been  recruited  and  trained  to  man  these  ships,  is  in  every  way 
deserving  of  the  renewed  confidence  and  awakened  interest  of 
the  people  of  the  United  States,  and  it  is  not  too  much  to  say 
that  the  results  which  have  been  brought  about  have  been  al- 
most wholly  due  to  the  persistent  policy  which  has  marked  the 
course  of  the  Republican  Party  toward  the  naval  defenses  of  the 
country. 


REPUBLICAN   CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  257 

CHAMPAGNE    IJMDUSTHY. 

Extent  and  Method  of  Manufacture — Miles  of  Cases  and  Mil- 
lions of  Bottles— A  Strong  Reserve. 

The  following  extract  from'  the  report  of  Consul  Miller,  of 
Rheims,  on  the  manufacture  of  champagne  in  France,  will  be 
read  with  interest.  The  quantity  made  annually,  details  of 
manufacture,  methods  of  preparation  for  market,  countries  to 
which  shipped,  and  their  relative  consumption  of  the  sparkling 
beverage  are  clearly  described  by  Consul  Miller.  The  extract 
follows: 

During  the  past  five  years  the  consumption  of  champagne  wine 
in  the  United  States  has  increased  over  35  per  cent.,  or  an  aver- 
age of  about  7  per  cent,  a  year.  The  United  States  imported 
1,235,880  bottles  (quarts)  more  from  the  champagne  district  in 
1905  than  in  1900.  Nothing  but  the  best  quality  of  champagne 
is  exported  to  the  United  States,  the  high  tariff  operating  to 
keep  out  the  low  grades.  The  United  States  is  now  consuming 
about  4,500,000  quart  bottles  per  annum.,  and  the  amount  in  cus- 
toms duties  paid  into  the  United  States  Treasury  on  account  of 
this  champagne,  all  of  which  is  produced  in  what  may  be  called 
the  legal  champagne  district  adjacent  to  Rheims,  approximates 
$3,000,000  a  year. 


AUTOMOBILES. 

Increased  Exports  Last  Year. 

The  American  Exporter  calls  attention  to  the  increased  expot- 
tation  of  automobiles  as  a  promising  indication  of  a  growing- 
foreign  trade  in  that  liile. 

The  exports  of  American  automobiles  during  the  year  1905  were 
the  greatest  in  the  history  of  this  industry,  the  grand  total  being 
$2,695,655,  as  compared  with  $1,897,510  in  1904,  and  $1,643,029  in 
1903.  During  the  year  our  best  customer  was  in  the  United 
Kingdom,  to  which  we  exported  $707,045  worth  of  automobiles. 
Canada  bought  automobiles  to  the  value  of  $537,588;  France, 
$269,703;  Italy,  $163,978;  Germany,  $105,457,  and  the  rest  of 
Europe,  $239,379.  To  Mexico  our  automobile  shipments  repre- 
sented a  value  of  $192,452;  the  West  Indies,  $151,859.  Consider- 
able quantities  were  also  shipped  to  British  India,  Australasia, 
South  Africa,  South  America,  and  Oceania.  That  the  present 
year  will  be  a  record-breaker  in  the  matter  of  automobile  exports 
is  indicated  by  the  figures  shown  in  the  statistical  returns  for 
the  first  two  months  of  1906  during  which  the  shipments  abroad 
amounted  in  value  to  $630,407,  as  compared  with  $456,281  dur- 
ing the  first  two  months  of  1905.  In  the  line  of  American  motor- 
boats  the  exports  are  also  steadily  and  extensively  increasing. 

In  1900  there  were  109  concerns  in  the  United  States  manufac- 
turing automobiles,  with  an  investment  of  $5,000,000.  In  1905 
about  $40,000,000  was  the  investment  in  plants. 


INDUSTRIAL    JAPAN. 

The  following  comparative  figures  of  the  production  of  eight 
of  the  principal  industries  in  Japan  during  the  years  1891  and 
1905,  respectively,  show  to  what  extent  they  have  developed  dur- 
ing that  interval: 

Articles.                                               1891.  1905. 

Yen.  Yen. 

Cotton    yarns 7,872  33,246,462 

Habutaye    1,445,639  28,057,980 

Cotton  tissues 375,407  13,100,171 

Matclies  1,843,636  10,360,752 

Porcelain    and    pottery 1,577,190  5,324,344 

Figured   matting 656,122  5,086,987 

Silk  handkerchiefs 2,811,820  4,893,611 

Straw  plaits 37^,349  3,827,108 

Total   9.096,035  103,897,415 


268  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

POSTAL    SERVICE    AND    RURAL    FREE    DELIVERY. 

The  progress  made  in  our  postal  service,  the  immense  advan- 
tage given  to  our  commercial  interests,  and  the  convenience  and 
accommodations  extended  to  individuals  have  kept  pace  fully 
with  the  rapid  expansion  of  all  public  utilities,  and  the  Republi- 
can Party  has,  from  time  to  time,  as  conditions  warranted  it, 
not  only  extended  the  benefits  of  the  service  itself,  but  has  re- 
duced rates  of  postage  as  rapidly  as  could  be  done  consistent 
with  the  revenue  derived  from  the  operation  of  the  system. 
While  it  has  been  the  aim  of  the  Department  and  of  Congress 
to  have  the  revenues  of  this  service  approximate  the  expendi- 
tures, yet  this  has  not  been  absolutely  insisted  upon,  and  not 
since  1865  have  the  revenues  equaled  the  expenditures.  Prom 
the  first  Act  of  February  20,  1792,  when  the  rates  of  postage  on 
domestic  letters  ranged  from  6  cents  to  25  cents,  according  to 
the  distance  carried,  the  rates  were  successively  reduced  from 
time  to  time  until  1863,  when  a  uniform  rate  of  3  cents  per  let- 
ter was  established  not  exceeding  half  an  ounce  in  weight  and 
without  regard  to  distance.  The  free-delivery  system  was  au- 
thorized by  the  Act  of  1863,  as  also  was  the  system  of  collect- 
ing mail-matter  from  the  street-boxes.  The  money-order  system 
was  first  established  in  1864.  On  October  1,  1883,  the  general 
rate  for  letters  was  reduced  to  2  cents,  the  only  reduction  since 
being  a  rate  of  2  cents  per  ounce  for  first-class  matter,  instead  of 
2  cents  per  half  ounce.  The  special-delivery  system  was  author- 
ized by  Act  of  Congress  March  3,  1885. 

The  development  or  the  postal  service,  as  regards  both  trans- 
portation and  delivery,  increased  so  amazingly  as  to  warrant  the 
establishing  of  a  rural  free-delivery  system.  The  attempt  was 
first  made  during  the  administration  of  President  Cleveland. 
Postmaster-General  Bissell,  in  his  report  for  1893,  concurred  in 
the  opinion  of  the  First  Assistant  Postmaster-General,  Frank 
II.  Jones,  that  "the  Department  would  not  be  warranted  in  bur- 
dening the  people  with  such  a  great  expense."  In  his  report  of 
1894  Postmaster-General  Bissell  declined  to  expend  the  small  ap- 
propriation of  $10,000  to  test  the  feasibility  of  the  scheme.  In  1895 
Congress  increased  the  appropriation  to  $20,000,  but  Postmaster- 
General  William  L.  Wilson  declared  that  the  plan  of  establishing 
rural  free  delivery  was  wholly  impracticable.  In  1896  Congress 
made  $40,000  available  for  the  purpose,  and  Postmaster-General 
Wilson,  as  the  Postoffice  Department  reported  it,  "with  many  ex- 
pressed misgivings,"  put  the  service  to  the  test,  saying  that  he 
had  taken  care  "to  choose  territory  widely  divergent  in  physical 
features,  and  in  the  occupation  and  density  of  its  population." 
Under  the  administration  of  President  McKinley  and  his  most 
efficient  Postmaster-General,  Charles  Emory  Smith,  the  system 
was  rapidly  developed  and  has  continued  increasing  under  the 
administration  of  President  Roosevelt  and  Postmaster-General 
Cortelyou. 

As  has  been  mentioned,  the  appropriation  made  in  1897  was 
$40,000,  and  during  that  year  forty-four  routes  were  put  into 
operation.  The  appropriation  for  1906  was  $25,828,000,  and  the 
routes  in  operation  number  fully  35,000. 

Nothing  so  well  illustrates,  perhaps,  the  character  of  the  two 
predominant  parties  in  the  United  States  as  does  the  develop- 
ment of  this  rural  free-delivery  system.  Year  after  year  it  was 
"turned  down"  by  a  Democratic  administration  as  being  imprac- 
ticable, and  yet,  under  the  operation  cf  Republican  administra- 
tions, it  has  developed  in  every  way  successfully  and  most  ad- 
vantageously to  the  agriculturists  of  the  country.  Where,  only  a 
few  years  ago,  most  of  our  farmers  were  able  to  get  their  mail 
but  once  or  twice  a  week,  it  is  now  daily  brought  to  their  very 
doors,  giving  them  the  advantage  of  the  daily  paper  and  of 
market  and  weather  reports,  enhancing  not  only  labor,  but  the 
pleasure  of  living. 

The  system  itself  needs  no  defence;  the  result  of  its  workings 
is  its  own  vindication,  and  the  farmers  of  the  country  are  in- 
debted wholly  to  the  Republican  Party,  which  had  the  courage, 
as  well  as  the  sense,  to  put  the  system  into  practical  operation 
and  constant  development. 


REPUBLICAN   CAMPAIGN   TEXT-BOOK.  259 

Although  the  credit  for  the  development  of  the  system  must 
be  given  to  the  Republican  administrations  of  McKinley  and 
Roosevelt,  yet  it  is  only  fair  to  go  back  to  the  administration 
of  Harrison,  whose  Postmaster-General,  John  Wanamaker,  rec- 
ommended to  Congress  that  an  appropriation  be  made  for  experi- 
mental village  free-delivery  service.  The  plan  worked  well,  and 
Postmaster-General  Wanamaker  was  able  to  report  to  Congress, 
after  a  trial  of  two  years,  that  the  increased  cost  of  the  service 
was  met  nearly,  if  not  quite,  by  the  increased  postal  receipts, 
and  that  the  slight  additional  expenditure  was  more  than  justified 
by  the  benefits  conferred  upon  the  people.  It  was  Mr.  Wana- 
maker who  first  recommended  the  idea,  and  put  it,  to  a  limited 
extent,  into  successful  operation.  During  the  administration  of 
Cleveland  its  development  was  thwarted  in  every  way  possible, 
to  be  taken  up  again  by  President  McKinley  and  his  Postmaster- 
General,  and  made  eminently  successful  by  the  present  Repub- 
lican administration. 


Statement  Showing,  by  Years,  the  Number  of  Rural  Tree- 
Delivery  Routes  in  Operation  and  the  Total  Amounts  Ap- 
propriated and  Expended  Therefor. 

Total  Total  Number  of 

amount  amount  routes  in 

Year.                          appropriated.  expended.  operation 

1898 $50,250.35  $50,241.06  148 

1899 150,032.79  150,012.48  391 

1900 450,000.00  420,433.17  1,276 

1901 1,750,796.29  1,750,321.35  4,301 

1902 4,089,075.20  4,089,041.71  8,466 

1903 8,580,364.31  8,051,599.79  15,119 

1904 12,926,905.44  12,645,275.79  24,566 

1905 21,116,600.00  *20,874,618.75  32,055 

1906 25,828,300.00  

*Some  small  addition  may  be  made  to  this  total  by  reason  of  suspended  items. 


CANADIAN    TRADE. 

The  larger  increase  of  importations  into  Canada  from  the 
United  States  than  from  Great  Britain,  although  the  latter  has 
a  preferential  tariff  of  33  1-3  per  cent.,  continues  to  arouse  much 
discussion.  The  quick  delivery  that  is  obtained  from  the  United 
States,  as  compared  with  England,  makes  it  very  difficult,  even 
with  a  great  preference  in  the  rates,  for  Great  Britain  to  com- 
pete satisfactorily  in  the  trade  with  Canada. 

A  Canadian  buyer,  in  talking  on  the  subject  recently,  as  pub- 
lished in  the  London  Times,  said  that  he  could  telegraph  an  or- 
der to  New  York  at  a  small  expense  and  have  the  goods  in  his 
warehouse  in  three  days,  but  he  always  had  to  allow  about  five 
weeks  to  get  goods  from  Birmingham,  England. 


GERMAN    "DUMPING." 

Mr.  J.  Stephen  Jeans,  for  nearly  thirty  years  secretary  of  the 
British  Iron  Trade  Association,  has  recently  isued  a  volume  on 
the  iron  trade  of  Great  Britain.  The  question  of  "dumping"  is 
discussed,  and  the  author  affirms  that  the  agitation  which  has 
been  carried  on  in  Great  Britain  for  some  time  against  it  has 
been  partly  founded  on  a  more  or  less  imperfect  ascertainment 
of  essential  facts.  An  illustration  of  the  conditions  under  which 
dumping  is  carried  on  is  afforded  by  the  experience  of  the  Ger- 
man Wire  Rod  Syndicate,  which  comprises  82  works.  In  a  re- 
cent six  months  they  supplied  22,307  tons  to  home  consumers, 
and  on  that  made  a  profit  of  $293,280,  while  on  the  19,524  tons 
exported  there  was  a  loss  of  $214,860.  The  German  consumers 
were  charged  $62.40  per  ton,  whereas  only  $35  per  ton  was  ob- 
tained for  the  quantity  exported.  In  Germany  there  are  at  least 
46  different  syndicates  in  the  coal  and  iron  trades  alone. 


260  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

TEN  YEARS  AGO  TO-DAY. 

Prom  Boston  Transcript,  August  8,  190G. 

It  was  just  ten  years  ago  to-day — August  8,  1896 — that  the 
panic  reached  Its  climax  so  far  as  stock  market  discounting  of 
liars  of  election  results  were  concerned.  That  was  the  day  that 
iho  candidate  of  the  silver  cause  started  from  Omaha  to  "invade 
the  enemy's  country,"  and  sent  a  chill  down  the  Wall  Street 
spine.  Wall  Street  in  this  panic  representing-  general  business  ap- 
prehension pretty  thoroughly.  It  was  tne  turning  point  in  the 
scare;  after  that  the  canvass  turned  more  and  more  toward  Re- 
publican victory,  though  upbuilding  of  industry  did  not  fairly 
get  under  way  for  some  time  later.  The  country  is  doing  more 
than  200  per  cent,  more  business  now,  as  represented  by  bank 
clearings,  and  its  railroad  and  industrial  corporations  are  pay- 
ing more  than  300  per  cent,  more  in  dividends.  Verily,  a  great 
contrast  between  Mr.  Bryan's  coming  out  of  the  East  ten  years 
after  his  imitation  of  young  Lochinvar!  The  country  found  the 
error  in  his  sovereign  panacea  for  monetary  ills;  "gold"  went 
into  the  law  of  the  land  and  the  metal  has  been  pouring  in  on 
this  favored  land  ever  since.  Now  come  new  duties  with  new 
occasions;  the  leader  of  Democracy  arrives  at  New  York  from  the 
Orient  instead  of  the  Occident;  he  finds  wonderful  changes  ac- 
crued in  those  ten  years.  New  sources  of  unrest  have  arisen, 
new  burdens  have  accompanied  prosperity,  new  problems  to 
solve,  and  Mr.  Bryan  has  the  solution  ready  for  prescription. 

The  old  source  of  complaint — low  commodity  prices — is  gone; 
prices  are  high  enough  now  to  suit  the  ordinary  wage-earner,  and 
incidentally  wages  are  higher  and  pretty  much  everything  else, 
even  the  commercial  value  of  silver  and  the  business  prosperity 
of  silver-mining  States.  Nevada,  for  instance,  is  turning  out 
more  gold  than  the  mind  easily  can  grasp;  so  is  Colorado,  and 
Kansas  is  troubled  only  with  paucity  of  enough  labor  to  get  in  its 
crops.  Quite  a  contrast  between  1906  and  1896,  the  dates  of  two 
"invasions  of  the  enemy's  country" — one  from  the  East  and  one 
fiom  the  West.  Yet  Mr.  Bryan's  heart  still  beats  true  to  his  first 
and  argentiferous  love,  and  we  stand  on  the  border  of  another 
outbreak  of  half-informed  oratory  on  economics,  another  period  of 
agitation,  based  on  undeniable  flaws  and  faults  in  our  currency 
and  economics,  but  surely  deserving  better  than  quack  nostrums 
in  the  treatment.    In  all  America's  crises,  "God  give  us  men!" 

Bryan  More  Radical  Than  in  1896,  He  Says. 

The  following  is  from  an  interview  with  William  J.  Bryan,  in 
London,  July  12,  1906: 

"I  notice  that  I  am  now  described  by  some  as  conservative,  and 
in  order  that  there  may  be  no  misunderstanding  on  that  subject 
permit  me  to  say  that  in  one  sense  I  always  have  been  a  conserva- 
tive. The  Democratic  policies  are  conservative  in  that  they  em- 
body old  principles  applied  to  new  conditions.  There  was  nothing 
new  in  principle  in  either  of  the  platforms  on  which  I  stood. 

"If,  however,  by  the  word  conservative  they  mean  that  I  have 
changed  my  position  on  any  public  question  or  moderated  my  op- 
position to  corporate  aggrandizement,  they  have  a  surprise  wait- 
ing for  them.  I  am  more  radical  than  I  was  in  1896,  and  have 
nothing  to  withdraw  on  economic  questions  which  have  been  un- 
der discussion.  The  only  question  we  discussed  in  1896  upon 
which  there  has  been  any  apparent  change  is  the  silver  question, 
and  that  has  not  been  a  change  in  the  advocates  of  bimetallism, 
but  in  conditions. 

"We  contended  for  more  money  and  urged  the  free  coinage  of 
silver  as  the  only  means  then  in  sight  of  securing  it.  The  in- 
creased production  of  gold  has  brought  in  part  the  benefit  we  ex- 
pected to  secure  from  the  restoration  of  silver.  The  per  capita 
volume  of  money  in  the  United  States  is  almost  50  per  cent, 
greater  now  than  it  was  in  1896,  and  the  benefits  brought  by  this 
increase  have  not  only  vindicated  the  quantitative  theory  of 
money,  but  have  proved  the  benefits  of  the  lar,?jer  amount  of 
money.  No  advocate  of  the  gold  standard  can  claim  the  triumph 
of  his  logic. 


REPUBLICAN   CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  261 

"I  believe  in  bimetallism,  and  I  believe  that  the  restoration  of 
silver  would  bring  still  further  prosperity,  besides  restoring  par 
in  exchange  between  gold  and  silver-using  countries;  but  I  recog- 
nize, as  do  all  other  bimetallists  whom  I  have  met  abroad,  that 
the  unexpected  and  unprecedented  increase  in  gold  production 
has  for  the  present  removed  the  silver  question  as  an  issue." 

From  the  New  York  World  (Democratic). 

"I  am  more  radical  than  I  was  in  1896,"  Bryan  declares,  "and 
have  nothing  to  withdraw  on  economic  questions  which  have  been 
under  discussion,"  He  still  believes  in  "bimetallism,"  and  as  in 
1896  he  proclaimed  himself  a  bimetallist  rather  than  a  silver 
monometallist,  it  is  inferred  that  he  still  believes  in  the  heaven- 
born  ratio  and  free  coinage  of  silver  at  16  to  1.  He  is  con- 
fident that  "the  restoration  of  silver  would  bring  still  further 
prosperity,"  but  admits  that  the  increased  production  of  gold  "has 
for  the  present  removed  the  silver  question  as  an  issue." 

The  dismay  produced  in  Democratic  circles  by  Mr.  Bryan's 
statement  is  hardly  less  noticeable  than  the  delight  manifested 
among  Republicans. 

Nobody  demanded  that  Mr.  Bryan  apologize  for  his  former  atti- 
tude on  the  money  question  or  publicly  recant  or  beat  his  breast 
and  cry  "Mea  culpa!"  All  that  anybody  asked  of  him  was  a 
moderate  recognition  of  the  principle,  much  as  he  himself  once 
laid  down,  that  "changing  conditions  make  new  issues." 

Instead  Mr.  Bryan  has  seen  fit  to  drag  the  corpse  of  free  silver 
out  of  its  grave  and  assure  the  country  that  it  is  not  dead  but 
sleeping. 

When  he  declares  that  he  is  in  fact  more  radical  than  he  was 
in  1896  it  is  to  be  presumed  that  he  has  changed  in  no  way  for 
the  better  and  has  learned  nothing.  It  is  perhaps  unfair,  but 
nevertheless  possible,  to  assume  that  he  will  stand  by  all  his  is- 
sues of  ten  years  ago,  including  the  threat  to  "reorganize"  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  and  the  attack  upon  "govern- 
ment by  injunction." 

It  is  needless  to  say  that  Mr.  Bryan  in  mistaking  stubborness 
for  consistency  is  practically  turning  the  Presidency  over  to  the 
Republican  party  again,  giving  it  a  walk-over  in  1908,  as  it  had 
in  1896,  1900  and  1904. 

His  statement  has  already  distinctly  clouded  Democratic  pros- 
pects in  the  Congressional  campaign  next  fall. 


WATCHMAKING. 
Why  the  United  States  Leads  Great  Britain. 

The  fact  that  the  United  States  has  forged  ahead  of  Great 
Britain  in  the  manufacture  of  watches  is  made  the  subject  of 
an  article  in  The  Magazine  of  Commerce  by  T.  P.  Hev/itt,  the 
managing  director  of  the  Lancashire  Watch  Company  in  Eng- 
land. Mr.  Hewitt  asserts  that  the  watch  trade  of  Great  Britain 
is  being  gradually  transferred  to  the  United  States. 

Forty  years  ago,  he  says,  the  best-known  devices  in  the  mod- 
ern watch  were  invented  by  English  makers,  and  at  that  time 
only  50,000  watches  were  made  in  the  United  States  and  164,000 
in  Great  Britain.  But  in  the  course  of  these  forty  years  the 
whole  situation  has  been  reversed,  and  while  in  Great  Britain 
only  226,000  watches  were  made  in  the  year  1902,  in  the  United 
States  the  enormous  number  of  2,750,000  were  turned  out. 
Against  the  very  nearly  three  millions  of  watches  made  in  this 
country,  somewhere  about  six  millions  are  made  on  the  conti- 
nent of  Europe,  but  these  do  not  seem  to  compete  with  the 
American  watch.  The  American  watch  is  rapidly  superseding 
the  Swiss  and  English  watch. 

Mr.  Hewitt  attributes  the  decay  of  the  watchmaking  industry 
to  what  he  calls  the  "obsolescent  assay  laws"  of  Great  Britain 
and  the  strict  enforcement  of  them,  and  also  to  what  he  calls 
the  "fetich  of  free  trade,"  which  has  hindered  Parliament  in  its 
legislation.  Birmingham  is  the  great  center  of  the  watch  indus- 
try in  England,  and  that  is  referred  to  in.  connection  with  the 
re-election  of  Mr.  Chamberlain  on  a  Protection  platform. 


262  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

A     FOREIGN     VIEW. 

From  the  Mosely  Industrial  Commission  ileport. — By  A. 
Mosely,  Head  of  the  English  Commission  Which  Visited 
the  United  States  in  1902. 

The  United  States  is  advancing  by  leaps  aud  bounds.  She  is 
beginning  to  leel  tlie  beneficial  effects  of  the  education  of  her 
masses,  and  an  enormous  territory  teeming  with  natural  re- 
sources as  yet  but  meagrely  developed.  In  the  latter  respect  she 
has  been  more  than  blessed,  and  her  natural  advantages  are 
bound  to  make  her  not  only  the  leading  manufacturing  country 
in  the  world  (a  position  she  may  already  be  said  to  have  at- 
tained), but  must  place  her  in  the  same  position  relatively  that 
England  herself  occupied  some  fifty  years  ago.  It  is  more  than 
necessary  that  both  capital  and  labor  should  bear  this  point  well 
in  mind.  At  the  present  time  the  home  market  of  the  United 
Sates  is  so  fully  occupied  with  its  own  developments  that  the 
export  trade  has  as  yet  been  comparatively  little  thought  of; 
but  as  time  goes  on  and  the  numerous  factories  that  are  being 
erected  all  over  the  country  come  into  full  bearing,  America  is 
bound  to  become  the  keenest  of  competitors  in  the  markets  of  the 
world.  That  already  she  has  her  eye  on  the  export  trade  is  plain 
to  every  one  except  the  wilfully  blind;  but  at  present  she  is 
only  getting  ready.  The  acquisition  of  so  large  a  proportion  of 
the  Atlantic  carrying  trade  is  in  itself  an  object  lesson.  When 
America  wishes  to  export  goods  she  intends  to  dictate  freights, 
which  she  could  not  do  if  she  had  no  mercantile  marine  of  her 
own.  The  profits  of  the  shipping  business  are  to  her  quite  a  sec- 
ondary consideration  at  present,  compared  with  the  ability  to  rule 
freights  when  it  suits  her  to  do  so.  It  must  be  remembered 
that  the  American  manufacturer  and  financier  looks  well  ahead, 
and  is  prepared  to  make  large  present  sacrifices  for  the  sake  of 
future  gain. 

A  cutting  from  an  American  paper  has  been  sent  to  me,  in  re- 
gard to  the  system  of  payment  of  workmen  by  results.  I  give 
it  for  what  it  is  worth,  and  do  not  vouch  fo  its  accuracy;  but 
it  is  a  powerful  illustration  of  the  difference  a  little  extra  produc- 
tion will  jnake  both  the  profit  of  the  manufacturer  and  the  wages 
of  tho  men.  It  is  from  an  article  in  a  recent  number  of  the  Con- 
temporary, by  Major  C.  C.  Townsend.  At  a  certain  great  steel 
works  not  far  from  New  York,  he  says,  the  men  are  paid  by  re- 
sults, and  if  these  results  are  above  the  normal,  the  pay  rises 
abnormally.  "The  usual  number  of  pourings  obtainable  from  a 
furnace  in  each  run  is  eleven,  but  by  the  closest  attention  to 
every  detail,  by  incessant  and  scientific  stoking  and  work  of 
every  kind,  it  is  occasionally  possible  to  obtain  twelve  pourings. 
The  wages  earned  by  the  men  at  the  furnace  when  eleven  pourings 
are  obtained  are  ?40,  but  if  twelve  pourings  are  obtained  they  are 
$80."  Such  a  system  is  the  .keynote  of  American  success.  I  am 
not  sure  how  far  my  delegates  have  realized  that  it  is  the  extra 
speed  at  which  machinery  is  run,  the  high  specialization  of  work 
whereby  each  man  becomes  an  expert  in  his  particular  branch, 
which  in  itself  means  efficiency  and  an  increased  output,  the  econ- 
omy of  hands  in  attending  machines,  and  the  excellent  organiza- 
tion of  the  factories  whereby  the  smallest  item  of  time  and  labor 
are  saved,  that  make  all  the  difference  between  large  profits 
and  none,  and  a  high  rate  of  wages  for  the  men  as  against 
the  comparatively  low  standard  known  in  this  country. 

How  it  is  that  the  American  manufacturer  can  afford  to  pay 
wages  50  per  cent.  100  per  cent,  and  even  more  in  some  instances, 
above  ours,  and  yet  be  able  to  compete  successfully  in  the  mar- 
kets of  the  world?  The  answer  is  to  be  found  in  small  econo- 
mies, which  escape  the  ordinary  eye.  The  instance  given,  of  nor- 
mal wages  being  doubled  for  one  extra  pouring  in  a  certain  steel 
works  beyond  the  usual  eleven,  is  an  illustration.  The  men 
earned  twice  the  amount,  and  the  manufacturer  also  makes  a 
profit.  In  reality,  the  twelfth  pouring  costs  him  nothing  except 
the  bare  price  of  the  raw  materials;  and  the  same  is  true  in  all 
industries  and  under  all  conditions. 

That  the  American  workman  earns  higher  wages  is  beyond 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  263 

question.  As  a  consequence,  the  average  married  man  owns  the 
house  he  lives  in,  which  not  only  gives  him  a  stake  in  the 
country,  but  saves  payment  of  rent,  enabling  him  either  to  in- 
crease his  savings  or  to  purchase  further  comforts. 

B"'ood  is  as  cheap  (if  not  cheaper)  in  the  United  States  as  in 
England,  whilst  general  necessaries  may,  I  think,  be  put  on  the 
same  level.  Rent,  clothes  made  to  order,  and  a  variety  of  things, 
including  all  luxuries,  are  considerably  dearer.  Luxuries,  how- 
ever, do  not  enter  very  much  into  the  every  day  consumption 
of  the  average  working  man  in  this  country,  and  if  in  the  United 
States  he  can  get  them  at  all  (even  though  he  have  to  pay  a  high 
price  for  them)  that  is  surely  an  advantage  by  comparison. 

The  American  workman  drinks  but  little,  and  his  house  is 
usually  well  furnishe'^i  and  fitted  with  luxuries  in  the  way  of 
bathrooms,  laundries,  hot  water  and  heating  systems,  and  other 
items  mostly  unknown  to  the  British  workman. 

One  of  the  points  the  delegates  were  invited  to  investigate  was 
whether  or  not  the  workman  in  the  United  States  "wears  out" 
faster  than  the  Engishman.  Personally,  I  think  not.  It  is  gen- 
erally admitted  that  the  American  workman,  in  consequence  of 
labor-saving  machines  and  the  excellence  of  the  factory  organiza- 
tion, does  not  need  to  put  forth  any  greater  effort  in  his  work 
than  is  the  case  here,  if  as  much.  He  is  infinitely  better  paid, 
therefore  better  housed,  fed,  clothed,  and  moreover,  is  much  more 
sober.  Under  such  conditions  he  must  naturally  be  more  healthy, 
a  proposition  that  I  think  can  not  be  denied.  It  follows,  there- 
fore, that  if  his  working  life  is  shorter,  other  causes  must  be 
sought,  outside  the  factory,  to  account  for  it.  I  give  this  as  a 
broad  hypothesis,  and  did  space  allow,  I  could  go  more  closely 
into  the  reasons  pro  and  con;  but  one  reason  in  particular  appears 
fro  me  to  be  that  the  American  workman  is  able  to  leave  his  fac- 
tory at  an  eariier  age,  because  by  his  temperate  habits  and  the 
high  rates  of  wages  he  receives  whilst  there,  he  is  not  under  the 
same  necessity  of  working  up  to  the  very  end  of  his  life,  as  is 
the  case  in  England.  In  American  factories,  speaking  generally, 
great  attention  is  paid  to  the  necessities  and  comfort  of  the  work- 
ers. Separate  lockers  (of  which  the  workman  has  the  key)  are 
provided  for  working  clothing;  consequently  the  man  can  arrive 
at  and  leave  work  well  clad,  changing  at  the  factory.  The  shops 
are  usually  very  well  ventilated,  although  it  is  customary  to 
keep  them  at  a  temperature  many  degrees  above  the  average  in 
this  country;  but  this  is  liked  or  would  not  be  done,  and  is  in 
fact  a  national  characteristic;  and  there  is  after  all  a  good  deal 
to  be  said  in  favor  of  being  able  to  walk  into  a  factory  which 
is  well  warmed,  and  where  the  tools  do  not  freeze  the  hands  as 
soon  as  touched.  Excellent  lavatories  with  shower  baths,  etc., 
and  many  other  comforts  for  the  employees,  are  the  rule  rather 
than  the  exception  in  the  large  factories;  and  in  fact  the  Amer- 
ican manufacturer  has  realized  that  if  he  wishes  the  best  results 
from  the  hands  he  employs,  he  must  provide  for  their  comfort 
and  cleanliness.  It  is  not  a  question  of  philanthropy,  but  of  prac- 
tical business. 


BRITISH   COMMERCE. 

The  United  Kingdom  is  a  free-trading  country,  the  only  im- 
ports on  which  customs  duties  are  levied  being  chicory,  cocoa, 
coffee,  dried  fruits,  spirits,  tea^  sugar,  tobacco  and  wine — 
spirits,  tobacco,  tea  and  wine  yielding  the  bulk  of  the  entire 
levies.  In  1904  the  imports  free  of  duty  (exclusive  of  bullion 
and  specie  and  diamonds)  amounted  to  £500,993,130,  and 
those  subject  to  duty  to  £50,045,498,  duty-free  articles  form- 
ing nearly  91  per  cent,  and  articles  subject  to  duty  over  9  per 
cent,  of  the  total  imports.  The  only  export  duty  is  that  on 
coal,  imposed  April  19,  1901. — Statesman's  Year  Book,  1906. 

We  have  prospered  marvelously  at  home.  As  a  nation  we 
stand  in  the  very  forefront  in  the  giant  international  compe- 
tition of  the  day.  We  cannot  afford,  by  any  freak  or  folly,  to 
forfeit  the  position  to  which  we  have  thus  triumphantly  at- 
tained.— President  Roosevelt  at  Minneapolis,  April  4,  1903. 


234  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

PROSPERITY   POSTSCRIPT. 

Treasury    Statement. 

Washington,  July  31,  1906.— The  cash  statement  of  the  United 
States  Treasury  for  July  31  shows: 

Reserve  fund—  •ironnnnnn 

Gold  coin  and  bullion $150,000,000 

Trust  fund—  ^  „,„  ^ro  skq 

To  redeem  outstanding  certificates i,U48,Sjj,»by 

General  fund—  ,„_  _„„  ^no 

Gold  coin  and  bullion ^S^'v^^'mo 

Gold  certificates  Rilz'rm 

Silver  dollars  .....* liil'fd 

Silver  certificates   VnlTi, 

Silver  bullion  ; iJ'Sfi77 

United    States   notes    < wttrPM 

National  bank  notes  I^'Xtq'o,., 

Subsidiary  silver  and  minor  coin i.yyov.zjA 

Total    $185,116,385 

In  national  banks  v---       ^^'^^^'^^^ 

Awaiting  reimbursement   is,vo6 

Total    $274,638,293 

Liabilities    •' •      105.261,758 

Cash  balance   $169,376,535 


NEW  YORK  SAVINGS  BANKS. 
Deposits    Show    Gain    of   $31,142,640    Over    Those    of    1905. 

Albany,  July  30. — Supt.  F.  D.  Kilburn  of  the  State  Banking 
Department  to-day  issued  a  statement  showing  the  condition  of 
the  savings  banks  of  the  State  for  the  year  ended  June  30,  in- 
cluding the  expenses  for  six  months. 

The  report  shows  that  the  total  resources  July  1,  1906,  were 
$1,444,444,492.30;  total  resources  July  1,  1905,  $1,367,692,595.41; 
gain  for  year  1906,  $76,751,806.89;  gain  for  year  1905,  $92,503,- 
427.44.  The  amount  due  depositors  July  1,  1906,  was  $1,335,093,- 
053.62,  a  gain  over  the  previous  year  of  $82,164,753.80. 

The  amount  deposited  during  the  year  ended  June  30,  1906, 
was  $394,356,106.60,  against  $363,213,466.34  the  previous  year  the 
gain  being  $31,142,640.26. 


Railroad's  Banner  Year. 

The  fiscal  year  just  closed  has  proved  a  banner  year  for  Ameri- 
can railroads.  While  it  will  be  many  months  before  the  official 
figures  for  all  the  railroads  in  the  United  States  are  available, 
the  increases  that  have  been  shown  month  after  month  by  the 
railroads  making  monthly  returns,  indicate  a  very  large  increase 
in  both  gross  and  net  earnings  over  the  figures  for  1905.  While 
it  would  be  hazardous  to  estimate  closely  the  actual  increase  for 
all  the  roads  in  the  country,  it  seems  probable  from  the  figures 
already  available  that  the  gross  earnings  of  the  railroads  of  the 
United  States,  covering  approximately  219,000  miles  of  road, 
will  show  for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30  an  increase  of  10  per 
cent,  over  the  $2,073,000,000  earned  in  1905,  according  to  the  pre- 
liminary report  of  the  Inter-State  Commerce  Commission. 

The  showing  in  net  earnings  will  also  be  very  favorable.  It 
is  to  be  noted,  however,  that  the  majority  of  railroads,  profiting 
by  the  exceptional  prosperity  of  the  past  year,  following  as  it  did 
several  previous  years  of  prosperity,  added  heavily  to  their 
charges  for  improvements  and  betterments.  Expense  accounts 
were  heavily  charged  with  items  representing  permanent  im- 
provements. 

No  section  of  the  country  has  failed  to  profit  by  the  favorable 
conditions  which  existed  this  past  year.  Every  group  of  roads 
shows  its  quota  added  to  the  increase  in  earnings,  as  might  indeed 
be  expected  from  the  fact  that  practically  every  industry  has  had 
its  fair  share  of  prosperity. 


REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  265 

LOW  BECORDS  OF  FAILURES. 
Favorable  Statistical  Showing  for  Six  Months  of  1906. 

The  figures  on  commercial  insolvencies  in  the  United  States  in 
the  first  half  of  1906  are  on  the  whole  favorable,  according  to  the 
returns  compiled  by  Bradstreet's,  though  the  increased  volume 
of  business  has  its  effect  in  the  total  number  of  failures  and  the 
amounts  involved.  Therefore,  the  totals  for  the  first  half  of  1906, 
while  better  than  in  the  last  three  years,  are  not  as  favorable 
on  their  face  as  in  the  years  of  corresponding  prosperity  in 
1902-3. 

The  figures  for  the  six  months  just  closed  are  4,852  failures  of 
individuals,  firms,  or  corporations.  This  is  a  decrease  of  7.4  per 
cent,  from  the  corresponding  period  last  year  and  an  increase 
of  only  1.3  per  cent,  from  the  low  total  of  the  first  six  months 
in  1903.  Liabilities  were  $59,035,116,  a  decrease  of  5.7  per  cent, 
from  1905,  and  a  gain  of  only  3.7  per  cent,  on  the  very  favorable 
year  1902. 

The  failure  returns  for  June  amply  confirm  the  reports  of  excel- 
lent trade,  active  industry  and  general  large  volume  of  profitable 
business  doing  in  this  period  in  a  total  of  suspensions  and  of  lia- 
bilities the  smallest  reported  for  several  years  past.  It  is,  in 
fact,  necessary  to  go  back  to  1902  to  find  a  monthly  total  of  lia- 
bilities or  of  failures  as  small  as  that  r6ported  for  June. 

Following  are  the  statistics  of  business  failures  in  the  United 
States  in  the  first  half  of  each  calendar  year  from  1896  to  1906, 
inclusive: 

Per  cent,  of 

No.  of  fail-        Estimated  Total  lia-  assets  to 

ures.  assets.                    bilities.  liabilities. 

1906 4,852  $29,369,777  $59,035,116  49.7 

1905 5,241  33,224,858  62,686,427  53.0 

1904 5,338  -45,878,407  83,235,171  55.1 

1903 4,790  29,629,703  60,251,563  49.0 

ir'02 5,262  27,018,862  56,927,688  47.4 

1901 5,465  32,435,338  66,138,262  49.0 

1900 4,880  27,475,514  60,064,208  45.7 

1899 5,049  22,890,645  50,304,253  45.5 

1898 6,429  36,606,918  72,120,341  50.0 

1897 7,024  53,611,782  93,656,495  57.0 

1896 7,602  60,495,568  105,535,936  57.0 

Good  Times  Even  in  Midsummer. 

From  Washington  Post,  August  7,  1906. 

Business  activity  throughout  the  United  States  is  unprecedent- 
ed. Instead  of  midsummer  dullness,  there  is  a  constant  in- 
crease of  energy.  The  gross  earnings  of  the  railroads  were 
14.27  per  cent,  greater  for  the  first  six  months  of  1906  than  during 
the  same  period  last  year.  Bank  clearings  for  the  seven  months 
were  12  per  cent,  greater  than  last  year.  Bank  deposits  are 
larger  than  ever,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  enormous  withdrawals 
have  been  made  by  people  building  their  own  homes.  Building 
operations  over  the  country  are  larger  than  ever  before,  and  in 
some  places  are  hampered  by  lack  of  structural  steel  and  other 
material,  as  well  as  by  scarcity  of  labor. 

■  The  iron  and  steel  industry  is  more  prosperous  than  ever.  The 
United  States  Steel  Corporation  has  resumed  the  payment  of 
dividends  upon  its  common  stock,  as  a  result  of  enormous  busi- 
ness. The  net  profits  for  the  June  quarter  were  $10,000,000  more 
than  the  June  quarter  last  year.  The  company  has  orders  on 
its  books  for  7,000,000  tons  of  steel.  The  steel  mills  are  making 
greater  demands  for  pig  iron  than  the  furnaces  can  meet.  There 
is  an  actual  scarcity  of  various  kinds  of  pig  iron  and  crude  steel, 
while  the  coke  famine  promises  to  become  serious  in  curtailing 
steel  production.  Orders  are  pouring  in  for  all  kinds  of  bridge, 
structural,  and  railroad  steel,  and  the  pipe  mills  are  receiving 
heavy  orders. 

The  assurance  of  immense  crops  of  cotton,  wheat,  and  corn 
has  stimulated  business  and  building.  Merchants  throughout  the 
South  and /West  are  putting  in  heavy  orders,  now  that  they  are 
sure  of  the  prosperity  of  the  farmers.  The  market  for  cotton 
goods  in  China  is  beginning  to  mend,  in  addition  to  which  the 
domestic  conditions  have  made  a  strong  cotton  market.  Prices 
have  been  steady,  the  decreased  supply  and  increasing  foreign 


266  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

demand  having  offset  reports  of  big  crops.  Wlieat  prices  have 
tended  downward  as  the  certainty  of  a  big  crop  has  become  mani- 
fest. Immense  exports  of  wheat  and  lower  home  prices  of  flour 
are  expected.  As  the  corn  prospect. improved,  prices  went  down- 
ward. It  is  now  thought  the  corn  crop  will  measure  up  with 
some  of  the  largest  yields  in  history.  The  American  farmer  will 
also  profit  by  the  diminished  size  of  crops  in  foreign  countries. 
For  the  first  five  weeks  of  the  fiscal  year  the  exports  of  bread- 
stuffs,  including  flour,  were  9,900,000  bushels,  as  against  5,500,000 
bushels  in   1905. 

The  demand  for  labor  is  one  of  the  best  proofs  of  good  times. 
The  scarcity  Is  greatest  in  the  coke  regions  and  in  the  West, 
where  harvesting  is  hindered  by  lack  of  help.  The  building  trades 
are  actively  employed  at  big  wages,  and  railroads  in  various 
parts  of  the  country  are  seeking  laborers. 

The  Midsummer,  1906,  Business  Outlook. 

Dun's  Weekly  Review  of  Trade  of  July  28,  1906,  said: 

Comparisons  of  the  volume  of  current  business  with  results  at 
the  corresponding  date  in  previous  years  are  so  uniformly  favor- 
able that  the  outlook  can  only  be  regarded  with  confidence. 
Semi-annual  statements  are  now  sufficiently  complete  to  make  it 
certain  that  the  flrst  half  of  1906  was  tke  most  prosperous  six 
months  period  in  the  nation's  history,  and  unless  heavy  cancel- 
lations occur  in  the  last  half  of  the  year  will  establish  a  still 
higher  record.  Contracts  oome  forward  freely  in  the  iron  and 
steel  industry,  the  only  idleness  being  due  to  repairs  necessitated 
by  the  vigor  with  which  production  has  been  pushed,  and  foot- 
wear factories  are  receiving  orders  for  delivery  next  February, 
while  even  the  textile  mills  report  that  purchasers  have  ceased 
efforts  to  secure  more  attractive  terms. 

Complaints  of  inadequate  labor  supply  are  universal.  Building 
operations  are  extensive  and  would  be  much  greater  if  the  cost 
of  labor  and  materials  had  not  caused  the  abandonment  of  many 
plans.  The  week's  crop  news  is  encouraging  and  grain  will  soon 
be  out  of  danger.  Buyers  are  arriving  in  the  primary  markets 
in  large  numbers,  placing  orders  freely  and  often  urging  quick 
delivery,  which  substantiates  the  claim  that  stocks  are  low  in  all 
positions. 

Railway  earnings  in  July  thus  far  surpass  corresponding  re- 
ports for  last  year  by  8.5  per  cent.,  and  foreign  commerce  at  this 
port  alone  for  the  last  week  shows  gains  of  $2,110,472  in  exports 
and  $1,589,518  in  imports.  Prices  of  securities  advanced  to  the 
highest  point  in  over  a  month,  and  monetary  conditions  were  im- 
proved by  the  satisfactory  placing  of  the  Panama  Canal  loan: 

Bradstreet's  of  July  28,  1906,  says: 

In  the  leading  industries  more  than  seasonable  activity  rules, 
with  the  iron  and  steel  trades  leading  in  volume  of  demand  and 
output.  Building  continues  active  and  materials  move  well, 
though  ease  in  Southern  yellow  pme  is  expected  to  last  until  the 
autumn.  The  crop  situation  seems  to  lose  nothing  as  the  grow- 
ing season  advances.  Estimates  of  total  wheat  yield  tend  to  grow 
as  the  spring  wheat  crop  approaches  maturity.  A  bumper  yield 
in  the  Northwest  is  thought  not  impossible,  and  corn  is  doing 
well,  with  moisture  needed  in  only  a  few  States  and  a  record 
Southern  crop  in  sight.  The  heavy  movement  of  winter  wheat  to 
market,  while  tending  to  some  ease  in  prices,  has  a  favorable  side 
when  the  export  business  is  considered.  Reports  are  that  a  large 
future  business  in  this  direction  has  already  been  booked. 

An  interesting  side  light  on  the  pessimistic  predictions  current 
some  time  ago  as  to  the  meat  trade  is  found  in  advices  from  Chi- 
cago that  cattle  and  hog  prices  are  at  the  highest  point  of  the 
year.  Railway  traffic  returns  point  to  an  unprecedentedly  heavy 
volume  of  business  offering.  Export  trade  in  iron  and  steel  keeps 
up  surprisingly  well,  this  being  made  possible,  probably,  by  ex- 
cellent trade  in  foreign  markets. 

As  regard  the  money  situation,  it  might  be  observed  that  some 
authorities  take  a  rather  more  optimistic  view  as  to  supplies  for 
crop  moving  purposes;  and  the  free  marketing  by  farmers  of  the 
winter  wheat  crop,  despite  the  lower  prices  obtained,  is  a  matter 
for  encouragement. 


President  Roosevelt  on  the  Campaign. 

A   TRENCHANT    ANALYSIS   OF   THE    ISSUES. 

The  following  letter  of  the  President  to  Representative  Watson 
presents  clearly  the  predominant  national  policies  that  would  be 
jeopardized  by  the  election  of  a  Democratic  House  of  Representa- 
tives next  November: 

Oyster  Bay,  N.   Y.,  August  18,    1906. 

My  Dear  Mr.  Watson:— I  hear,  through  Speaker  Cannon  and 
Representative  Sherman,  that  you  have  volunteered  to  give 
your  services  to  the  Congressional  Committee  for  the  entire 
campaign,  without  regard  to  the  effect  it  may  have  upon  your 
canvass  in  your  own  district;  and  I  feel  like  writing  you  a 
word  of  congratulation  and  of  earnest  hope  for  the  success  of 
your  efforts.  If  there  were  only  partisan  issues  involved  in 
this  contest  I  should  hesitate  to  say  anything  publicly  in 
reference  thereto.  But  I  do  not  feel  that  such  is  the  case.  On 
the  contrary,  I  feel  that  all  good  citizens  who  have  the  wel- 
fare of  America  at  heart  should  appreciate  the  immense 
amount  that  has  been  accomplished  by  the  present  Congress 
organized  as  it  is,  and  the  urgent  need  of  keeping  this  organi- 
zation in  power.  With  Mr.  Cannon  as  Speaker,  the  House  has 
accomplished  a  literally  phenomenal  amount  of  good  work.  It 
has  shown  a  courage,  good  sense  and  pati'iotism  such  that  it 
would  be  a  real  and  serious  misfortune  for  the  country  to  fail 
to  recognize.  To  change  the  leadership  and  organization  of 
the  House  at  this  time  means  to  bring  confusion  upon  those 
who  have  been  successfully  engaged  in  the  steady  working 
out  of  a  great  and  comprehensive  scheme  for  the  betterment 
of  our  social,  industrial  and  civic  conditions.  Such  a  change, 
would  substitute  a  purposeless  confusion,  a  violent  and  hurt- 
ful oscillation  between  the  positions  of  the  extreme  radical  and 
the  extreme  reactionary,  for  the  present  orderly  progress  along 
the  lines  of  a  carefully  thought-out  policy. 

The  interests  of  this  nation  are  as  varied  as  they  are  vast. 
Congress  must  take  account,  not  of  one  national  need,  but  of 
many  and  widely  different  national  needs;  and  I  speak  with 
historic  accuracy  when  I  say  that  not  in  our  time  has  any 
other  Congress  done  so  well  in  so  many  different  fields  of 
endeavor  as  the  present  Congress  has  done.  No  Congress  can 
do  everything.  Still  less  can  it,  in  one  session,  meet  every 
need.  At  its  first  session  the  present  Congress,  in  addition  to 
the  many  tasks  it  actually  completed,  undertook  several  tasks 
which  I  firmly  believe  it  will  bring  to  completion  in  its  seo- 

267 


268  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK, 

ond  session  next  Winter.  Among  these  I  hope  and  believe 
that  the  bills*  to  prohibit  political  contributions  by  corpora- 
tions, and  to  lower  the  duties  on  imports  from  the  Philippine 
Islands,  each  of  which  has  been  passed  by  one  House, 
will  be  enacted  into  law.  I  hope,  and  I  have  reason  to  be- 
lieve, that  favorable  action  will  be  taken  on  the  bill  limiting 
the  number  of  hours  of  employment  of  railway  employees. 
These  and  one  or  two  other  measures,  the  enactment  of  which 
I  have  reason  to  hope  for,  are  important.  But  far  more  im- 
portant are  the  measures  which  have  actually  been  passed, 
nud  as  to  these  measures  I  wish  to  reiterate  that  they  are  not 
important  in  a  merely  partisan  sense,  but  are  important  be- 
cause they  subserve  the  welfare  of  our  people  as  a  whole,  of 
our  nation  as  an  entirety.  They  are  important  because  those 
who  enacted  them  into  law  thereby  showed  themselves  to  be 
fit  representatives  of  all  good  Americans. 

In  affairs  outside  of  our  own  country  our  great  work  has 
been  beginning  to  dig  the  Panama  Canal.  The  acquisition  of 
the  Canal  strip  was  due  to  the  initiative  of  Congress;  and  the 
fact  that  the  work  thereon  is  now  being  done  in  the  most 
thorough  and  satisfactory  fashion  is  due  to  the  action  of  the 
present  Congress  at  the  session  just  closed.  Only  this  action 
rendered  the  work  possible,  and  the  heartiest  acknowledg- 
ments are  due  to  the  far-seeing  patriotism  of  those  who  thus 
made  it  possible.  The  digging  of  the  Panama  Canal  is  the 
colossal  engineering  feat  of  all  the  ages.  No  task  as  great 
of  the  kind  has  ever  been  undertaken  by  any  other  nation. 
The  interests  banded  together  to  oppose  it  were  and  are  nu- 
merous and  bitter,,  and  most  of  them  with  a  peculiarly  sinister 
basis  for  their  opposition.  This  sinister  opposition  rarely,  in- 
deed, ventures  openly  to  announce  its  antagonism  to  the  Canal 
as  such.  Sometimes  it  takes  the  form  of  baseless  accusation 
against  the  management,  and  of  a  demand  for  an  investiga- 
tion under  circumstances  which  would  mean  indefinite  delay. 
Sometimes  it  takes  the  form  of  determined  opposition  to  the 
adoption  of  plans  which  will  enable  the  work  to  be  done  "not 
merely  in  the  best  but  in  the  quickest  possible  way.  Had 
Congress  been  either  timid  or  corrupt,  and  had  not  the  lead- 
ers of  Congress  shown  the  most  far-sighted  resolution  in  the 
matter,  the  work  of  building  the  Canal  would  never  have 
been  begun  or,  if  begun,  would  now  have  halted.  The  oppo- 
sition to  the  adoption  of  the  treaty  by  which  our  right  to  build 
the  Panama  Canal  was  secured;  a  part  at  least  of  the  oppo- 
sition even  now  being  made  to  the  ratification  of  the  Santo 
Domingo  Treaty,  which  is  one  more  step  in  the  effort  to  make 
peaceful  and  secure  the  waters  through  which  the  route  of  the 
Canal  leads;  the  constant  effort  to  delay,  on  one  pretext  and 
another,  the  actual  work  on  the  Canal — all  prove  how  essential 


REPUBLICAN  CAMP/IGN  TEXT-BOOK.  2G9 

it  is  that  if  the  American  people  desire  the  Panama  Canal  to 
be  built  in  speedy  and  eflicient  fashion  they  should  uphold 
the  hands  of  those  who,  in  the  present  Congress,  have  so  eifec- 
tively  championed  this  work. 

No  less  praiseworthy  has  been  the  attitude  of  this  Con- 
gress in  continuing  to  build  and  maintain,  on  a  high  plane 
of  efficiency,  the  United  States  Navy.  This  country  is  irre- 
vocably committed  to  the  maintenance  of  the  Monroe  Doc- 
trine. It  is  irrevocably  committed  to  the  principle  of  defend- 
ing and  policing  the  Canal  route.  But  its  championship  of  the 
Monroe  Doctrine  and.  its  announcement  of  its  intentions  as 
to  the  Canal  route  v/ould  both  be  absurd  on  their  face  if  tha 
nation  failed  to  do  its  duty  in  maintaining  a  thoroughly  ef- 
ficient Navy  at  as  high  a  point  of  perfection  as  can  possibly 
be  attained. 

Our  external  affairs  are  important,  but  our  internal  affairs 
r.re  even  more  important;  and  no  other  Congress  for  many  a 
long  year  has,  as  regards  the  betterment  of  our  internal  af- 
fairs, so  much  and  such  excellent  work  to  its  credit.  The  tre- 
mendous social  and  industrial  changes  in  our  nation  have 
rendered  evident  the  need  of  a  larger  exercise  by  the  National 
Government  of  its  power  to  deal  with  the  business  us3  of 
wealth,  and  especially  of  corporate  wealth,  in  interstate  busi- 
ness. It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  the  course  of  Congress 
within  the  last  few  years,  and  the  hearty  agreement  between 
the  executive  and  legislative  departments  of  the  nation  in 
taking  the  needed  action  each  within  its  own  sphere,  have 
resulted  in  the  nation  for  the  first  time  definitely  entering 
upon  the  career  of  proper  performance  of  duty  in  these  mat- 
ters. The  task  is  peculiarly  difficult,  because  it  is  one  in 
which  the  fanatical  or  foolish  extremist,  and  the  reactionary, 
whether  honest  or  dishonest,  play  into  one  another's  hands; 
and  they  thereby  render  it  especially  hard  to  secure  legisla- 
tive and  executive  action  which  shall  be  thorough-going  and 
effective,  and  yet  which  shall  not  needlessly  jeopardize  the 
business  prosperity  which  we  all  share,  even  though  we  do 
not  all  share  it  with  as  much  equality  as  we  are  striving  to 
secure.  It  is  a  very  easy  thing  to  play  the  demagogue  in 
this  matter,  to  confine  one's  self  merely  to  denouncing  the  evils 
of  wealth,  and  to  advocate,  often  in  vague  language,  meas- 
ures so  sweeping  that,  while  they  would  entirely  fail  to  cor- 
rect the  evils  aimed  at,  they  would  undoubtedly  succeed  in 
bringing  down  the  prosperity  of  the  nation  with  a  crash.  It 
is  also  easy  to  play  the  part  of  the  mere  obstructionist;  to 
decline  to  recognize  the  great  evils  of  the  present  system,  and 
to  oppose  any  effort  to  deal  with  them  in  rational  fashion — 
thereby  strengthening  immensely  the  hands  of  those  who  ad- 
vocate extreme  and  foolish  measures.     But  it  is  not  easy  to 


J 70  REPUBLICAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK. 

do  as  the  present  Congress  and  its  immediate  predecessors  have 
done;  that  is,  sternly  to  disregard  alike  the  self-interest  of 
those  who  have  profited  by  the  present  evils,  and  the  wild 
clamor  of  those  who  care  less  to  do  away  with  them  than  to 
make  a  reputation  with  the  unthinking  of  standing  in  ex- 
treme opposition  to  them.  But  this  is  precisely  what  the  pres- 
ent Congress  has  done.  Instead  of  enacting  anti-trust  laws 
which  were  either  so  vague  or  so  sweeping  as  completely  to 
defeat  their  own  objects,  it  has  given  us  an  interstate  com- 
merce law  which  will  enable  us  to  exercise  in  thorough  fash- 
ion a  sui)ervision  over  the  common-carriers  of  this  country, 
so  as,  while  scrupulously  safeguarding  their  proper  interests, 
to  prevent  them  from  charging  excessive  rates;  to  prevent 
their  favoring  one  man  at  the  expense  of  another,  and  espe- 
cially a  strong  man  at  the  expense  of  a  weak  man;  and  re- 
•quire  them  to  be  fully  accountable  to  the  public  for  the  service 
which,  to  their  own  profit,  they  render  the  public.  The  pre- 
vious Congress,  by  the  enactment  of  the  Elkins  Law  and  by 
the  creation  of  the  Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor,  in- 
cluding the  Bureau  of  Corporations,  had  enabled  us  to  make 
g^eat  strides  in  advance  along  the  path  of  thus  bringing  the 
use  of  wealth  in  business  under  the  supervision  and  regula- 
tion of  the  National  Government — for,  in  actual  practice,  it 
has  proved  a  sham  and  pretense  to  say  that  the  several  States 
can  thus  supervise  and  regulate  it.  The  strides  taken  by  the 
present  Congress  have  been  even  longer  in  the  right  direc- 
tion. The  enactment  of  the  Pure  Food  Bill  and  the  passage 
of  the  bill  which  rendered  effective  the  control  of  the  Govern- 
ment over  the  meat-packing  industries  are  really  along  the 
same  general  line  as  the  passage  of  the  Interstate  Commerce 
Law,  and  are  second  only  to  it  in  importance. 

Perhaps  the  peculiar  merit  of  these  laws  is  best  shown  by 
the  fact  that  while  they  have  aroused  the  deepest  anger  of 
the  reactionaries,  of  the  men  who  make  a  fetish  of  wealth, 
they  have  not  satisfied  the  unwise  extremists;  and  the  pres- 
ent Congress,  in  achieving  this  merit,  has  acted  in  the  exact 
spirit  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  who  was  never  to  be  frightened 
out  of  going  forward  by  the  cries  of  those  who  feared  progress, 
nor  yet  to  be  hurried  into  a  precipitate  advance  by  the  de- 
mands of  the  crude-thinking,  though  often  well-meaning,  men 
who  are  not  accustomed  soberly  to  distinguish  between  phrase- 
Xaaking  and  action.  To  the  men  who  come  in  the  latter  cate- 
gory all  we  need  say  is  to  bid  them  possess  their  souls  in 
peace.  They  have  advocated  action;  but  we  have  taken  action; 
and  the  lact  that  this  action  has  been  sober  and  temperate 
has  been  4ii  ao  small  degree  the  cause  of  its  far-reaching  ef- 
ficiency. S-o  the  fOi'S^er  class— to  the  reactionaries,  who  seem 
to  ftar  thrt.t  to  deal  in  proper  faehioa  with  the  abuses  of  prop- 


REPUBLICAN   CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  271 

erty  is  somehow  an  attack  upon  property— we  would  recall  the 
words  of  Edmund  Burke:  "If  wealth  is  obedient  and  laborious 
in  the  service  of  virtue  and  public  honor,  then  wealth  is  in 
its  place  and  has  its  use.  But  if  this  order  is  changed  and 
honor  is  to  be  sacrificed  to  the  conservation  of  riches,  riches, 
which  have  neither  eyes  nor  hands  nor  anything  truly  vital 
in  them,  cannot  long  survive  the  well-being  of  *  *  *  their 
legitimate  masters.  *  *  *  If  we  command  our  wealth  we 
shall  be  rich  and  free.  If  our  wealth  commands  us  we  are 
poor  indeed." 

In  addition  to  thus  dealing  with  the  proper  control  of  capi- 
talistic wealth,  Congress  has  also  taken  important  steps  in 
securing  to  the  wage-workers  certain  great  rights.  At  the 
session  that  has  just  closed,  an  employers'  liability  law  was 
enacted  which  puts  the  National  Government  in  its  proper 
place  as  regards  such  legislation.  An  eight-hour  law  was  al- 
ready on  the  statute  books;  but,  as  is  almost  inevitable  with 
such  laws,  there  was  at  first  great  confusion  as  to  whose 
duty  it  was  among  the  different  public  officials  to  enforce  it. 
This  confusion  has  now  been  remedied  and  the  law  is  in 
process  of  thorough  enforcement.  If  this  enforcement  demon- 
strates the  need  of  additional  legislation  to  make  this  eight- 
hour  law  effective,  I  shall  ask  for  such  legislation.  I  may 
add  that  next  year  I  shall  ask  Congress  to  put  in  the  perma- 
nent form  of  law  the  provision  I  have  made  by  executive  or- 
der for  securing  to  the  wage-workers  under  the  Government 
half -holidays  during  the  Summer  months,  just  as  regular  holi- 
days are  now  secured  by  law  for  the  salaried  clerical  workers 
in  the  classified  service.  No  Congress  has  ever  more  clearly 
shown  its  practical  appreciation  of  the  fact  that  the  welfare 
of  the  wage-workers,  and  the  welfare  of  the  tillers  of  the 
soil,  make  the  real  basis  of  the  welfare  of  the  nation  as  a 
whole.  We  will  do  everything  that  can  be  done  to  further 
the  interests  of  the  farmer  and  the  wage-worker;  and  this 
declaration  is  subject  only  to  one  reservation — which  is,  that 
for  no  man,  and  no  body  of  men,  will  we  do  anything  that 
is  wrong.  Our  constant  aim  is  to  do  justice  to  every  man, 
and  to  treat  each  man  as  by  his  own  actions  he  shows  that 
he  deserves  to  be  treated.  We  favor  the  organization  of  la- 
bor, as  we  favor  the  organization  of  capital;  but  on  condition 
that  organized  labor  and  organized  capital  alike  act  in  a  spirit 
of  justice  and  fair  dealing,  and  with  due  regard  to  both  the 
letter  and  the  spirit  of  the  law.  We  heartily  favor  trades 
unions,  and  we  recognize  in  them,  as  in  corporations,  when  prop- 
erly conducted,  indispensable  instruments  in  the  economic  life 
of  the  present  day;  but  where  either  type  of  organization  is 
guilty  of  abuse  we  do  not  propose  to  weaken  the  remedial  pow- 
ers of  the  Government  to  deal  with  such  abuse.    We  are  anx- 


72         REPUBUCAN  CAMPAIGN  TEXT- BOOK. 

ious  to  help,  alike  by  law  and  by  executive  action,  so  far  as 
in  our  power  lies,  every  honest  man,  every  right-dealing  labor 
union,  and,  for  the  matter  of  that,  every  right-dealing  cor- 
poration. But,  as  a  corollary  to  this,  we  intend  fearlessly  and 
resolutely  to  uphold  the  law,  and  to  strengthen  it,  so  that  we 
can  put  down  wrong,  whether  done  by  rich  or  poor;  if  done 
by  the  most  powerful  corporation  or  the  most  influential  labor 
union,  just  as  much  as  if  done  by  the  humblest  and  least  in- 
fluential individual  in  the  land.  The  fact  that  we  heartily 
recognize  an  organization  or  a  kind  of  organization  as  useful 
will  not  prevent  our  taking  action  to  control  it  or  to  prevent 
its  committing  abuses  when  it  uses  in  wrong  fashion  the 
power  which  organization  confers. 

The  enactment  into  law  of  the  bill  removing  the  tax  on 
alcohol  used  in  the  arts  will  ultimately  be  of  marked  benefit 
to  us  in  more  ways  than  one.  It  shows  likewise  the  entire 
willingness  of  those  responsible  for  the  handling  of  the  pres- 
ent Congress  to  alter  our  revenue  system,  whether  derived  by 
taxation  on  imports  or  internal  taxation,  whenever  it  is  neces- 
sary so  to  do. 

"We  stand  unequivocally  for  a  protective  tariff,  and  we  feel 
that  the  phenomenal  industrial  prosperity  which  we  are  now 
enjoying  is  not  lightly  to  be  jeopardized;  for  it  would  be  to 
the  last  degree  foolish  to  secure  here  and  there  a  small  bene- 
fit at  the  cost  of  general  business  depression.  But  whenever 
a  given  rate  or  schedule  becomes  evidently  disadvantageous 
to  the  nation,  because  of  the  changes  which  go  on  from  year 
to  year  in  our  conditions,  and  where  it  is  feasible  to  change 
this  rate  or  schedule  without  too  much  dislocation  of  the  sys- 
tem, it  will  be  done;  while  a  general  revision  of  the  rates  and 
schedules  will  be  undertaken  whenever  it  shall  appear  to  the 
sober  business  sense  of  our  iDeople  that,  on  the  whole,  the 
benefits  to  be  derived  from  making  such  changes  will  out- 
weigh the  disadvantages;  that  is,  when  the  revision  will  do 
more  good  than  harm.  Let  me  add  one  word  of  caution,  how- 
ever. The  question  of  revising  the  tariff  stands  wholly  apart 
from  the  question  of  dealing  with  the  so-called  "trusts"— 
that  is,  with  the  control  of  monopolies  and  with  the  super- 
vision of  great  wealth  in  business,  especially  in  corporate 
form.  The  only  way  in  which  it  is  possible  to  deal  with  those 
trusts  and  monopolies  and  this  great  corporate  wealth  is  by 
action  along  the  line  of  the  laws  enacted  by  the  present  Con- 
gress and  its  immediate  predecessors.  The  cry  that  the  prob- 
lem can  be  met  by  any  changes  in  the  tariff  represents, 
whether  consciously  or  unconsciously,  an  effort  to  divert  the 
public  attention  from  the  only  method  of  taking  effective 
action. 

I  shall  not  pr2tend  to  enumerate  all  the  good  measures  of 


REPUBLICAN   CAMPAIGN  TEXT-BOOK.  273 

less  importance  which  the  present  Congress  has  enacted  into 
law,  although  some  of  these  measures,  as,  for  instance,  the 
Consular  Bill  and  the  Naturalization  Bill,  are  of  wide-reaching 
effect.  I  have  said  enough  to  show  why,  in  my  judgment, 
you  and  your  colleagues  are  entitled  to  the  good  wishes  of  all 
those  American  citizens  who  believe  that  there  are  real  evils 
in  our  industrial  and  economic  system,  and  that  these  evils 
can  be  effectively  grappled  with — not  by  loose  declamation, 
but  by  resolute  and  intelligent  legislation  and  executive  ac- 
tion. Sincerely  yours, 

(Signed)         THEODORE   BOOSEVELT. 
Hon.  James  E.  Watson,  M.C., 
Rushville,  Ind. 


Uncle   Joe   Cannon's   new   platform:   "Put   none   but  home- 
made cake  in  the  pantry." 


INDEX. 


A  PAGES 

"Administration    Bill" - 55 

Agricultural   Legislation 9 

Agriculture  182 

Agriculture,  British,  decline  of 159 

Agriculture,  exports  of 196 

Alaska,   statistics  concerning '.  172 

Alcohol,  benefits  of  free.... 223 

Allison,  William  B.,  quotation  from,  on  trusts 49 

Amendments,  thirteenth,  fourteenth  and  fifteenth 9 

American  Economist,  on  protection  and  the  price  of  wheat 148 

American  manufactures,  better  than  foreign 102 

American  Merchant  Marine 232 

American   sales   abroad 102 

Animals,    domestic,    value   of 184 

Anti-injunction  and  restraining  orders 54 

Appropriations  of  Fifty-ninth  Congress,  first  session.  Table 28 

Appropriations,  statement  of  Representative  Tawney 19 

Area  of  United  States 239 

Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  Statehood  of 247 

Arizona,  area  and  acreage  of 248 

Automobiles,  production  and  exports  of 257 

B 

Balance  of  trade 101 

Balance  of  trade  due  to  agricultural  exports '. 185 

Bank   deposits 242 

Bank  depositors  among  farmers 18S 

Bank  clearings 107 

Bankers,  Farmers  becoming 185 

Banking   in   the   Philippines 169 

Bankruptcy  acts 10 

Banks,  N.  P.,  Jr.,  elected  Speaker,  1855 7 

Bannon,  Henry  T.,  speech  on  tariff  on  hides  of  cattle 152 

Bai  iron,  prices  of 143 

Barley,  production  and  value  of 183,  191 

Beet  sugar,  statistics  concerning 193 

Blacksmiths,  wages  of i 134 

Blaine,  James  G.,  quotation  from 135 

iioard  of  Trade  Labor  Gazette,  on  pauperism  in  the  U.  K 148 

Boilermakers,  wages  of 134 

Boots  and  shoes,  exports  of 155 

Bonds,  Panama  Issue 251 

Bonds,  Republican  and  Democratic 251 

Boston  Commercial  Bulletin,  on  our  vast  industrial  energies 218 

Beaton  Commereiai  Bulletin^  oa  the  American  Merchant  Marine...  232 

Boston  Traniscript  on  thd  edmihg  of  Bryan i^.n 26(^ 

S75 


276  INDEX. 

PAGE 

BouteM.  Henry  S.,  on  watch  sales 120 

Dradstreet'8  on  midsummer  business  outlook 266 

Breadstuffs.  Dun's  Index  number  of 138 

Bricklayers,  wages  of 134 

British  commerce 263 

British  Tariff  Commission,  on  iron  and  steel  comparisons 211 

Buckwheat,  production  and  value  of 192 

Bryan,  William  J.,  Boston  Transcript  on 260 

Bryan,  William  J.,  extract  from  London  ijiterview 200 

Bryan,  William  J.,  New  York  World,  on  views  of 261 

C 

Campaign  and  issues  of  1906 5 

Campaign  issues  analyzed  by  President  Roosevelt 267 

Campaign  issues  analyzed  by  Speaker  Cannon 173 

Canada,  exports  from,  to  United  States 150 

Canada,  grain-producing  possibilities 151 

Canada,  imports  into,  from  United  States 150 

Cunada,  reciprocity  with 150 

Canada,  tariff  preferential  to  Great  Britain 150 

Canadian  trade 259 

Cannon,  J.  G.,  Danville  speech  of  August  16,  1906 173 

Cannon,  J.  G.,  on  work  of  Fifty-ninth  Congress 3,  179 

Cannon,  J.  G.,  statement  concerning  work  of  Fifty-ninth  Congress.     11 

Cannon,  J.  G.,  tribute  by  Representative  Townsend '. ..    17 

Cannon,  J.  G.,  tribute  to  President  Roosevelt 179 

Cannon's,  "Uncle  Joe,"  new  platform 273 

Capital  and  wages,  increase  of 174 

Carpenters,  wages  of 134 

Cesh  in  the  Treasury 2.37 

Cattle,  hides  of,  tariff  on 152 

Cattle,  value  of 184-195 

Cereal  crops,  production  and  value  of 191 

Cheap  material  and  labor,  no  advantage  in 76 

Child  Labor  Legislation 52 

Chinese  Exclusion,  President  Roosevelt  on 64 

Civil   Rights  Act 9 

Civil  Service  in  the  Philippines 168 

Cleveland,  Grover,  1887  Message.. » S3 

Cleveland,  Grover,  on  tin-plate  industries 213 

Clothing,  Dun's  index  number  of 138 

Clothing,  relative  prices  of 135 

Coal  carriers*  cases 70 

Coal  Operators  Investigation 69 

Colored  citizens,   our 249 

Colored  Man's  Rights,  protecting  the 72 

Colored  Officers,  clerks  and  employees  in  Government  Service 251 

Colored  troops  in  the  Spanish  War 250 

Commerce   of   Cuba 157 

Commerce  of  the  Lakes 142 

Commercial    failures 223 

Commission  Tariff  of  1883 S3 


INDEX.  277 

PAGE 

Compositors,  wages  of 134 

Compromise  Tariff *0 

"Congress,  a  two-billion-dollar,"  editorial  from  New  York  Times..     25 

Congress,  Fifty-ninth,  measures  left  over  to  second  session 13 

Congress,  Fifty-ninth,  President  Roosevelt's  statement  concerning.     11 

Congress,  Fifty-ninth,  Representative  Townsend  on  work  of 15 

Congress,   Fifty-ninth,   Speaker  Cannon's   statement   concerning...     10 

Congress,  Fifty-ninth,  summary  of  work  of  first  session 12 

Congress,  Fifty-ninth,  work  of,  from  Springfield  Republican 14 

Congress,  Fifty-third,  result  of 5 

Congressional    representation 238 

Contract  labor,  legislation   concerning 50 

Coolie  trade,   legislation   concerning 50 

Copyright    laws 9 

Corn,  production  and  value  of 182,  191 

Cost  of  living  in  England 146 

Cotton   crop,   value   of 175 

Cotton   crop   and  values 190 

Cotton,   prices   of 141 

Cotton,  value  of 1S2 

Courts,   legislation   establishing 9 

Crop  lien,  decadence  of 187 

Crop    values 182,  191 

Cows,  number  and  value  of 195 

Cuba,  commerce  of 157 

Currency  and  Banking  Acts 9 

Currency  in  the  Philippines 169 

Customs   Acts 9 

Customs  revenue 95 


D 


Dairy  and  garden  products,  Dun's  index  number  of 138 

Dairy   products 183 

Dalzell,  John,  on  export  discounts 124 

Debt,   per  capita 1C8 

Debt,  public  analysis  of  the  principal  of 236 

Democratic  Representative   record ',....  238 

Depositors  in  savings  banks 242 

Dick,  Charles,  remarks  of,  concerning  Samuel  Gompers 181 

Dingley  Law,  general  results  of 75 

Dingley  Tariff 84 

Drawback  paragraph  of  tariff  laws 109 

Drawbacks,    amount    of 109 

Drillings,  standard,  prices  of 141 

Drugs  and  chemicals,  relative  prices  of 135 

Drug  Trust,  proceedings  against 68 

"Dumping"   in   Germany 259 

Dun's  index  number  of  prices,  analysis  of 144 

Dun's  Review,  concerning  luxuries  and  necessities 144 

Dun's  Review,  on  midsummer  business  outlook 266 


278  INDEX. 

PAQIS 

E 

Earnings,   relative,   1890-1905 1«J0 

Earnings,   relative,  weekly 131 

Education  In  the  Philippines liO 

Educational   Legislation 9 

Eight-Hour  Law »4 

Eight-Hour  Law  and  Panama  Canal,  President  Roosevelt  on 63 

Eight-Hour   Law,    legislation    concerning 51 

Elevator  Trust,  proceedings  against C'J 

Employees,  number  of,  relative 140 

Employer  and  employee,  contest  between 178 

Employment    bureaus 54 

Employers'  Liability  Act,  text  of 44 

Employment,  relative 131 

England  and  Wales,  pauperism  in 14S 

England,  cost  of  living  in 146 

England,  free  trade  in,  G.  L.  Molesworth  on 141 

England,  labor  conditions  in 146 

English  watch   production 255 

Excess  of  exports 103 

Excess  of  imports 103 

Excess  of  receipts  and  expenditures 97 

Expenditures  and  receipts  since  foundation  of  the  Government 37 

Expenditures,   excess   of 96 

Exports  and  imports  since  the  foundation  of  the  Government 103 

Exports,  analysis  of,  1906 210 

Export  discounts 109 

Export  discounts,  a  local  illustration  of 115 

Export  discounts  given  by  various  countries,  comparison  of Ill: 

Export  discounts,  proportion  of HI 

Export  discounts,  reasons  for HI 

Export  discounts.  Representative  Dalzell  on 124 

Export  discounts,   Representative   Landis  on 112 

Exports  of  Cuba 157 

Exports  of  domestic  merchandise  per  capita 234 

Exports  of  boots  and  shoes lo5 

Exports  of  domestic  merchandise  according  to  source  of  production.  196 

Exports  of  gold 230 

Exports  of  leather  and  manufactures  of  leather ir,5 

Exports  of  silver 231 

Exports  to    Canada IbO 

F 

Factory  Inspection  legislation 52 

Failures,   low  records   of  1906 265 

Farm  animals,  number  and  value  of 195 

Farmer,  American,  permanency  of  tariff  rests  with 157 

Farmers  and  reciprocity 151 

Farmers  and  the  tariff  on  hides 154 

Farmers  as  bank  depositors 1.86 

Farmers  becoming  bankers 1S5 

Farmers,  economic  position  of ......,,.,,. 1^ 


INDEX.  279 

PAGE 

Farmers'  support  of  manufacturing 185 

Farmers'  wealth  and  well-being 182. 

Farm  products,, relative  prices  of 135 

Farm  products,  value  of 107 

Farm  property,  value  of,  1850  to  1900 190 

Farms,  number  and  acreage  of 189 

Farms,  prosperity  on 175 

Farm  values,  increase  in 187 

Farms,  wealth  production  on 184 

Fertilizer  Trust,  proceedings   against 70 

Finance,   Government,  per   capita lOS 

Fisheries,  exports  of,  products  of 193 

Fish,  legislation  concerning 9 

Food,  Dun's  index  number  of 135 

Food,  relative  prices  of 135 

Food,  retail  prices  of,  relative 131 

Foodstuffs,  prices  of,  in  Germany 146 

Foreign  carrying  trade  in  American  vessels 232 

Foreign  laborers,  importation  of,  prohibited 50 

Foreign  markets,  value  of 107 

Foreign  obligations 101 

Foreign  trade 101 

Foreign  trade,  agricultural  features  of 184 

Foreign  trade,  analysis  of,  1906 210 

Foreign   trade,   increase  of 175 

Foreign  trade  of  1906,  New  York  Times  on 231 

Forest  and  fisheries,  value  of 107 

Forestry  products,  exports  of 196 

France,    treaty   with 149 

Free  Alcohol  Acts,  text  of 42 

Free  Alcohol,  benefits  of 223 

Free  Alcohol  Legislation 16 

Free  Hides,  speech  of  Representative  Bannon  on 152 

Free  Hides,  speech  of  Senator  Warren  on 15G 

Free  Hides,  the  cry  for,  misleading 152 

Free  Trade,  definition  of 77 

Free  Trade,  illustration  of 77 

Free  Trade  in  England,  G.  L.  Molesworth  on 141 

Friar   Lands   in   Philippines 169 

Fuller,  H.  R.  hearing  before  Judiciary  Committee 55 

Fuller,  H.  R.,  labor  legislation  advocated  by 178 

Furuseth,  Andrew,  hearing  before  the  Judiciary  Committee 55 

O 

Garfield,  James  A.,  quotation  from,  on  trusts 49 

Gary,  E.  H.,  on  iron  and  steel  and  prices  for  export 126 

German    "dumping" 259 

Germany,  horses  and  dogs  for  food 146 

Germany,  prices-  of  foodstuffs  in 146 

Germany,  wages  and  prices  in 132 

^  Germany,  wages    in 133 

Gold,  exports  and  imports  of 101,  2S0 


280  INDEX. 

PAGE 

Cold,  silver  ratio  to 136 

Gold  standard 1^ 

Qumpers,  Samuel,  estimate  of  unemployed 171 

Gumpers,  Samuel,  hearing  before  Judiciary  Commit  t.rl' r,(; 

Gompers,  Samuel,  on  employment  in  1893,  1897,  and  1899 IS  I 

Gompers,   Samuel,   on   labor  legislation ITS 

Gompers,  Samuel,  views  opposed  by  Spealcer  Cannon 17' 

Good  times  even   in  midsummer 

Government  by  injunction 

Great  Britain,  decline  of  agriculture  in 1  ;i 

Great   Britain,   wages    in il. 

Guam,    statistics    concerning j . :: 

Guild,  Curtis,  extract  from  address  of,  to  Legislature 15i> 

H 

Half-holidays,  President  Roosevelt's  orders  concerning? GO 

Hanna,  M.  A.,  "stand  pat"  quotations 18 

Harrison,  Benjamin,  Castle  Garden  quotation 229 

Harrison,  Benjamin,  on  our  tariff  policy 222 

Harrison,   Benjamin,   on   Peace G5 

Harrison,   Benjamin,  quotation  from 3 

Hawaiian  Beef  and  Lumber  Trust,  proceedings  against 69 

Hawaii,   statistics   concerning 172 

Hay,   value    of 182,  191. 

Health  in  the  Philippines 168 

Hides  of  cattle,  tariff  on 152 

Hides  of  cattle,  value  of 151 

Hides,    imports    of 153 

Hides,  tariff  on,  history  of 152 

Hill,  E.  J.,  on  tariff  and  prices 1S9 

History  of  tariff  on  hides 152 

Hoar,  George  F.,  definition  of  protection 77 

Hoar,  George  F.,  quotation  from,  on  marlcets 214 

Hoar,  George  F.,  quotation  from,  concerning  Democratic  party 18 

Hodcarriers,  wages  of 134 

Home  market  and  internal  commerce 107 

Homestead  law 9 

Horses,  value  of 181- lOo 

Hosiery  and  knit  goods,  employees  and  wages  in  manufacture  of..  1;9 

Hosiery  and  knit  goods,  effect  of  reduction  of  duty  on 149 

Hours  per  week,  relative 131,  no 

Hunger  parades  in  London , 146 

I 

Immigration  Laws,  President  Roosevelt  on 

Immigration  legislation y 

Immigration,   William    McKinley   on 65 

Imports,   analysis  of,   1906 21( 

Imports  and  exports  since  the  foundation  of  the  Government lOi 

Imports  and  receipts  per  capita 231 

Imports  from  Canada 150 

Imports  of  Cuba i5T 


INDEX.  281 

PAGE 

Imports  of  farm  products ISo 

Imports  of  gold 220 

Imports  of  hides 152 

Imports  of  luxuries,  increase  of 145 

Imports  of   silver 231 

Industrial  commission,  report  of,  on  export  discounts 110 

ludustri-al  conditions  in  the  Philippines 170 

Industrial  energy,  our  vast 21S 

Industrial    Japan 257 

Injunction,  government  by 178 

Insurance  statistics 225-226 

Interest  charge,  annual 23(5 

Interest  on  public  debt  per  capita 108 

Interest  per  capita 237 

Internal  commerce 107 

Internal  Revenue  taxation 'J 

Ireland,  pauperism  in 148 

Irrigation    252 

Irrigation  for  arid  and  semi-arid  lands 253 

Irrigation  statistics 254 

Iron  and  steel  comparisons « . .  214 

Iron  and  steel  prices  for  export 120 

Iron  and  steel  trade,  1905,  statistics  of 209 

Iron,  domestic,  prices  of 143 

Iron .  industry  of  the  world 180 

Iron  molders,  wages  of 134 

J 

Japan,   increase   in  industries   of , 257 

L 

Labor  Bureau  Legislation , r»2 

Laborers,  general,  wages  of 134 

Labor  Laws,   difficulty   in   framing 54 

Labor  Legislation,  by  Republican  Party 50 

Labor  Legislation  in  Republican  and  Democratic  States 51 

Labor,  quotation  from  O.  H.  Piatt,  concerning 59 

Labor,   Speaker  Cannon  on 177 

Labor   Unions 178 

Lake   commerce 142 

Landis,  Charles  B.,  on  tin  plate  and  wire  nails 213 

Leather,  amount  of  tariff  in,  made  on  cattle  hides 153 

Leather,  exports  of 155 

Leather  manufactures,  statistics  of 156 

Leather  manufactures,  value  of 154 

Leather,  price  of  and  tariff  on  cattle  hides 153 

Leslie's  Weekly,  editorial  from,  concerning  Republican  legislation.     10 

Leslie's  Weekly  on  most  prosperous  workmen  in  the  world 145 

Life-saving  service   legislation 9 

Lincoln,  Abraham,  on  aliens  and  treaties 23S 

Lincoln,  Abraham,  on  the  rich I81 

"Little    Bill" 54 


282  INDEX. 

PAQB 

Uverpool  and  the  price  of  wheat 147 

Locomotives  and  cars  built  in  1905,  value  of 220 

Loeb,  William,  Jr.,  statement  concerning  Executive  orders 60 

I^gan,  John  A.,  quotation  from 18 

Lumber,  relative  prices  of 135 

Luxuries  and  necessities 144 

Luxuries,  imports  of,  comparison  of 145 

M 

Machinists,  wages  of 134 

Manufactures,  comparison  of  exports 218 

Manufactures  of  leather,  value  of 154 

Manufactures,  1905,  advance  summary  of 203 

Manufactures,  output  of 174 

Manufacturers'  Record,  on  Southern  manufacturing  progress 217 

Manufactures,  summary  of  principal,  1890  and  1900 200 

Manufactures,  value  of 107 

Manufacturing,    farmers'    support    of 185 

Manufacturing  progress  In  Southern  States 217 

Markets  of  Canada  and  the  United  States,  relative  value  of 149 

Massachusetts,  progress  of  her  industries  and  prosperity 158 

Material,  foreign,  entering  Into  domestic  manufactures 109 

Meats,  Dun's  Index  number  of 138 

Mediation  and  Arbitration 54 

Middle  States,  Industrial  advance  of 175 

McCleary,  J.  T.,  on  Protection  and  the  price  of  wheat 147 

McKinley,  William,   on   immigration *    65 

McKinley,  William,  on  Republican  Party 3 

McKinley,  William,  on  the  vindication  of  Protection 220 

McKinley,  William,  quotation  from 127 

McKinley  Tariff 34 

McNally,  J.  C,  extracts  from  Consular  Reports 180 

Meat  Inspection  Act,  text  of 45 

Meat  Trust,  proceedings  against 66 

Merchant  Marine,  American 232 

Merchant  Marine,  statistics  concerning 227 

Metals,  Dun's  index  number  of 138 

Metals,   relative  prices  of 136 

Midsummer  business  outlook 26G 

Mines,  value  of  products  of 107 

Mineral  Land  Legislation 9 

Mining  products,  exports  of 196 

Mississippi  Bridge  monopolies,  proceedings  against 69 

Molesworth,  Guilford  L.,  on  free  trade  in  England 141 

Money  in  circulation 239 

Money  In  circulation  per  capita 108 

Morrill,  Justin  S.,  credit  for  law  of  1861 160 

Morrill,  Justin  S.,  quotation  from 141 

Morrill   Tariff 82 

Mosely  Industrial  Commission  Report,  extract  from 262 

Mules,  number  and  value  of 195 


INDEX.  283 

PAGE 

N 

Nails,  cut  and  wire,  prices  of 143 

National  Bank  Cases 74 

Naturalization    Legislation 17 

Navy,  The  United  States 256 

Necessities   and    luxuries 144 

Newberry,  Truman  H.,  memorandum  from,  Eight  Hour  Law 62 

New  England  States,  industrial  advance  of 175 

New  Mexico,  area  and  acreage  of 24S 

New  York  Times,  editorial  from,  concerning  Fifty-ninth  Congress.     25 

New  York  Times  on  foreign  trade  of  1906 231 

New  York  Tribune  on  Democratic  record 238 

New  York  World  on  views  of  William  J.  Bryan 261 

Nome  Retail  Grocers'  Association,  prosecution  of 69 

North  American,  editorial  from,  on  wealth  from  waste 159 

Q 

Oats,  production  and  value  of 183,  191 

Occupations   of  our  wage-earners 197 

Oklahoma,  admitted  as  a  State 17 

Oklahoma  and  Indian  Territories,  Statehood  of 247 

P 

Painters,   wages    of T 134 

Panama  Bond  Issue 251 

Panama  Canal 161 

Panama  Canal  and  Eight  Hour  Law,  President  Roosevelt  on   63 

Panama  Canal,  employees  and  wages 164 

Panama  Canal,  government  of  the  canal  zone 162 

Panama  Canal,  law  relating  to  material  and  supplies 165 

Panama  Canal  Legislation 15 

Panama  Canal,  organization  and  commissioners 162 

Panama  Canal,  practical  work  of  construction 162 

Panama  Canal,  receipts  and  disbursements  to  May  21,  1906 165 

Panama  Canal,  report  relating  to  type  of  canal 162 

Par ama  Canal,  type  of  canal 166 

Panama  Canal,  working  force  on  the  Isthmus 164 

Paper  Trust,  proceedings  against 67 

Parties,  Presidents,  and  tariffs 240 

Pauperism  in  the  United  Kingdom 148 

Pennington,  William,  elected  Speaker  1859 7 

Pension  Acts .' 9 

Pension   Legislation 228 

Pension  Order  78 228 

Pension    statistics 229 

Per  capita  statistics 233 

Philippines  and  Fifty-ninth  Congress 171 

Philippine  Assembly 170 

Philippines,   conditions  in 167 

Philippine  Islands,  statistics  concerning 172 

Pig  iron,  prices  of 143 

Plant  the  Factory  by  the  Farm 174 


284  INDEX. 

PAQH 

Piatt,  O.  H.,  quotation  from,  concerniug  labor 50 

Piatt,  O.  H.,  quotation  from,  concerning  laborers 62 

Platforms,  tariff  planks  in  National vS7 

Plumbers,  wa^es  of 131 

Popular  vote  in  Presidential  elections 240 

Population  lOS 

Porto  Rico,  statistics  concerning 172 

Postal    Information 258 

Post-offices  ana  Post  Routes  .\ ' 235 

Potatoes,  production  and  value  of 183,  192 

Poultry  products 183 

President,  The,  and  administration 161 

Presidential  elections,  popular  vote  in 240 

Presidential  elections,  Republican  States  in 241 

Presidents,  Parties  and  Tariffs 240 

Prices,  advance  in 128 

Prices,  course  of  wholesale 133 

Prices,  decline  of 129 

Prices   in   Germany 132 

Prices  of  commodities 141 

Prices  of  food,  relative 140 

Prices  of  food  stuffs  in  Germany 14G 

Prices  of  free  and  dutiable  articles 139 

Price  of  leather  and  the  tariff  on  cattle  hides 153 

Price  of  shoes  as  affected  by  tariff  on  hides 153 

Price  of  silver  bullion 234 

Price  of  wheat  and  protection 147 

Prices,  general  reduction  since  1860 S 

Prices,  proportion  to  consumption 138 

Pi  ices,  wholesale,  changes  in 137 

Prints,  standard,  prices  of.. 141 

Profits,  division  of 178 

Progress  of  the  United  States  in  material  industries 242 

Postal    Legislation 9 

Prosperity  of  all  classes 173 

Prosperity    Postscript 264 

Protection  and  the  price  of  wheat 147 

Protection   and    Republicanism 160 

Protection,    definition    of 77 

Protection  to  woolen  industries J15 

Protection  vindicated,  quotation  from  MeKinley 220 

Public    Lands 252 

Purchasing  power  of  Canadians  and  people  of  the  United  States...  149 

Pulp  mills,   product  of,   sold  abroad 118 

Purchasing  power  of  wages,  relative 131 

Pure  Food  Acts,   text  of 38 

Pure  Pood  Legislation 17 

B 

Railroads'  banner  year 264 

Railroads,   freight   carried 220 

Railroads   in  the  Philippines 167 


INDEX.  285 

PAGE 

Railroad  interest  and  dividends 221 

Railroad  men,   Government  help  to 73 

Railroads,    mileage    of 220 

Railroads,   passengers   carried 220 

Railroads  placed  under  receiverships  and  sold  under  foreclosure..  221 

Railroad    Rate    Legislation 15 

Railroad  Rate  Acts,  text  of 28 

Railroad     statistics 219 

Railroads,  traffic  earnings 219 

Railway  car  construction 220 

Railway    mail    service 235 

Rate  Cutting,   indictments   for 71 

Rebating,   indictments   for 72 

Receipts  and  expenditures  since  the  foundation  of  the  Government.     97 

Receipts  and  expenditures,   total 96 

Reciprocity     149 

Reciprocity   and   farmers 151 

Reclamation  Law 253 

Reduction  of  the  Tariff,  invariably  attended  by  disaster 85 

Roed,  Thomas  B.,  on  letting  the  Tariff  alone 143 

Reed,   Thomas  B.,   quotation   from 141 

Republican    Party,    brief   history   of 6 

Republican  and  Democratic  bonds 251 

Republicans  evade  no  issues,  quotation  from  President  Roosevelt..     18 

'•Republican  Party,  The,"  on  Republicanism  -and  Protection 160 

Republicans    for    Revision 7'3 

Republican  Legislation,  editorial  from  Leslie's  Weekly 10 

Republican  Legislation,  principal  acts  of 9 

Republican  National  Platform  of  1904 243 

Republicanism    and    Protection 160 

Republican  Party,  Golden  Jubilee  of 6 

Republican   Party,   results   due   to   wisdom   of   its    Icadors 5 

Republican  Record  in  Fifty-ninth   Congress 15 

Republican   States   in   Presidential   election 241 

Revenue,   excess    of 96 

Revision  of  the  Tariff,  average  time  spent  in 84 

Revision  of  the  Tariff,  history  of 7S 

Revision  of  the  Tariff,  principal  instances  of 86 

Rice,   production   and   value   of 183 

Roosevelt,  President,  comparison  of  tariff  law  results 3 

Roosevelt,   President,  letter  from,   concerning   Statehood 247 

Roosevelt,  President,  letter  to  Representative  Watson 267 

Roosevelt,  President,  on  change  of  given  rate  of  duty 146 

Roosevelt,  President,   on  changing  schedules 160 

Roosevelt,   President,   on  national   issues 209 

Roosevelt,  President,  on  our  prosperity 263 

Roosevelt,  President,  on  our  type  of  workingmen 227 

Roosevelt,  President,  on  the  tariff  and  trusts 143 

Roosevelt,    President,    on    workingmen 199 

Roosevelt,  President,  public  land  policy 252 

Roosevelt,   President,   quotation   from 102 

Roosevelt,    President,    quotation    from 135 


286  INDEX. 

PAQIB 

Roosevelt,  President,  quotation  from,  concerning  gold  standard 18 

Roosevelt,  President,  remarks  of,  to  labor  representatives (53 

Roosevelt,  President,  Speaker  Cannon's   tribute   to 179 

Roosevelt,  President,  "Square  Deal"  quotation 219 

Roosevelt,  President,  statement  concerning  Fifty-ninth  Congress.     11 

Roosevelt,  President,  tribute  to  work  of 1(51 

Roosevelt,  President,  tribute  to,  by  Representative  Townsend 17 

Rural  free  delivery,  history  of 2.')8 

Rural  free  delivery,  statistics  concerning 259 

Rye,  production  and  value  of 15)1 

S 

Savings  Banks,  New  York,  Increase  in  deposits  of 264 

Savings    Banks,    statistics 242 

Scotland,  pauperism  in 148 

Sheep  and  swine,  value  of 184-195 

Sheetings,   standard,   prices   of 141 

Sherman  Anti-trust  Law,  enforcement  of 16 

Shirtings,    prices    of 141 

Silver   Bullion,   price   of 234 

Silver,  exports  and  imports  of 101 

Silver  imports  and  exports 231 

Silver,  price  of,  and  ratio  to  gold 136 

Southern    progress ; 248 

Southern    States,    Industrial   advance    of 174 

Southern   States,   manufacturing  progress    In 217 

Specie   payments,   resumption   of 9 

Spelling,  T.  C,  hearing  before  Judiciary  Committee 57 

Spelling,  T.  C,  labor  legislation  advocated  by 178 

Springfield  Republican,  on  work  of  Fifty-ninth  Congress 14 

"Square   Deal"   quotation   of  President  Roosevelt 219 

"Stand  Pat"  quotation  from  M.  A.  Hanna IS 

States,   the,  admission  of 9,  239 

Statehood     247 

Statesman's  Year  Book,  concerning  British  commerce 263 

Steel   billets,   prices   of 143 

Steel  rails,   duty   on 210 

Steel   rails,    prices   of 143 

Steel  rails,  prices  of,  In  England,  United  States 125 

Steel  rails,  production  and^  prices  of,  1867  to  1905 210 

Steel    trade 176 

Steel   Trust,  The 176 

Steel,  William  G.,  testimony  on  woolen  Industries 215 

Stone  masons,  wages  of 134 

Sugar  and  sugar  beets,  value  of 183 

Sugar  consumption  In  Europe  and  this  country 191 

Sugar  Rebate   Cases 70 

Sugar,  production  and  movement  of 193 

Summary,  advance,  manufactures  1905 203 

Summary  of  principal  manufactures  1890  and  3900 200 

Sumner,  W.  G.,  definition  of  Free-Trade 77 

Surplus  revenue 93 


INDEX.  287 

PAGE 

Sweat    Shop   Legislation 53 

Swine,  number  and  value  of 195 

T 

Taft,  William  H.,  memorandum  concerning  Eight  Hour  Law 61 

Tariff   Acts 10 

Tariff   and   prices 139 

Tariff  Act  of  1812 78 

Tariff  of  1816 79 

Tariff  of  1824 79 

Tariff  of  1828 79 

Tariff  of  1832-3 80 

Tariff  of  1842 80 

Tariff  of  1846 81 

Tariff  of  1872. 83 

Tariff  of  1894 84 

Tariff  laws,  impartially  framed.  Senator  Warren  on 157 

Tariff  laws,  our  principal 94 

Tariff,  low,  what  it  means 76 

Tariff  on  hides,  history  of 152 

Tariff  on  hides   of  cattle 152 

Tariff  Planks  in  National  Platforms 87 

Tariffs,  history  of 78 

Tariffs,  Presidents,  and  Parties 240 

Tiiriff  Revision,   average  time  spent  in 84 

Tariff  Revision,   time   consumed   in 86 

Tariff  Reduction,  disaster  has  invariably  attended 85 

Tariff  Revision,   results   of 86 

Tariff   Revisions,    table    of   important 8G 

Tariff,  The,  general  reasons  for  letting  it  alone 76 

Tariff,   The,   general   statement   concerning 75 

Tariff,   when   to  revise   the 177 

Tawney,  James  A.,  statement  concerning  appropriations 19 

Telegraphs,    statistics    concerning 222-223 

Telephones,    statistics    concerning 224 

Tin   Plate   Industry 211 

Tirrell,  Chas.   Q.,  on  export  discounts 116 

Tobacco  crop  and  values 190 

Tobacco   Trust,   proceedings   against 67 

Tobacco,  value  of 183 

Tonnage  of  coast,  lake,  and  river  vessels 227 

Townsend,  C.  E.,  on  work  of  Fifty-ninth  Congress 15 

Treasury  statement  July  31,   1906 264 

Trusts,    acts    concerning 10 

Trusts,   proceedings  against 66 

Trusts,  quotations  from  James  A.  Garfield  and  William  B.  Allison.  49 

Tryeffort,  Emile,  hearing  before  Judiciary  Committee 55 

Tutuila,   statistics    concerning 172 

U 

Union  Label,  protection  of 53 

United  States  Navy , 256 


288  INDEX. 

PAGK 

Uulted  States,  non-contiguous  possessions  of 172 

Uiilted  States,  progress  of,  in  material  industries 242 

United  States,  statistics  concerning 230 

V 

"Verplank"   Bill ^*^ 

Vote  in  Presidential  elections 240 

W 

Wages,  advance    in 129 

Wages  and  earnings,  increase  of 13o 

Wages  and  prices 8,  128 

Wages  and  prices  in  Germany 132 

Wages,  comparison  of  United  States  and  Foreign  Countries 133 

Wages,  the  dollar  left  over ' 65 

Wage-earners,  increase  of 175 

Wage-earners,  occupation  of 197 

Wages,    increase    of 174,  175 

Wages  per  hour,  relative 131,  140 

Wages  In  watch  factories 117 

Wages  In  Germany,  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States 145 

Walker  Tariff 81 

Waltham  Watch  Company,  charge  concerning 116 

Warren,  Francis  E.,  extract  from  speech  of,  on  free  hides 156 

Waste,  wealth  from 158 

Watch  Industry,  women  and  children  employed  in 117 

Watch  Question,  Representative  Tirrell  on 116 

Watch  Sales,  Representative  Boutell  on 120 

Washington  Post  on  Good  Times  in  Midsummer 265 

Watch-making,  why  we  lead  Great  Britain 261 

Watches  in  Great  Britain 255 

Watches,  number  of,  made  at  home  and  abroad 255 

Watches,  sold  cheaper  abroad  than  at  home . : 118 

Watch  Trust,  The 116 

Watson,  James  E.,  speech  of,  concerning  anti-trust  proceedings....     <oQ 

Wealth  from  waste 159 

Wealth  production  on  farms 184 

Western  States,  industrial  advance  of 175 

Wheat,  price  of,  and  Protection 147 

Wheat,  production   and  value   of 183,  191 

Wire  nails 213 

Woolen  industry,  protection  to 215 

Wool    industry   and    statistics 194 

Wool,  prices  of 142 

Woman  Labor  Legislation 53 

Workmen,  most  prosperous  in  the  world 145 

Worklngmen.  President  Roosevelt  on  our  type  of 227 


REPUBLICAN  NATIONAL  COMMITTEE. 

OFFICERS. 

Geo.  B.  Cortelyou,  New  Yokk Chairman. 

Harry  S.  New,  Indiana Vice-Chair  man. 

Elmer  Dover,  Ohio Secretary. 

C.  N.  Bliss,  New  York Treasurer. 

William  F.  Stone,  Maryland 8ergeant-at-Arms. 


EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE. 
Charles   F.   Brooker,   Connecticut. 
N.  B.  Scott,  West  Virginia. 
Franklin  Murphy,  New  Jersey. 
William  L.  Ward,  New  York.  .' 
C.  N.  Bliss,  New  York. 
Harry  S.  New,  Indiana. 
Frank  0.  Lowden,  Illinois. 
R.  B.  Schneider,  Nebraska. 
David  W.  Mulvane,  Kansas. 
Geo.  a.  Knight,  California. 
Elmer  Dover,  Ohio. 


STATU.  NAME.  P.    O.    ADDRESS 

Alabama Chas.  H.  Scott Montgomery. 

Arkansas Powell  Clayton Eureka  Sps.  &  C.  of  M. 

California George  A.  Knight San  Francisco. 

Colorado A.  M.  Stevenson Denver. 

Connecticut Charles  F.   Brooker Ansonia. 

Delaware John  Edward  Addicks Wilmington. 

Florida J.   N.   Coombs Apalachicola. 

Georgia Judson  W.  Lyons Augusta  and  Wash. 

Idaho W.  B.  Heyburn Wallace. 

Illinois Frank  O.  Lowden Chicago. 

Indiana Harry    S.    New Indianapolis. 

Iowa Ernest  E.  Hart Council  Bluft.s. 

Kansas David  W,  Mulvane Topeka. 

Kentucky John  W.  Yerkes Danville  and  Wash. 

Loui^ana Pearl    Wight. New  Orleans. 

Maine John  F.  Hill Augusta. 

Maryland Stevenson  A.   Williams Bel  Air. 

Massachusetts W.    Murray   Crane Dalton. 

Michigan John  W.  Blodgett Grand  Rapids. 

Minnesota Frank  B.   Kellogg St.  Paul. 

Mississippi L.  B.  Moseley Jackson. 

Missouri Thomas  J.   Akins St.  Louis. 

Montana John   D.    Waite Lewistowu. 

Nebraska Chas.  H.  Morrill Lincoln. 

Nevada Patrick  L.  Flanigan. Reno. 

New    Hampshire Frank  S.  Streeter Concord. 

New    Jersey Franklin   Murphy Newark. 

New  York Wm.   L.   Ward Port  Chester 

North   Carolina E.  C.  Duncan Raleigh. 

North    Dakota Alexander  McKenzie Bismarck. 

Ohio Myron    T.    Herrick Cleveland. 

Oregon Charles  H.   Carey Portland 

Pennsylvania Boies  Penrose.  . .  .' Phila.  and  Wash. 

Rhode    Island Charles    R.    Brayton Providence. 

South   Caroliiia John  G.   Capers Charleston.- 

South  Dg-kota J.   M.   Greene Chamberlain. 

Tennessee Walter  P.  Brownlow Jonesboro  and  Wash. 

Texas Cecil  A.  Lyon Sherman. 

Utah C.    E     Loose Prove. 

Vermont James  W.   Brock Montpelier. 

Virginia George   E.    Bowden Norfolk. 

Washington Levi   Ankeny. . .  .• Walla  Walla  &  Wash 

West   Virginia N.  B.  Scott Wheeling  and  Wasii. 

Wisconsin Joseph   W.   Babcock Necedah  and  Wash. 

Wyoming Gieorge  E.  Pexton. Evanstou. 


TERRITORIES,    DISTRICT    OF    COLUMBIA.    HAWAII,    PORTO    RICO 
AND  PHILIPPINE  ISLANDS. 

Alaska. John  J  Heid Juneau. 

Arizona W.    S.    Sturges Phoenix. 

New   Mexico Solomon   Luna Los  Lunas. 

Oklahoma C.   M.   Cade Shawnee. 

Indian  Territory P.    L.    Soper Vinita 

District  of  Columbia.   Robert  Reyburn Washington,  D.  C. 

Hawaii A.  G.  M.  Robertson Honolulu.P.O.  Box  30.". 

Porto  Rico II.  H.  Todd San  Juan. 

Philippine  Islands.  .  .  Henry  B.  McCoy 


14  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 

LOAN  DEPT. 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 

on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 

Renewed  books  are  subje«  to  immediate  recall 

13Mav'60GB 

REC'D  LD 

JUN8    ir.-3 

'(U\t;lo%'ir                            U-lSS^gSLni. 

M144321 


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